The Price of Spice: Archaeological Investigations of Colonial Era Nutmeg Plantations on the Banda Islands, Maluku Province, Indonesia Amy J. Jordan A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2016 Reading Committee: Peter V. Lape, Chair Donald K. Grayson Margaret Alison Wylie Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Anthropology © Copyright 2016 Amy J. Jordan University of Washington Abstract The Price of Spice: Archaeological Investigations of Colonial Era Nutmeg Plantations on the Banda Islands, Maluku Province, Indonesia Amy J. Jordan Chair of Supervisory Committee: Peter V. Lape, Professor Department of Anthropology The Banda Islands were the world’s sole source of nutmeg in the 16th century. Control over the spice trade was a major goal for European powers during the Age of Expansion. Consequently, the Banda Islands were a location of early disputes and colonial experimentation. After eradicating most of the indigenous population, the Dutch East India Company established a plantation system in 1621 on the islands. The Banda Island plantation system was an early experiment in mercantile colonialism with imported enslaved workers, company-provided subsistence rations, and a VOC monopoly on the spice trade inhibiting the accumulation of capital. Peoples from a variety of European, Asian, and African backgrounds were forced to co-exist on these remote islands and create a functional society. The plantation system fundamentally altered the lifeways of all inhabitants of the Banda Islands, many of whom were non-indigenous, but there is little evidence regarding how the alterations and adaptations occurred or why. In the research outlined here, I argue that these alterations and adaptations can be investigated through the analysis of food remains, which can be accessed through both historical records and archaeological materials. Previous research on the role of food in plantation societies have focused on three main models: Energetic efficiency from optimal foraging theory, power/ resistance, and creolization. I test hypotheses created using these models based on the material culture associated with foodways that is expected to be found in colonial Banda contexts. Given a set of faunal resources, imported starches, and imported and domestic ceramics, different patterns of distribution are predicted by each model. i Table of Contents List of Figures………………………………………………………………………………………………………..ix List of Tables………………………………………………………………………………………………………..xvi Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………………………………...xix Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 Research Questions .................................................................................................................................. 2 Chapter Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Chapter 2 Theoretical Background ............................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 4 Historical Archaeology ........................................................................................................................... 6 Plantations and Colonialism ............................................................................................................... 8 Plantation Archaeology and the Archaeology of Enslaved Peoples ................................................ 10 Ethnogenesis .................................................................................................................................... 14 Foodways as social proxy ................................................................................................................ 18 Why Study the Banda Islands? ............................................................................................................ 19 Explanatory Models in Plantation Archaeology ................................................................................ 22 Energetic Efficiency ...................................................................................................................... 22 Domination/ Resistance ................................................................................................................ 23 Creolization ................................................................................................................................... 25 Predictions ........................................................................................................................................... 26 Ingredients ........................................................................................................................................ 26 Energetic Efficiency .......................................................................................................................... 27 Power/ Resistance ........................................................................................................................... 29 Creolization ...................................................................................................................................... 31 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................................... 32 Chapter 3 The Banda Islands in Regional and Historical ........................................................................... 33 The Archaeology and History of Island Southeast Asia .......................................................................... 33 Environment ......................................................................................................................................... 33 Culture History of Island Southeast Asia ............................................................................................. 36 ii The Paleolithic (1.8 million- 5500 years ago) ................................................................................... 36 The Neolithic (c. 5500-2300 years ago) ........................................................................................... 37 The Metal Age (2300- 500 years ago) ............................................................................................. 39 Colonial Period (c. AD 1500-1945) .................................................................................................. 43 The Archaeology and History of Maluku ................................................................................................. 44 The Environment of Maluku ................................................................................................................. 46 History of Archaeological Research in Maluku .................................................................................... 47 The Archaeology and History of Maluku .............................................................................................. 47 The Paleolithic in Maluku (c. 33,000 BP-3500 BP) .......................................................................... 47 The Neolithic in Maluku (c. 3500 BP-2000 BP) ................................................................................ 47 The Metal Age in Maluku (c. 2000- 500 BP) .................................................................................... 48 The Colonial Period in Maluku (c. 1500-1949) ................................................................................. 51 The Archaeology and History of the Banda Islands ................................................................................ 52 Geology ................................................................................................................................................ 52 Environment and Climate .................................................................................................................... 54 Flora and Fauna ................................................................................................................................... 54 The Archaeology and History of the Banda Islands ............................................................................ 62 The Paleolithic (? 7160-3550 BP) .................................................................................................... 62 The Neolithic and Metal Age (3550-500 BP) ................................................................................... 62 The History of the Banda Islands ..................................................................................................... 63 The Pre-colonial Period (c.AD 1500-1621) .................................................................................. 63 The Colonial Period (AD 1621-1945) ........................................................................................... 70 Creating a New Society ............................................................................................................ 71 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................... 86 Chapter 4 Fieldwork ................................................................................................................................... 88 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 88 Methodology ............................................................................................................................................ 88 Site Selection ....................................................................................................................................... 88 Mapping ............................................................................................................................................... 92 Excavation ........................................................................................................................................... 92 Auger Probes ................................................................................................................................... 92 Excavation Units ............................................................................................................................... 93 Ordatang .............................................................................................................................................. 94 iii Environmental Setting ...................................................................................................................... 94 History .............................................................................................................................................. 96 Excavation ........................................................................................................................................ 99 Auger Probes ................................................................................................................................ 99 Unit 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 99 Unit 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 107 Unit 3 ....................................................................................................................................... 110 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 112 Groot Waling ...................................................................................................................................... 113 Environmental Setting .................................................................................................................... 113 History ............................................................................................................................................ 113 Excavation ...................................................................................................................................... 116 Auger Probes .............................................................................................................................. 116 Unit 1 and 1.5 ............................................................................................................................. 122 Unit 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 127 Unit 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 131 Unit 4 .......................................................................................................................................... 134 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................ 137 Komber .............................................................................................................................................. 138 Environmental Setting .................................................................................................................... 138 History ............................................................................................................................................ 138 Excavations .................................................................................................................................... 139 Auger Probes .............................................................................................................................. 139 Unit 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 141 Unit 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 143 Unit 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 146 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................ 148 Discussion .......................................................................................................................................... 148 Chapter 5 Earthenware Analysis .............................................................................................................. 151 Previous Earthenware Studies in the Maluku Region ........................................................................... 151 Neolithic Ceramics (c. 4500-2300 BP) ............................................................................................... 152 Metal-Age Archaeological Investigations (2300-500BP) ................................................................... 152 Comparative Ethnographic Studies ................................................................................................... 153 Discussion .......................................................................................................................................... 155 iv Earthenware Studies in the Banda Islands ........................................................................................... 155 Expectations from Models ..................................................................................................................... 157 Ceramic Analyses .................................................................................................................................. 157 Thermoluminesce Dating ................................................................................................................... 157 Analysis of Ceramic Formal Characteristics ...................................................................................... 160 Methodology ................................................................................................................................... 161 Temper ........................................................................................................................................... 161 Other Sherd Characteristics According to Temper Class........................................................... 164 Length ..................................................................................................................................... 164 Wall Thickness ........................................................................................................................ 165 Mohs’ Hardness ...................................................................................................................... 168 Discussion of Formal Characteristics ......................................................................................... 168 Temper by Site ........................................................................................................................... 169 Ordatang ................................................................................................................................. 169 Unit 1 ................................................................................................................................... 169 Unit 2 ................................................................................................................................... 169 Unit 3 ................................................................................................................................... 169 Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 171 Groot Waling ........................................................................................................................... 172 Unit 1, 1.5 ............................................................................................................................ 172 Unit 2 ................................................................................................................................... 172 Unit 3 ................................................................................................................................... 172 Unit 4 ................................................................................................................................... 176 Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 176 Komber .................................................................................................................................... 176 Unit 1 ................................................................................................................................... 176 Unit 2 ................................................................................................................................... 176 Unit 3 ................................................................................................................................... 178 Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 178 Site Comparisons .................................................................................................................... 179 Vessel Forms ................................................................................................................................. 179 L&S #1 Globular Jars.................................................................................................................. 180 L&S #3 Unrestricted vessels ...................................................................................................... 180 v L&S #6 Ring-feet/ bases ............................................................................................................. 186 L&S #7 Molds ............................................................................................................................. 186 L&S #8 Anglo/ Tungku ................................................................................................................ 189 Other Forms ................................................................................................................................ 189 Absence of forms ........................................................................................................................ 193 Site Comparison ......................................................................................................................... 193 Rim Forms ...................................................................................................................................... 194 Analysis of Ceramic Decoration ......................................................................................................... 199 Methodology ................................................................................................................................... 200 Red slip .......................................................................................................................................... 201 Incising ........................................................................................................................................... 201 Single Incise ............................................................................................................................... 202 Diagonal Hatch ........................................................................................................................... 202 Parallel incise .............................................................................................................................. 202 Perpendicular incising................................................................................................................. 207 Parallel perpendicular ................................................................................................................. 209 Incised Links ............................................................................................................................... 209 Star ............................................................................................................................................. 209 Nested squares ........................................................................................................................... 209 Other incise ................................................................................................................................. 213 Impress ........................................................................................................................................... 214 Impress on body ......................................................................................................................... 214 Impress on rim ............................................................................................................................ 214 Punctate ......................................................................................................................................... 220 Plain punctate ............................................................................................................................. 221 Semi-circular stamp .................................................................................................................... 221 Multiple design elements ................................................................................................................ 221 Chevron and Stamp .................................................................................................................... 221 Impress/ Incise ............................................................................................................................ 227 Other Multiple Design Elements ................................................................................................. 227 Other design elements ................................................................................................................... 227 Applique ...................................................................................................................................... 229 Other ........................................................................................................................................... 229 Crenellated Rim .......................................................................................................................... 229 vi Painted sherds ............................................................................................................................ 232 Red paint ................................................................................................................................. 232 Red and Black paint ................................................................................................................ 232 Red and White Paint ................................................................................................................... 232 Coating ........................................................................................................................................... 237 Discussion .......................................................................................................................................... 239 Chapter 6 Tradeware Analysis .................................................................................................................. 241 Background ........................................................................................................................................... 241 Expectations from Models ..................................................................................................................... 243 Methodology .......................................................................................................................................... 243 Sites ................................................................................................................................................... 244 Ordatang ........................................................................................................................................ 244 Unit 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 244 Unit 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 246 Unit 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 248 Discussion .................................................................................................................................. 250 Groot Waling .................................................................................................................................. 251 Unit 1, 1.5 ................................................................................................................................... 251 Unit 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 254 Unit 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 256 Unit 4 .......................................................................................................................................... 258 Discussion .................................................................................................................................. 260 Komber ....................................................................................................................................... 260 Unit 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 260 Unit 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 263 Unit 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 267 Discussion .................................................................................................................................. 269 All Sites Comparison ...................................................................................................................... 270 Forms ................................................................................................................................................. 272 Comparison to Previously Excavated Sites........................................................................................... 272 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................... 277 Chapter 7 Faunal Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 279 Background ........................................................................................................................................... 279 vii Methodology .......................................................................................................................................... 280 Results ................................................................................................................................................... 281 Ordatang ............................................................................................................................................ 281 Unit 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 281 Unit 2 .............................................................................................................................................. 282 Unit 3 .............................................................................................................................................. 283 Discussion ...................................................................................................................................... 286 Groot Waling ...................................................................................................................................... 288 Units 1, 1.5 ..................................................................................................................................... 288 Unit 2 .............................................................................................................................................. 292 Unit 3 .............................................................................................................................................. 292 Unit 4 .............................................................................................................................................. 292 Discussion ...................................................................................................................................... 296 Komber .............................................................................................................................................. 298 Unit 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 298 Unit 2 .............................................................................................................................................. 299 Komber Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 301 Discussion ............................................................................................................................................. 303 Chapter 8 Starch Grain Analysis ............................................................................................................... 306 Background ........................................................................................................................................ 306 Starch Expectations for the Banda Islands ........................................................................................ 309 Methodology ...................................................................................................................................... 310 Banda Islands Sites ........................................................................................................................... 320 Ordatang ........................................................................................................................................ 324 Unit 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 324 Unit 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 331 Unit 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 332 Discussion .................................................................................................................................. 332 Groot Waling .................................................................................................................................. 342 Unit 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 342 Unit 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 342 Unit 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 342 Unit 4 .......................................................................................................................................... 354 Discussion .................................................................................................................................. 354 viii Komber ........................................................................................................................................... 361 Unit 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 361 Unit 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 363 Discussion .................................................................................................................................. 371 Discussion of Assemblage ............................................................................................................. 372 Amount of starch present in the archaeological assemblage ..................................................... 372 Variety of starch present in the archaeological assemblage ...................................................... 373 Identifications and Possible identifications ................................................................................. 374 Predictions from models ............................................................................................................. 380 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................ 381 Chapter 9 Discussion and Conclusions .................................................................................................... 382 Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 382 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 386 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………………………………..394 Appendix A Fieldwork Appendix B Earthenware Analysis Appendix C Tradeware Analysis Appendix D Faunal Analysis Appendix E Starch Grain Analysis ix List of Figures Figure 2.1 Different classes in the Banda Islands, figures on extreme right and left are identified as male and female slaves (Reid 1983b). ................................................................................................................ 21 Figure 3.1 Island Southeast Asia, after Bellwood (2006). Wallace's Line is dashed and Lydekker’s Line is dotted; Wallacea is located between the two lines. .................................................................................... 34 Figure 3.2 Map of the Maluku region. ......................................................................................................... 45 Figure 3.3 Banda Islands, after Lape (2000b). ........................................................................................... 53 Figure 3.4 Nutmeg and kenari forest overview on Pulau Ay. ...................................................................... 56 Figure 3.5. Kenari nut processing at Kelli perk on Banda Besar. ............................................................... 57 Figure 3.6. Cassava garden growing in Fort Revenge on Pulau Ay. .......................................................... 57 Figure 3.7. Fresh fruit and vegetables available at Banda Neira market. ................................................... 58 Figure.8 Free-range geese on Banda Neira. .............................................................................................. 58 Figure 3.9. Cow on Banda Besar. ............................................................................................................... 59 Figure 3.10. Deer in front of Istana Mini on Banda Neira. .......................................................................... 59 Figure 3.11. Goat on Banda Besar. ............................................................................................................ 60 Figure 3.12. African land snail at Ordatang site on Banda Besar. .............................................................. 60 Figure 3.13 Map of perken on Banda Neira and Banda Besar, 1883. KITLV D B 5,1 Blad 14 i. ............... 71 Figure 3.14 Colonial houses in Banda Neira, 1868. KITLV image 105889. ............................................... 74 Figure 3.15 Nutmeg harvest, c. 1868. KITLV photo 3347. ......................................................................... 79 Figure 3.16 Nutmeg processing, c. 1940. KITLV # 52A10. ........................................................................ 79 Figure 3.17 Nutmeg and mace drying in the sun, Pulau Ay. ...................................................................... 80 Figure 3.18 Women sorting nutmeg and mace for packaging, c. 1920-1930. KITLV 68230 ...................... 80 Figure 3.19 Workers packing nutmeg and mace, c. 1920-1930. KITLV 68234. ......................................... 81 Figure 3.20 Workers loading nutmeg for transport, c. 1920-1930. KITLV 68237. ...................................... 82 Figure 3.21 Workers loading nutmeg onto boats for shipment, c. 1920-30. KITLV 68238. ........................ 82 Figure 3.22 Nutmeg harvesters in front of perk building, c. 1895. (In KITLV descripition, the perk is identified as Babi Mandi on Pulau Neira but Babi Mandi is on Banda Besar.) (KITLV 2950). ................... 83 Figure 3.23 Home on nutmeg perk Kleinzand on Pulau Ay, c. 1920. KITLV 88749. .................................. 83 Figure 3.24 Doorway of the perk Boyaw on Banda Besar, c. 1920. KITLV 88757. .................................... 84 Figure 3.25 Doorway of the perk Klein Waling on Banda Besar, c. 1920. Sign over doorway lists date of erection at 1769. KITLV 88758. .................................................................................................................. 85 Figure 4.1 Location of perken visited, after Lape (2000b). ......................................................................... 90 Figure 4.2 Banda Islands map (1871) with locations visited as red dots. KITLV D C 14,11. ..................... 91 Figure 4.3 Location of perken on Valentijn's 1687-88 map, boxes outlining perk locations selected for excavation. .................................................................................................................................................. 91 Figure 4.4 Colonial road outside Ordatang, natural terrace can be seen on either side of road. ............... 95 x Figure 4.5 Rumah kebun outside Ordatang, note rain water storage drum. .............................................. 95 Figure 4.6 Overview of Ordatang, showing overgrowth. Wall of east building can be seen in left of photo, noted with arrow. ......................................................................................................................................... 97 Figure 4.7 Van Neck's 1599 map showing villages of "Ortattan" and "Comber,” both villages later gave their names to perken. ................................................................................................................................ 97 Figure 4.8 Ordatang site map. .................................................................................................................. 104 Figure 4.9 Ordatang Unit 1 artifact distribution. ........................................................................................ 105 Figure 4.10 Ordatang Unit 1 north wall profile. ......................................................................................... 107 Figure 4.11 Ordatang Unit 2 artifact distribution. ...................................................................................... 108 Figure 4.12 Ordatang Unit 2, north wall profile. ........................................................................................ 110 Figure 4.13 Ordatang Unit 3 artifact summary. ......................................................................................... 111 Figure 4.14 Ordatang Unit 3, north wall profile. ........................................................................................ 112 Figure 4.15 Groot Waling, overview of courtyard from back entrance to perk, looking at back porch of main house. ............................................................................................................................................... 114 Figure 4.16 Historic photo of Groot Waling, main house is to the right, nutmeg drying building is in background. Photograph was probably taken in southern corner of the perk, looking north. .................. 114 Figure 4.17 Pieter van den Broecke, painted by Frans Hals. ................................................................... 115 Figure 4.18 Groot Waling site map. .......................................................................................................... 121 Figure 4.19 Groot Waling Unit 1 and 1.5 artifact summary. ...................................................................... 123 Figure 4.20 Groot Waling Unit 1 and 1.5, east wall profile (north is to the right), at 100 cm. ................... 124 Figure 4.21 Groot Waling Unit 1 North Wall Profile. ................................................................................. 125 Figure 4.22 GW Unit 1, 1.5 Water-worn Earthenware. ............................................................................. 125 Figure 4.23 Groot Walling, Unit 1.5 at 60-70 cm, Giant clam shell and rock. ........................................... 126 Figure 4.24 Brick from Groot Walling Unit 1.5. ......................................................................................... 126 Figure 4.25. Groot Walling, Unit 1 and 1.5, rock feature at 100 cm. North is right side of photograph. ... 127 Figure 4.26 Groot Waling Unit 2 artifact summary. ................................................................................... 128 Figure 4.27 Two whole bottles in south wall in GW Unit 2 at 20-30 cm, top of photo is north. ................ 129 Figure 4.28 Groot Waling Unit 2 Water-worn Earthenware. ..................................................................... 129 Figure 4.29 Groot Waling Unit 2 north wall profile. ................................................................................... 130 Figure 4.30 Groot Waling Unit 3 artifact summary. ................................................................................... 132 Figure 4.31 Groot Waling Unit 3 water-worn earthenware. ...................................................................... 132 Figure 4.32 Groot Waling Unit 3 north wall profile. ................................................................................... 133 Figure 4.33 Groot Waling Unit 4 artifact summary. ................................................................................... 135 Figure 4.34 Groot Waling Unit 4 water-worn earthenware. ...................................................................... 135 Figure 4.35 Groot Waling Unit 4 north wall profile. ................................................................................... 136 Figure 4.36 Groot Walling, Unit 4 at 100 cm, boulders. Left side of photo is north. ................................. 137 Figure 4.37 Komber site map. ................................................................................................................... 141 xi Figure 4.38 Komber Unit 1 artifact summary. ........................................................................................... 142 Figure 4.39 Komber Unit 1, north wall profile............................................................................................ 143 Figure 4.40 Komber Unit 2 artifact summary. ........................................................................................... 144 Figure 4.41 Komber Unit 2 south wall profile and base of unit with boulders. .......................................... 145 Figure 4.42 Komber Unit 3 artifact summary. ........................................................................................... 146 Figure 4.43 Komber Unit 3, plan view at 40 cm, top of photograph is north. ............................................ 147 Figure 4.44 Komber Unit 3 North Wall Profile. .......................................................................................... 148 Figure 4.45 Comparison of auger probe artifacts at all three sites. .......................................................... 149 Figure 5.1 Shell/ foraminifera temper, clockwise from top left: GW.1.70-80.3, GW.3.0-10.13 (note holes due to decomposing temper), KB.2.70-80.2, KB.2.70-80.21. ................................................................. 163 Figure 5.2 Grit temper, clockwise from top left, OR.1.60-70.1, OR.60-70.17, OR.1.60-70.41, GW.3.10- 20.9 ........................................................................................................................................................... 163 Figure 5.3 Maximum length of sherds by temper and site. ....................................................................... 166 Figure 5.4 Average sherd thickness by temper and site. .......................................................................... 167 Figure 5.5. Ordatang Unit 1 temper distribution. ....................................................................................... 170 Figure 5.6. Ordatang Unit 2 temper distribution. ....................................................................................... 170 Figure 5.7. Ordatang Unit 3 temper distribution. ....................................................................................... 171 Figure 5.8. Groot Waling Unit 1, 1.5 temper distribution. .......................................................................... 173 Figure 5.9 Groot Waling Unit 1 water-worn earthenware sherds.............................................................. 173 Figure 5.10. Groot Waling Unit 2 temper distribution. ............................................................................... 174 Figure 5.11 Groot Waling Unit 2, water-worn earthenware sherds........................................................... 174 Figure 5.12 Groot Waling Unit 3 temper distribution. ................................................................................ 175 Figure 5.13 Groot Waling Unit 3 water-worn earthenware. ...................................................................... 175 Figure 5.14 Groot Waling Unit 4 temper distribution. ................................................................................ 177 Figure 5.15 Groot Waling Unit 4 water-worn earthenware sherds............................................................ 177 Figure 5.16 Komber Unit 1 temper distribution. ........................................................................................ 178 Figure 5.17 Komber Unit 2 temper distribution. ........................................................................................ 179 Figure 5.18 Globular jars ........................................................................................................................... 183 Figure 5.19 Unrestricted vessel: Top- wok-like vessel, Middle- bowl fragments, Bottom- lid fragment. .. 184 Figure 5.20 Ring feet bases. ..................................................................................................................... 186 Figure 5.21. Forna/ sago mold fragments. ................................................................................................ 188 Figure 5.22 Sagu lempeng for sale in Banda Neira market. ..................................................................... 189 Figure 5.23 Anglo fragments. .................................................................................................................... 190 Figure 5.24 Other forms. ........................................................................................................................... 192 Figure 5.25 Rim forms, after Shiung (2012:211). ..................................................................................... 195 Figure 5.26 Lip forms, after Shiung (2012:215). ....................................................................................... 195 Figure 5.27. Rim types, all sites. ............................................................................................................... 196 xii Figure 5.28 Ordatang rim types. ............................................................................................................... 196 Figure 5.29 Groot Waling rim types. ......................................................................................................... 197 Figure 5.30 Komber rim types. .................................................................................................................. 197 Figure 5.31 Rim types, all grit-tempered by site. ...................................................................................... 198 Figure 5.32 Rim types, all foraminifera temper by site. ............................................................................ 198 Figure 5.33 "Lapita-like" (Spriggs 2011) sherd from Pulau Ay, after Lape 2000b. ................................... 200 Figure 5.34 Single incise sherds. .............................................................................................................. 203 Figure 5.35 Diagonal hatch. ...................................................................................................................... 205 Figure 5.36 Parallel incise. ........................................................................................................................ 207 Figure 5.37 Perpendicular incising. ........................................................................................................... 210 Figure 5.38 Parallel perpendicular incising. .............................................................................................. 211 Figure 5.39 Incised links. .......................................................................................................................... 212 Figure 5.40 Star incise. ............................................................................................................................. 213 Figure 5.41 Nested Squares incising. ....................................................................................................... 213 Figure 5.42 Other incised designs. ........................................................................................................... 215 Figure 5.43 Impress on body. ................................................................................................................... 217 Figure 5.44 Impress on rim. ...................................................................................................................... 219 Figure 5.45 Plain punctate. ....................................................................................................................... 223 Figure 5.46 Semi-circular stamp. .............................................................................................................. 224 Figure 5.47 Chevron and stamp. .............................................................................................................. 226 Figure 5.48 Impress/ incise sherds. .......................................................................................................... 228 Figure 5.49 Other multiple design elements. ............................................................................................ 230 Figure 5.50. Other design elements. ......................................................................................................... 231 Figure 5.51 Crenelated rims...................................................................................................................... 233 Figure 5.52 Red painted sherds. ............................................................................................................... 234 Figure 5.53 Red and black painted sherds. .............................................................................................. 235 Figure 5.54 Red and white painted sherds. .............................................................................................. 236 Figure 5.55 Coated sherd example. .......................................................................................................... 237 Figure 6.1 Earthenware vs Tradeware by Site.......................................................................................... 244 Figure 6.2 Ordatang Unit 1 Tradeware. .................................................................................................... 245 Figure 6.3 Ordatang Unit 1 tradeware by origin. ....................................................................................... 246 Figure 6.4 Ordatang Unit 2 tradeware. ..................................................................................................... 247 Figure 6.5 Ordatang Unit 2 tradeware by origin. ....................................................................................... 248 Figure 6.6 Ordatang Unit 3 tradeware. ..................................................................................................... 249 Figure 6.7 Ordatang Unit 3 tradeware by origin. ....................................................................................... 250 Figure 6.8 Ordatang tradeware by origin. ................................................................................................. 251 Figure 6.9 Groot Waling Units 1 and 1.5 tradeware. ................................................................................ 253 xiii Figure 6.10 Groot Waling Units 1 and 1.5 tradeware by origin. ................................................................ 254 Figure 6.11 Groot Waling Unit 2 tradeware. ............................................................................................. 255 Figure 6.12 Groot Waling Unit 2 tradeware by origin. ............................................................................... 256 Figure 6.13 Groot Waling Unit 3 tradeware. ............................................................................................. 257 Figure 6.14 Groot Waling Unit 3 tradeware by origin. ............................................................................... 258 Figure 6.15 Groot Waling Unit 4 tradeware. ............................................................................................. 259 Figure 6.16 Groot Waling Unit 4 tradeware by origin. ............................................................................... 260 Figure 6.17 Groot Waling Tradeware by Origin. ....................................................................................... 261 Figure 6.18 Komber Unit 1 tradeware. ...................................................................................................... 262 Figure 6.19 Komber Unit 1 tradeware by origin. ....................................................................................... 263 Figure 6.20 Komber Unit 2 tradeware. ...................................................................................................... 266 Figure 6.21 Komber Unit 2 tradeware by origin. ....................................................................................... 267 Figure 6.22 Komber Unit 3 tradeware. ...................................................................................................... 268 Figure 6.23 Komber Unit 3 tradeware by origin. ....................................................................................... 269 Figure 6.24 Komber Tradeware by Origin ................................................................................................. 270 Figure 6.25 Tradeware distribution by site. ............................................................................................... 271 Figure 6.26 Tradeware forms by site. ....................................................................................................... 273 Figure 6.27 Lape (2000) sites and plantation sites. .................................................................................. 274 Figure 6.28 Ceramic distribution at plantation and other sites (Elite sites outlined in red/ top rectangle, perk sites outlined in blue at bottom. PC= pre-colonial, Col= Colonial). ................................................... 276 Figure 7.1 Ordatang Unit 1 cut marks. ...................................................................................................... 285 Figure 7.2 Ordatang Unit 3 possible turtle carapace. ............................................................................... 286 Figure 7.3 Ordatang faunal by NISP, all units........................................................................................... 287 Figure 7.4 Ordatang faunal by weight (g), all units.. ................................................................................. 287 Figure 7.5 Cut marks at Groot Unit 1. ....................................................................................................... 290 Figure 7.6 Groot Waling Unit 1, 70-80 cm, bone with gnawing. ............................................................... 291 Figure 7.7 Groot Unit 1 and 1.5 refits. ....................................................................................................... 291 Figure 7.9 Groot Unit 2, 10-20 cm, cut marks. .......................................................................................... 293 Figure 7.10 Groot Unit 3, water worn faunal remains. .............................................................................. 294 Figure 7.11 Groot Waling faunal by weight (g), all units. .......................................................................... 297 Figure 7.12 Groot Waling faunal by NISP. ................................................................................................ 297 Figure 7.13 Komber Unit 1 60-70 cm cutmarks. ....................................................................................... 299 Figure 7.14 Komber faunal by weight (g), all units. .................................................................................. 302 Figure 7.15 Komber faunal by NISP. ........................................................................................................ 302 Figure 7.15 Faunal remains at all sites, NISP........................................................................................... 304 Figure 7.16 Faunal remains at all sites by weight. .................................................................................... 305 Figure 8.1 Taro (Colocasia esculenta) starch grains, comparative sample. ............................................. 314 xiv Figure 8.2 Yam (Dioscorea esculenta) starch grains, comparative sample (no cross-polarized photo taken). ....................................................................................................................................................... 315 Figure 8.3 Sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) starch grains, comparative sample. ...................................... 315 Figure 8.4 Manioc/ cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch grains, comparative sample. ............................ 315 Figure 8.5 Sago (Metroxylon sago) starch grains, comparative sample. ................................................. 316 Figure 8.6 Round nutmeg (Myristica fragrans), comparative sample. ...................................................... 316 Figure 8.7 Long nutmeg (Myristica spp.) starch grains, comparative sample. ......................................... 316 Figure 8.8 Long grain white rice (Oryza sativa) starch grains, comparative sample. ............................... 317 Figure 8.9 Long grain brown rice (Oryza sativa) starch grains, comparative sample............................... 317 Figure 8.10 Short grain white rice (Oryza sativa japonica) starch grains, comparative sample. .............. 317 Figure 8.11 White potato (Solanum tuberosum) starch grains, comparative sample. .............................. 318 Figure 8.12 Corn (Zea mays) starch grains, comparative sample. .......................................................... 318 Figure 8.13 Size distribution of starch grain comparative collection (blue line at archaeological assemblage mean). ................................................................................................................................... 319 Figure 8.14 Starch grains per sample. ...................................................................................................... 321 Figure 8.15 Starch grain size distribution for archaeological assemblage. .............................................. 322 Figure 8.16 Size distribution by Nageli Type, blue line at archaeological assemblage mean. ................. 323 Figure 8.17 Nageli Types by Site .............................................................................................................. 325 Figure 8.18 Ordatang Unit 1 starch analysis sherds, levels 0-40 cm. ...................................................... 326 Figure 8.19 Ordatang Unit 1 starch analysis sherds, levels 40-100 cm. .................................................. 328 Figure 8.20 Ordatang Unit 1 Nageli Types ............................................................................................... 329 Figure 8.21 Ordatang Unit 1 starch grain diameter histogram. ................................................................. 330 Figure 8.22 Ordatang Unit 1, 10-20 cm, Sherd #3 Starch Grains. ........................................................... 331 Figure 8.23 Ordatang Unit 2 starch analysis sherds. ................................................................................ 334 Figure 8.24 Ordatang Unit 2 Nageli Type. ................................................................................................ 335 Figure 8.25 Ordatang Unit 2 starch grain diameter histogram. ................................................................. 336 Figure 8.26 Ordatang Unit 2 Type 16 and others starch grains................................................................ 337 Figure 8.27 Ordatang Unit 3 starch sherds. .............................................................................................. 338 Figure 8.28 Ordatang Unit 3 Nageli types. ................................................................................................ 339 Figure 8.29 Ordatang Unit 3 starch grain diameter distribution. ............................................................... 340 Figure 8.30 Ordatang Unit 3 starch grain examples. ................................................................................ 341 Figure 8.31 Exploded starch grains. ......................................................................................................... 341 Figure 8.32 Groot Waling Unit 1 starch analysis sherds. .......................................................................... 343 Figure 8.33 Groot Waling Unit 1 Nageli Types Diameters. ....................................................................... 345 Figure 8.34 Groot Waling Unit 1 starch grain diameter. ........................................................................... 346 Figure 8.35 Groot Waling Unit 1 10-20 cm Sherd #2 starch grains. ......................................................... 347 Figure 8.36 Groot Waling Unit 2 starch analysis sherds. .......................................................................... 348 xv Figure 8.37 Groot Waling Unit 2 starch grain diameter by Nageli Type. ................................................. 350 Figure 8.38 Groot Waling Unit 2 starch grain diameter. ........................................................................... 350 Figure 8.39 Groot Waling Unit 2 starch grain images. .............................................................................. 351 Figure 8.40 Groot Waling Unit 3 starch analysis sherds. .......................................................................... 352 Figure 8.41 Groot Waling Unit 3 Starch Grain Diameters by Nageli Type. .............................................. 353 Figure 8.42 Groot Waling Unit 3 starch grain diameter. ........................................................................... 355 Figure 8.43 Groot Waling Unit 3 starch images. ....................................................................................... 356 Figure 8.44 Groot Waling Unit 4 starch analysis sherds. .......................................................................... 357 Figure 8.45 Groot Waling Unit 4 Diameter by Nageli Type. ...................................................................... 358 Figure 8.46 Groot Waling Unit 4 starch grain diameter. ........................................................................... 359 Figure 8.47 Groot Waling Unit 4 starch grain images. .............................................................................. 360 Figure 8.48 Komber Unit 1 starch analysis sherds. .................................................................................. 361 Figure 8.49 Komber Unit 1 diameter. ........................................................................................................ 362 Figure 8.50 Komber Unit 1 starch grain images. ...................................................................................... 363 Figure 8.51 Komber Unit 2, levels 0-30 cm............................................................................................... 364 Figure 8.52 Komber Unit 2, levels 30-70 cm............................................................................................. 365 Figure 8.53 Komber Unit 2, levels 70-100 cm........................................................................................... 366 Figure 8.54 Komber Unit 2 diameter Nageli types. ................................................................................... 368 Figure 8.55 Komber Unit 2 starch grain diameter. .................................................................................... 369 Figure 8.56 Komber Unit 2 starch images, Nageli types 1 and 2. ............................................................ 370 Figure 8.57 Komber Unit 2 starch images, Nageli types 3 and 6. ............................................................ 371 Figure 8.58 Rice starch grains. ................................................................................................................. 376 Figure 8.59 Possible sago starch grains (grains within reference collection range are bolded). ............. 377 Figure 8.60 Possible manioc starch grains. .............................................................................................. 379 xvi Tables Table 2.1 Population of Banda Islands, 1638 (Hanna 1973). ..................................................................... 21 Table 2.2. Expected distribution of resources. ............................................................................................ 28 Table 2.3 Rank of food resources on the Banda Islands, after Lape (2000b:45). ...................................... 28 Table 3.1 Rank of food resources on the Banda Islands, after Lape (2000b:45). ...................................... 61 Table 3.2 Lans (1872) list of perks, matched against 1883 map (above), excavated perken in bold. ....... 77 Table 4.1 Perken visited and their excavation potential. ............................................................................ 89 Table 4.2 Ordatang auger probe results (EW= Earthenware sherds, TW= Tradeware sherds, remaining categories is number of fragments). ......................................................................................................... 100 Table 4.3 Ordatang Unit 1 Artifact Summary ............................................................................................ 105 Table 4.4 Ordatang Unit 1 stratigraphic summary. ................................................................................... 106 Table 4.5 Ordatang Unit 2 artifact summary. ............................................................................................ 108 Table 4.6 Ordatang Unit 2 sediments summary. ...................................................................................... 109 Table 4.7 Ordatang Unit 3 artifact summary. ............................................................................................ 111 Table 4.8 Ordatang Unit 3 sediments summary. ...................................................................................... 111 Table 4.9 Groot Waling auger probe results. (EW= Earthenware sherds, TW= Tradeware sherds, remaining categories is number of fragments).......................................................................................... 117 Table 4.10 Groot Waling, Unit 1 and 1.5 artifact summary (Unit 1.5 in parentheses). ............................. 123 Table 4.11 Groot Waling, Unit 1 and 1.5, sediments summary. ............................................................... 124 Table 4.12 Groot Waling Unit 2 artifact summary. .................................................................................... 128 Table 4.13 Groot Waling Unit 2 sediments summary. .............................................................................. 130 Table 4.14 Groot Waling Unit 3 artifact summary. .................................................................................... 131 Table 4.15 Groot Waling Unit 3 sediment summary. ................................................................................ 133 Table 4.16 Groot Waling Unit 4 artifact summary. .................................................................................... 134 Table 4.17 Groot Waling Unit 4 sediment summary. ................................................................................ 136 Table 4.18 Komber auger probes. ............................................................................................................ 139 Table 4.19 Komber Unit 1 artifact summary. ............................................................................................ 142 Table 4.20 Komber Unit 1 sediment summary. ......................................................................................... 143 Table 4.21 Komber Unit 2 artifact summary. ............................................................................................ 144 Table 4.22 Komber Unit 2 sediments summary. ....................................................................................... 145 Table 4.23 Komber Unit 3 artifact summary. ............................................................................................ 146 Table 4.24 Komber Unit 3 sediments summary. ....................................................................................... 147 Table 4.25 Summary of auger probe artifacts, all sites. ........................................................................... 149 Table 4.26 Averages of artifacts per auger probe. ................................................................................... 149 Table 5.1 Luminescence dates. ................................................................................................................ 159 xvii Table 5.2 Length (mm) by temper and by site. ......................................................................................... 166 Table 5.3 Grit Temper average thickness (mm) descriptive statistics. ..................................................... 168 Table 5.4 Globular Jar sherds. .................................................................................................................. 181 Table 5.5 Unrestricted vessel sherds. ....................................................................................................... 185 Table 5.6 Forna/ sago mold fragments. .................................................................................................... 187 Table 5.7 Roofing tiles. ............................................................................................................................. 191 Table 5.8 Other forms. .............................................................................................................................. 193 Table 5.9 Rim types by Site. (Evr= Everted, Inv-Inverted, Str= Straight, Rnd= Rounded, Pnt= Pointed) 199 Table 5.10 Red slipped sherds by site. ..................................................................................................... 202 Table 5.11 Single Incised sherds. ............................................................................................................. 204 Table 5.12 Diagonal hatch sherds. ........................................................................................................... 206 Table 5.13 Parallel incise sherds. ............................................................................................................. 208 Table 5.14 Perpendicular incising. ............................................................................................................ 211 Table 5.15 Parallel perpendicular incising. ............................................................................................... 212 Table 5.16 Other incised designs. ............................................................................................................ 216 Table 5.17 Impress on body...................................................................................................................... 218 Table 5.18 Impress on Rim. ...................................................................................................................... 220 Table 5.19 Plain punctate. ........................................................................................................................ 223 Table 5.20 Semi-circular stamp. ............................................................................................................... 225 Table 5.21 Impress/ incise sherds. ........................................................................................................... 229 Table 5.22 Other multiple design elements. ............................................................................................. 230 Table 5.23. Red painted sherds. ............................................................................................................... 235 Table 5.24 Red and black painted sherds. ............................................................................................... 235 Table 5.25 Red and white painted sherds. ............................................................................................... 236 Table 5.26 Coated sherds. ........................................................................................................................ 238 Table 6.1 Ceramic distribution at plantation and other sites. (*=Colonial period elite sites, †=perk sites. PC= pre-colonial, Col= Colonial). .............................................................................................................. 276 Table 7.1 Faunal Remains at Ordatang Unit 1. ........................................................................................ 282 Table 7.2 Faunal remains at Ordatang Unit 2. .......................................................................................... 283 Table 7.3 Faunal Remains at Ordatang Unit 3. ........................................................................................ 284 Table 7.4 Faunal Remains at Groot Waling, Units1 and 1.5, by weight.*refit. .......................................... 289 Table 7.5 Faunal Remains at Groot Waling, Unit 2. ................................................................................. 293 Table 7.6 Faunal Remains at Groot Waling, Unit 3. ................................................................................. 294 Table 7.7 Faunal Remains at Groot Waling, Unit 4. ................................................................................. 295 Table 7.8 Faunal Remains at Komber, Unit 1, by weight (g). ................................................................... 298 Table 7.9 Faunal Remains at Komber Unit 2. ........................................................................................... 300 Table 7.10 Total weight (g) and NISP of faunal remains at perk sites. .................................................... 304 xviii Table 8.1 Nageli (1858) typology of starch. .............................................................................................. 308 Table 8.2 Historically described starches. ................................................................................................ 310 Table 8.3 Ceramic sherds sampled for starch grain analysis. .................................................................. 312 Table 8.4. Starch Grain Measurements and Nageli Types for Comparative Collection. .......................... 314 Table 8.5 Descriptive statistics for starch measurements, all units. ......................................................... 321 Table 8.6 Descriptive Statistics for Nageli Types in archaeological assemblage. .................................... 323 Table 8.7 Nageli Type by Site. .................................................................................................................. 325 Table 8.8. Ordatang Unit 1, Nageli Starch Types per sample. ................................................................. 328 Table 8.9 Ordatang Unit 2 Nageli Types ................................................................................................... 334 Table 8.10 Ordatang Unit 3 Nagelli types. ................................................................................................ 338 Table 8.11 Groot Waling Unit 1, Nageli Types.......................................................................................... 344 Table 8.12 Groot Waling Unit 2 ................................................................................................................. 348 Table 8.13 Groot Waling Unit 3 Nageli Types.......................................................................................... 353 Table 8.14 Groot Waling Unit 4 Nageli Types........................................................................................... 358 Table 8.15 KB Unit 1 Nageli Types. .......................................................................................................... 361 Table 8.16 Komber Unit 2 starch grains. .................................................................................................. 367 Table 8.17 Possible sago starch grains. (Grains within reference collection range are bolded.) ............. 378 Table 8.18 Possible manioc starch grains. (Grains within reference collection range are bolded.) ......... 379 xix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people deserve acknowledgements for assisting and supporting me throughout many stages of not only the dissertation writing process but getting me there in the first place. I need to thank my committee members for their help and support throughout the long years of the dissertation writing process. While all errors are my own, there would have been a lot more of them without my committee’s assistance and guidance. I would like to offer my heartfelt gratitude to Dr. Peter Lape, Dr. Donald Grayson, Dr. Alison Wylie, and Dr. Christoph Geibel. In addition to the committee members, many people have earned my gratitude for their assistance in prior to the writing stage. Immense thanks to the Henry Luce Foundation for the American Council of Learned Societies’ dissertation fellowship and to the University of Washington’s Anthropology Department for funding the pilot research. Prior to excavation, thanks need to be given to the Indonesian government and RISTEK for permission to conduct research. Thanks to the Balai Arkeologi Ambon staff, especially Marlon Rimarisse, for help in the permitting process and excavation preparation. Thanks to Pak Made Sudarmika and family for support and company. Thanks to ChungChing Shiung for being a familiar face (even though I had yet to technically meet him at the time). On the Banda Islands, I need to thank Pak Pongky van den Broecke for permission to excavate his family home, Ibu Bayah and family for the delicious food, and the staff at Hotel Delfika 2 for the lovely accommodations. Thanks also to Sopyan for helping me excavate every day and thanks to Ayup for getting me to and from the sites safely every day. Guillaume Lozeau and Jen Zachanowich deserve recognition for visiting me in Banda and for eating pizza with me in Yogya. In Yogyakarta, Dr. Daud Tanujiro was extremely gracious for both his sponsorship in the research project and for taking time out of his busy schedule to show me around town and take me to visit Borobudur and Sangiran. Thanks to the residents and staff at the ICRS Guesthouse in Yogyakarta for welcoming me and giving me some of the best breakfast conversations I’ve ever had. After the field work was completed, I had assistance with the starch grain analysis portion of the project from Dr. Judith Field and the staff from the School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences at the University of New South Wales. This research was funded by the National Science Foundation’s East Asia and Pacific Summer Institutes fellowship. My time in Australia was greatly enhanced by my friendship with other East Asia and Pacific Summer Institutes alumni including Jonathan Patrick Warnock and Maija Sipola. I was grateful to Oishee Alam and Will Scates Frances for opening their home to me and to Muezza for keeping me company. Thanks also to Zena Kassir for bringing me breakfast and showing me the beach. Thanks to Az Fahmi for entertaining me. I am also grateful to the Malakununja II-’12 crew for letting me crash their dig. Thanks to Kelsey Lowe for the late night bonding, Lynley Wallis for the farewell dinner, Colin Pardoe for dinner conversation, Ebbe Hayes for interesting conversation topics, Chris Clarkson for his calm demeanor, Ceri Shipton for Words with Friends, Jacq Matthews for her honesty, Xavier Carah for being birthday buddies with me, and Richard Fullagar for his wit and wisdom. xx During my time in Seattle, I have many, many people to thank for their support. I could never have made it through grad school without the friendship and support of Molly Odell. I also relied heavily on Jenn Huff and her extended family group including Chris Nygaard, Tomyris and Tycho, Buddy, Beth and Carl Anderson, Wendy Kramer, Jackie Tidwell, and Javi. Catherine Zeigler is the best graduate program advisor a grad student could ask for and she and the rest of the Anthropology Department staff including John Cady, Mike Caputi, and Rick Aguilar have always been wonderfully helpful and supportive. I literally would not have been able to get through 2014-2015 without the indefatigable support of Toni Ferro. I wouldn’t have been able to get through 2006-2009 without help from Will and Hana Brown, Jay and Jennie Flaming, Jack Johnson, Amanda Taylor, and Becky Kessler. Thanks to Anna Cohen for encouraging me to be a little less introverted (sorry about the dogs, again!). Thanks to Brandi Rinkman and Jiun-Yu Liu for post-excavation analysis help. I would have a much smaller dissertation without the classes I took from Dr. Jim Feathers who showed me how interesting ceramics could be and who also assisted with the luminesce dating. I would not have been able to communicate with anyone in Indonesia without the important education I received from Bu Pauli Sandjaja. I also need to thank Dr. Stephanie Livingston for helping write the first acceptable draft of my proposal. Thanks to Shane Sparks for being collaborative co-worker. Thanks also to Dr. Carol Schultze and the crew at HRA for hiring me and enabling me to make rent. Karen Estes has supported and encouraged me for years and was the best neighbor a girl could ask for. Thanks to Jessica Williams for walking and talking with me and watching the weiner dogs (and thanks for driving everywhere). Thanks to Douglas Rosenow for making me beautiful. Long distance emotional support over the last 10 years came from Cristina Gonzalez, Geralyn Ducady, Charlotte Blackburn, Stephen Griffin, Tammy Kavathan, Courtney Dudman Donley, Helen Anne Lewis, Mark Baltzley, Ed and Leslie Brush, Julianne Reynolds, and Missy Woods (and the entire Ensworth-Buhr clan), among others. Faculty members at previous schools and teachers throughout my life deserve a measure of credit for my ability to finish this dissertation. Mr. John Rodahl deserves credit for encouraging me to take copious notes and suggesting that these notes were a large measure of my success in class. Not being embarrassed to take notes in college certainly influenced my ability to pass tests. Thanks to him, I still use “coagulate” in a way most people do not. Mr. MacGillis and his accidental teaching to me the concept of cases and the purposeful teaching of English grammar in Spanish class deserves credit for giving me the basis for success in three different languages that I took prior to my dissertation which had absolutely no bearing on my eventual research, but encouraged me to love language regardless. Thanks to Mr. MacGillis, I was able to impress Dr. Genovese at San Diego State University with my ability to ensure my adjectives agreed with their noun in number, gender, and case and I wouldn’t have been able to get into and subsequently out of the Master’s program there without him. Rebecca Hartmann also deserves some credit there. My education at SDSU greatly expanded my knowledge of and interest in the world of anthropology, so thanks to Dr. Ramona Perez and Dr. Phil Greenfeld for introducing me to the fascinating worlds of socio-cultural and linguistic anthropology, respectively. Without Dr. Perez’s theory class, I would xxi not have found Eric Wolf and his people without history. Thanks to Dr. Seth Mallios for introducing me to James Deetz and historical archaeology. My undergraduate professors at the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse did a phenomenal job of introducing me to the fascinating world of archaeology and they deserve credit, too. So, a big thank you to Dr. Jim Theler, Dr. Jim Gallager, Dr. Constance Arzigian, and Dr. Kathryn Reese-Taylor. Dr. Dominique Rissolo and his wife Zoë Abrahams also deserve thanks for being the most amazing people, without whose support and friendship, I wouldn’t the person I am today (in part because Zoë was the one to introduce me to knitting and that kept me sane). The final stages of the dissertation were made possible by the support of my co-workers at the Bureau of Land Management Redding Field Office including: Dr. Eric Ritter, Sara Acridge, Jennifer Mata, and Laura Broadhead. Deanna Galarneau also deserves appreciation for being welcoming to a new transplant to the city and being dog-walking buddies with me. I would not be anywhere without the support of my family including my mom, Pat Neubauer and my dad, Louis Jordan. Without my parents’ unconditional love and their infallible belief in my potential for success, even when I didn’t believe in myself, I wouldn’t have been able to preserve. My brother, Tony Jordan, provided me with entertainment that kept me sane during my 6 month field work which only slightly makes up for making me insane for 18 years during my childhood. My sister, Geri, made better life decisions than I did and so was able to join me on my adventures and be my travel buddy and gave me her car so I could start my post-grad school journey without fear of breaking down on the side of the road before I got out of Washington state. Other supportive family members without whose support and occasional shipments of Wisconsin cheese, unexpected gifts, or much appreciated cash infusions grad school would have been a lot worse include: Rae and Wayne Paulus, Liz Moody, Debbie Sorenson, Sharon Jordan, and Mary Beard. Finally, I need to thank Willie, Bancroft, Ensworth, Rufus, and Porter who provided me with unconditional love, wagging tails, and encouraging purrs. 1 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION In 1667, the Dutch government ceded the island of Manhattan to the English crown in exchange for a tiny, remote island called Run located in what is now Indonesia (Milton 2000). This event is, at best, a footnote to history. But it demonstrates the early interconnectedness of the remote Banda Islands and a broader world history. The reason for the Banda Islands’ importance in world history is its production of a prized commodity: spice, specifically nutmeg. The Banda Islands were the world’s sole source of nutmeg in the 16th century (Keay 2006). Control over the spice trade was a major goal for European powers during the Age of Expansion. Consequently, the Banda Islands were a location of early disputes and colonial experimentation. The European desire for cheaper spices was a major contributing factor to the European settlement of what is now the United States of America. As an American, I’ve been learning about the history of the United States since my earliest grade school years. I was fascinated by the idea of Europeans giving up everything they knew to travel across dangerous seas to settle in this terra incognita. I was similarly horrified by how these European migrants treated the indigenous inhabitants of the New World and the enslaved workers they imported from Africa. An early childhood interest in historical fiction certainly helped fuel my interest in the discipline of archaeology. But, as an American who was steeped in a colonial history in a multi-cultural society, I have long been interested in how disparate people in a conqueror/ conquered relationship adapt to each other and create a functioning society. As a resident of a colonial-based society, the differences in indigenous and migrant experiences has also been of interest to me. As someone who does not have a storied pedigree, I have found the stories of “Great Men” and their associates to be of less interest than the stories of the average person and their daily lives. From early on in my archaeological career, I have, whenever possible, gravitated to researching the so-called “people without history” (Wolf 1997) in situations of culture change due to culture contact. This dissertation is an outgrowth of my interest of exploring culture contact and culture change specifically in situations of colonialism, and the archaeology of under-represented people. For a variety of reasons, I ended up working somewhat backwards in the development of my project. Instead of starting with research questions, I started with a research place and time period- the Banda Islands in the colonial period- and worked from there to develop research questions. I had wanted to investigate how different groups of people interacted in a situation of culture change due to culture contact which meant that I had to identify these different groups of people and the culture change. Without getting bogged down in a discussion of different definitions of ethnicity, I decided to follow Barth (1969) and attempt to identify differences in material culture as a proxy for identifying the 2 different groups of people. Foodways, defined as the “production and procurement, processing, cooking, presentation, and eating” (or consumption) of food (Atalay and Hastorf 2006: 283), are often associated with ethnic groups (e.g., Jolley 1983, Mintz 1996, Voss 2008). Therefore, I decided to use foodways as a proxy for cultural traditions and the groups that practiced them. Research Questions Based on the use of foodways and cultural traditions, my main research question can be succinctly summarized as “Were people at colonial period nutmeg plantations using food to signal social identity plantations?” There were many assumptions that were built into this question, but the two major assumptions were that people were using foodways to signal social identity and that I would be able to identify this behavior using archaeological data. I also anticipated that I would be able to discern changes in the material culture as inhabitants reacted to major social changes such as transfer of political control of the islands to various European powers, the abolition of slavery and importation of wage workers, or adaption to natural disasters including tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes. The determination of how people were using food to signal social identity would be based on how well the archaeological data recovered fit the predictions based on each model. There are many different actions and activities that encompass “foodways” and not all are recoverable in the archaeological record. From Lape’s (2000b) previous work, I knew that earthenware ceramics and tradeware were plentiful in the archaeological record of the Banda Islands. Bone (some dating to the Neolithic) had been recovered by Lape (2000b) so I anticipated recovery of this organic material. In addition to the faunal remains, I also wanted to incorporate some form of botanical analysis into the foodways analysis as plant foods can provide a significant source of calories (Lee and Devore 1968:4) and are also often culturally favored by certain groups (Toussaint-Samat 2009). Logistical issues regarding importing foreign material and permission for destructive analysis, time for analysis, and cost of analysis all impacted my decision making process for the choice of botanical analysis. I chose to conduct a starch grain analysis on ceramics because it would not require destruction of artifacts, the extraction process is relatively cheap and easy, the analysis didn’t require specialized equipment beyond what was already available to me at the University of Washington, it could be conducted on earthenware which I had already planned on collecting, and the preference for certain starchy staples is often culturally specific. As an added bonus, a small starch grain study had been previously conducted on earthenware from the Banda Islands which demonstrated that starch grains were present and recoverable on earthenware (Field 2008). Thus, I decided to use a combination of ceramics, faunal remains, and starch grain analysis to identify the foodways of the Banda Islands plantations. The ceramics would also be useful as chronological markers and potential evidence of trading partners, in addition to their use as cooking and storage pots as part of the foodways. Once I had the time, place, and artifact classes selected, I then needed something to do with these ingredients. There were a myriad different social or economic institutions that have been used to 3 investigate culture change archaeologically; for instance frontier interaction (e.g., Ewen 1986, Green and Perlman 1985, Scott 2007, Wells 2005), missions (e.g., Lightfoot 2005, Voss 2008), trade routes and their associated goods (e.g., Bauer and Agbe-Davis 2010, Hauser 2011), and plantations (e.g., Orser 1988, Otto 1984, Singleton 1985). The Banda Islands plantation system was established in 1621 and is broadly contemporaneous with the establishment of plantation systems in the southeastern United States and the Caribbean, which has a copious body of archaeological literature. This literature could help me identify the culture contact and culture change aspect of my research by providing models to identify different ethnic groups and interpret culture change in the archaeological record. I wanted to use the data to test multiple models so as to avoid “the pressing of the theory to make it fit the facts, and a pressing of the facts to make them fit the theory” (Chamberlin 1965:755). In reviewing the literature on the history of the Banda Islands, there seemed to be a discrepancy between authors regarding whether the colonizing population of the Dutch mixed with the indigenous and imported/ migrant worker populations (both biologically and culturally) (e.g., Hanna 1978, Reid 1983a, Winn 2010). I decided to use models based on cultural mixing (Creolization) and cultural separation (Power/ Resistance) in addition to the “null hypothesis” of Energetic Efficiency (See Chapter 2 for more details). Using these models, I developed predictions for expected artifact distribution within the plantation sites. Chapter Summary This dissertation is organized with the background information presented first, followed by fieldwork and artifact analysis, and finishing with the discussion and conclusions. Chapter 2 presents the theoretical background of this study, including discussions of the evolution historical archaeology, plantation archaeology and the archaeology of ethnogenesis and the applicability to this study; the use of food ways as a social proxy, and a discussion of the models used and their predicted archaeological correlates. Chapter 3 presents the Banda Islands in their regional archaeological and historical context. Chapter 4 discusses the field work methodology and preliminary results. Chapter 5 discusses the results of the earthenware ceramics analysis. Chapter 6 is the tradeware analysis, followed by the faunal analysis in Chapter 7 and the starch grain analysis in Chapter 8. Chapter 9, the final chapter, presents the discussions and conclusions. 4 Chapter 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Introduction The modern world is, in part, a product of European expansion and the sudden, often forced, contact between disparate people. A better understanding of the different ways individuals and groups adapted to their changed geography and circumstances is important for comprehending both past and current events. Due to its focus on material culture, archaeology has the potential to contribute to our understanding of how “people without history” (Wolf 1997) negotiated imposed culture contact and disparate power relations in colonial contexts (Deetz 1997). Historic records and documents are often colored by social prejudices and implicit or explicit biases; the material culture that archaeologists study is independent of the biases that exist in the historical record. That is, while the interpretation of material culture (and the historical record) is biased by the researcher’s cultural milieu (e.g., Hodder 1991), the objects themselves are not dependent on the historic records (or the researcher) for their existence (Wylie 2002). Archaeology has been defined as the study of the human past by means of the material remains left behind (Renfrew and Bahn 2012). Orser (2005:xvi) notes that historical archaeology can be defined in two ways, either “the archaeological investigation of any past culture that has developed a literate tradition; or…the study of the modern world, the historical and cultural traditions that have shaped our world since about AD 1500.” Orser (2005:xvi) further notes that the second definition is favored by “archaeologists who live and work in those parts of the world that were colonized by Europeans [and]…are generally trained in anthropology.” As an archaeologist who lives and works in those parts of the world that were colonized by Europeans and who was trained in anthropology, I tend to favor the second definition of historical archaeology in contrast to the first. One of the more popular definitions of historical archaeology, at least in North America, is that of Deetz (1991:1): “the archaeology of the spread of European societies worldwide and their subsequent development and impact on native peoples in all parts of the world” (Deetz 1991:1). The post-1500 spread of Europeans in a colonial expansion is not the only instance of a colonizing spread of people nor is there anything extraordinary about the trajectory of European expansion post-1500, compared to other colonizing efforts. It is, however, part of the story of the creation of our current modern world and this connection makes it a worthwhile investigation for many people, both academic and lay. The expansion of European societies around AD 1500 joined all parts of the globe for the first time into an interconnected economic sphere. Due to the global connections, Deetz (1991:2) notes that “It 5 is proper, then, that we look at everything we do in a comparative, international perspective.” Unfortunately, historical archaeology, as practiced in the United States, has been rather Anglo- Americentric in its focus (but see Croucher 2007, Delle 1998, Flexner 2014, Fournier-Garcia and Miranda- Flores 1992, Funari 1999, Gosden 2004, Harrison 2010, Lyndon and Ash 2010, Orser 1996, Parker- Pearson et al. 1999, Shire 2014, Thomas 2002 for alternatives), largely due to post-1970s US laws protecting cultural heritage (Honerkamp 2009). Historical archaeology studies outside the Western Hemisphere are growing in popularity, but few archaeological studies of colonialism in Asia have yet been conducted, despite repeated calls from historical archaeologists to expand their research areas to encompass truly global networks (Deagan 1996, Deetz 1991). This study aims to provide a locus of comparison for historical archaeology in Southeast Asia. For a variety of historically contingent reasons, the path of European colonialism in Asia is radically different from that in Western Hemisphere and Africa. European colonists and their descendants eventually dominated North and South America both politically and numerically. For example, in what was to become the Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere, large swaths of land in established empires were conquered; those societies radically changed due to this conquest. In North America, there were no extant empires to conquer and replace. Instead, the incorporation into the French and English trading networks, in addition to a severe loss in population due to imported diseases, radically changed cultures. Due to the sparse population in the Western Hemisphere after conquest, enslaved peoples were imported from Africa to provide labor in a variety of industries, including agricultural plantations. European and African populations soon outnumbered Native American populations (in territory under European control) and Native American populations were forced to adapt or perish, culturally. In contrast, during the initial phase of exploration and expansion in the 16th century in Asia, Europeans were generally unable to establish direct political control over regions in Asia and the Europeans were forced to adapt to local conditions and traditions. When Europeans did establish direct political control over regions in Asia, it was often quite late (i.e., 18th or 19th century) and Europeans were most successful when they inserted themselves at the top of a functioning system instead of attempting to alter or replace the system that existed. It is difficult to compare the early 16th century situations in the Western Hemisphere and Asia as they are not directly analogous; the Asian empires largely stood strong against European conquest and Asian populations always outnumbered Europeans, unlike in the Western Hemisphere. Europeans had difficulty maintaining populations in Asia due to their susceptibility to tropical Asian pathogens, which is the opposite situation in the Western Hemisphere where indigenous populations were susceptible to European pathogens (McNeil 1976). Most Asian populations retained the use of their languages, unlike the situation in North and South America where language loss was profound. However, the Banda Islands are an excellent case study to compare the effects of European colonization on Asian populations. Direct political control was established in the Banda Islands by means of the eradication of the majority of the indigenous Bandanese population and establishment of cash-crop plantations in 1621. 6 The history of conquest, population decimation, importing enslaved workers, and the establishment of cash-crop plantations in the Banda Islands and parts of the Western hemisphere does make them directly comparable. These islands, then, are unique in the colonial history of South East Asia and can be a useful comparison to the colonial situation in the Western Hemisphere. As noted in Chapter 1, the main goal of this study is to determine how or if people were using food signal social identity on colonial period nutmeg plantation on the Banda Islands using models developed in US-based historical archaeology. The main goal assumes that the models developed in US contexts can be used on other contexts, so a secondary goal is to test if these models can be used to explain archaeological material at plantations outside the New World; that is, if these models are broadly applicable to all plantation locations or limited in their explanatory usefulness. Below, I review the development of historical archaeology as a discipline and discuss the theoretical underpinnings that inform this study. Historical Archaeology Historical archaeology has been variously defined by different people. It can be considered the archaeology of any culture that has writing; in this case, the archaeology of Ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome or Mesopotamia can be considered historical archaeology (Funari et al. 1999). This is not currently the operating definition in the United States, however. I use Deetz’s (1991:1) and Orser’s (2005:xvi) definitions, above, to focus on the post-1500 modern era. Others (e.g., Leone 1984, Little 2007) also emphasize the capitalist and consumer nature of the post-1500 era that is related to the spread of European culture, ideas, and ideals. The attribution of historical archaeology to civilizations that have writing, or to the spread of Europeans, or the focus on a capitalist mode of production presumes that there is something inherently different about these events in human history that creates a categorical difference to previous cultural situations; this assumption is inherently problematic, according to Funari et al. (1999). Despite fear of being accused of Eurocentrism, I chose the Deetz and Orser definitions primarily because I find it most salient for my interests and for the archaeological traditions in which I was raised academically-speaking, and secondarily because I find the exploration of the post-1500 spread of Europeans and their impact on native peoples to be an interesting research activity. While the post-1500 European expansion is not the only situation of colonialism in world history and while capitalism has deep roots that pre-date 1500, the fact of the matter is that our modern world has its roots in these events (in addition to other events) and a better understanding of the variety of indigenous cultural reactions to European expansion and the imposition of a capitalist mode of production in various areas is a useful delineation. Using the term “historical archaeology” to identify the archaeology of this period in human history merely allows effective communication and is in no way meant to imply that this period is categorically different than previous or subsequent eras. The historical archaeology as defined by Deetz saw its birth in the mid-20th century desire in the United States to preserve its cultural heritage, usually the heritage associated with big events and big 7 men in its history, and to preserve unique or important examples of architecture (King 2004). Academic archaeology as practiced in the United States at that time generally focused on the pre-contact period Native Americans (Trigger 1989). With the development of federal laws requiring the identification (if not protection) of culturally significant structures and places, it soon became clear that the above ground structure and below ground archaeological data could be equally informative (Honerkamp 2009). In addition, there were many social movements in the post- WWII era demanding equal rights for various populations in the United States suffering from discrimination. In the case of African-Americans descended from enslaved populations, this led to an interest in seeing their history presented in many of the public places associated with great men and great events in the American past, such as Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello, as the story of enslaved people could not be separated from the story of the plantations (e.g., Agbe-Davis 2007, Ferguson 1982, Honerkamp 2009, Singleton 1995). Beyond the East Coast fascination with the early English Colonial period and the burgeoning Thirteen Colonies, historical archaeology further west focused on the rather different trajectory of colonization and development of the American West. Historical archaeological investigations of homesteads, mining towns and mining claims, military or trading forts, rancherias and missions in ex- Spanish territory, in addition to contact period Native American settlements (e.g., Fosha and Leatherman 2008, Lightfoot 2005, Meyer et al. 2005, Spude 2005, Stewart-Abernathy and Ruff 1989, Voss 2008) provided fascinating accounts of wide swaths of American history and demonstrated a more inclusive history than the Anglo-American focus in the original Thirteen Colonies. The United States does not exist in a vacuum, nor did it historically. European colonizers integrated the Western Hemisphere into a global trade network. This trade network meant that European, Asian, and African goods were being imported into the colonies as soon as they were established. It was impossible, then, to truly understand the material culture found in American sites without understanding where it was coming from and why. As soon as historical archaeologists in the US moved beyond the classificatory-historical period (Willey and Sabloff 1980) of the discipline, where the focus was on identifying what was being found, and into attempting to explain what it meant in terms of human behavior, it became clear that contemporaneous sites in other parts of the world should also be investigated. Deetz and his colleagues, for instance, looked at sites in South Africa (Schrire et al. 1990). Investigating archaeological sites outside the United States provided a comparison to cultural adaptations to colonization. A historical archaeology of European colonialism and its impact on indigenous populations is now being practiced in Australia (e.g., Allison 2003, Harrison 2010, Lister and Wallis 2011, Lydon and Ash 2010), Africa (e.g., Schire 2014, Croucher 2007, Parker Pearson et al. 1999), and many Caribbean nations (e.g., Armstrong 2009, Delle 1998, Lange and Carlson 2009), in addition to the United States. There are many sub-sub-disciplines in historical archaeology, but the two I will focus on are plantation archaeology, specifically the archaeology of enslaved peoples living on plantations, and the archaeology of ethnogenesis, or the process of culture change in colonial contexts. The focus is largely 8 for comparative purposes. As Reid (1983b) noted the similarity between the Bandanese slave system based on an agricultural cash-crop and the system used in the Western Hemisphere on plantations, it seemed most useful to focus on the plantation system. Plantations, discussed below, are somewhat unnatural systems, both agriculturally and culturally. The wealth of literature on plantation systems in multiple disciplines including archaeology, history, and anthropology, made it a useful line of inquiry. Furthermore, because the situation of conquest, eradication, and replacement was unusual in Asia but common in the Western Hemisphere, it seemed fruitful to explore the avenue of colonialism and culture change from an ethnogenetic perspective for comparative purposes. Plantations and Colonialism Plantations are useful subjects of study in studies of colonialism and culture change because they “were virtual laboratories for technical and social experimentation. They were also microcosms of the colonial…effort… in which racial, class, ethnic, and gender hierarchies were manipulated, contested, and transformed” (Stoler 1985:2). In addition, “A plantation system embraces all the connecting and supporting institutions associated with plantation settlement” (Singleton 1985:2). As a microcosm of society embracing all institutions, plantations can be representative samples of the broader society as a whole. So, then, what exactly is a plantation? Like historical archaeology, there are many definitions of “plantation.” Craton (1984:190) describes the plantation as a system of large-scale agriculture for export, generally involving the production of tropical crops in a colonial situation. Plantations tend toward monoculture, with produce exported in a raw or, at most, semi-processed condition. Plantations require large areas of suitable available land, fertile and well-watered, but with either a low-density original population or an indigenous people easily converted into a resident work-force. For plantations are labor- intensive…and they require a large, locationally rooted and constrained, if not actually servile, work-force. In the absence of an adequate indigenous population, plantations require the means to import suitable labourers who, if available easily and cheaply enough, and sufficiently constrained, will be worked virtually to death, with little or no concern with self-propagation. The plantation is different from other agricultural endeavors based on its large size, cash-crop monoculture, and dependence on enslaved or indentured workers. Plantations are generally associated with European colonialism in the New World, but they, in fact, started in the Mediterranean, spread to Iberian colonies in the Atlantic, and thence to the American continents (Craton 1984). Large, private estates staffed by enslaved workers were common in the Roman Empire, but these were not true plantations due to their mixed economies, their location within the heart of the Empire as opposed to overseas colonies, and were not growing non-essential crops for export but mundane crops (e.g., wheat, olives, grapes) for quotidian consumption (Craton 1984:192-193). Instead of crops association with the production of one’s daily bread, the development of the plantation mode of production is intimately tied to the production of sugar (Craton 1984, Mintz 1985). Sugar cane is a high maintenance crop needing large plots of arable land, water, and labor to produce and process it. Sugar production was introduced into the Mediterranean and the Iberian 9 Peninsula during the Islamic expansion of the late 1st millennium AD; sugar production in the Mediterranean Basin exploited enslaved labor from the very beginning (Mintz 1985:23-32). During the period of the Crusades, when territory was switching from Muslim to Christian control (and back again), Europeans learned the production techniques of sugar. As a luxury good, sugar was profitable; its production traveled with the Europeans in their early forays expanding their territory beyond the bounds of Europe. The early Portuguese and Spanish Atlantic colonies off the coast of Africa were well suited to growing sugar and had easy access to cheap labor pools (Mintz 1985). Enslaved labor was needed for the production of sugar to increase profits: it was the catastrophic depopulation caused by the Black Death 1347-1355)- which on the European mainland and in England gave so much relative power to surviving feudal serfs that they advanced toward peasant status- that accelerated the process of plantation building. The death of between a third and a half of native populations provided ample chances for planters to consolidate landholdings, while at the same time creating an incentive to increase the trade in slaves- a process of capitalist intensification [Craton 1984:202]. The sugar plantation model (and its enslaved African workers) was imported wholesale by the Spanish and Portuguese into their American territories soon after discovery. Sugar spurred the creation of a plantation system, but other cash crops such as tobacco, indigo, coffee, tea, rubber, and cotton were also commonly grown in this system in the Western Hemisphere, and later in parts of Asia and Africa (Stoler 1983, Cooper 1977, Mintz 1985). Generally, the crop of the plantation is a luxury, at least at first, with promise of great profit This promise of profit, and the early capitalist system in which it evolved, often lead to exploitation of workers not seen in the crops with lower profit margins and mundane consumption patterns such as wheat or corn. This focus on cash crops and increasing profit has shaped much of modern world history due to the adoption of a capitalist economy throughout most of the world. As Wolf (1997:x) notes, “The history of European expansion interdigitates with the history of peoples it encompassed, and their histories in turn articulate with the history of Europe. Since much of this history is a history of capitalism, the term “Europe” can also be read as shorthand for the growth of that mode of production.” The Banda Islands interdigitates with the history of capitalism because their history is intertwined with that of the Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oost- Indische Compagnie or VOC).The capitalist nature of the VOC is emphasized because it was the first company to issue stock (Masselman 1963:146). The plantations in the Western Hemisphere supported an early, mercantilist form of capitalism. Colonies on the periphery provided raw material or goods to the core where the goods were sold at profit and that capital was reinvested in the economy of the core, not back in the colony. It was an exploitative system that favored the already-rich in the core at the expense of the residents of the periphery, which often led to social disquiet and revolt in the periphery. Because historical archaeology focuses on the spread of Europeans after AD 1500 and this coincides with the spread of capitalism throughout the world, historical archaeologists often borrow theories critical of capitalism from other disciplines in which this theory has been evolving for over 150 years. 10 Like the discipline of archaeology in general, historical archaeological theory has been leaning more toward the humanities and textual analysis (hermeneutics à la Hodder 1991) and away from a purely positivist interpretation of data since the 1990s (Honerkamp 2009). Because historic documents are available in many cases that can demonstrate the social meaning of artifacts (at least for certain economic classes of people), this allows for an interpretation of the social meaning of material culture not always possible in so-called prehistoric archaeology. Accessing the social meaning of artifacts or material culture is not always possible in historic archaeology, of course, as historical texts and primary documents rarely provide the specific information required by modern researchers due to changing fashions regarding what is interesting or informative. However, archaeology can provide an independent check on biased historical documents; Fairbanks (1984), South (1977) and Deetz (1977) “saw archaeology as a necessary corrective for responding to egregious historical errors, biases, and omissions- not to mention outright lies- in the documentary record” (Honerkamp 2009:2). One of the post-colonial critiques of Western History (and other disciplines) is its focus on a single, dominant narrative; colonial situations were multi-cultural; any study of colonial situations should acknowledge the multi-vocal, multi-positional nature of the colonial world (Spivak 1999). Many historical archaeologists try to uncover the lived life stories of the people in colonial society that often go unnoticed in the dominant narrative of history, including the stories of women, children, servants and enslaved people, or ethnic minorities (e.g., Battle-Baptiste 2011, Diehl et al. 1998, Greenfield 2000, Hamilton et al. 2007, Meyer et al. 2005, Reitz 1994, Scott 1994, Spude 2005). One major class of people that are often investigated in historical archaeology is the enslaved workers on plantations (e.g., Singleton 1985, Honerkamp 2009). Archaeology’s focus on material culture as opposed to historical documents means that it can provide a more nuanced interpretation of the lived lives of enslaved workers than that presented in the historical narrative written by the slave-owning class or their cultural descendants. As Singleton (1996:142) notes, “archaeology recovers a primary source of information that may provide numerous reinterpretations of certain aspects of slave life….From the studies of excavated remains come suggestions for understanding the context of everyday plantation life, the African-American response to enslavement, and processes of exchange between masters and slaves.” In this dissertations, I focus on the analysis and interpretation of material culture not the historic documents for a variety of reasons. Primarily, I was trained the analysis of artifacts, not historic documents. Excavating archives and interpreting documents are skills that do require training and I am but a novice. While I use some primary documents for information on plantations in the Banda Islands, I rely heavily on secondary sources Plantation Archaeology and the Archaeology of Enslaved Peoples Plantation archaeology is simply the archaeological investigation of plantation sites (Singleton 1985:1). However, not all plantation archaeologists have the same research methods or goals. This can easily be attributed to the fact that plantations are heterogeneous; they occur in many places, at different times, and for different reasons. In an attempt to bring together the disparate studies, Singleton (1985:3) 11 described the research goal of plantation archaeology as “to understand behavioral patterns within and between the three different groups of plantation residents (owners, managers, and laborers) that are derived from artifacts, food remains, and human skeletal remains.” This research can take the form of an archaeological excavation, landscape survey, historical document review, oral history, among other research techniques, or a combination of many of the aforementioned techniques. Plantation archaeology has been primarily conducted in the Southeastern United States (Honerkamp 2009), but also the Caribbean, and Latin America (e.g., Armstrong 2009, Delle 1998, Fournier-Garcia and Miranda-Flores 1992, Lange and Carlson 2009). While cash-crop plantations using wage laborers exist (and still exist) in parts of Africa and Asia, they have not yet been subject to the same kinds of archaeological investigations as seen in the Western Hemisphere. Plantation archaeology and the archaeology of enslaved peoples in North America has investigated the use of landscape as a form of control (Hauser 2015, Singleton 2015), resistance to the dominant hegemony (Garman 1998), retention of African cultural traits (Meyers 1991), socioeconomic status (Scott 2001, Drucker 1981), and bioarchaeological markers of lived life on the plantations (Harrod and Martin 2015). The wealth of information on the life of enslaved peoples in plantation contexts provides useful information for comparative purposes. Foodways have long been of interest to historical archaeologists investigating plantation life; as Honerkamp (2009:4) notes, “housing (including landscape studies) and foodways remain the most commonly studied areas. The initial interest in plantation foodways has likewise remained strong…The notion that food is a social construct (McKee 1999) has directed the analysis of slave diets toward additional questions relating to identity, dominance, and resistance as expressed through foodways (Scott 2001).” As noted above, one of the major goals of plantation archaeology is to investigate the lived lives of enslaved peoples who lived and labored on the plantation. In the historical archaeology practiced in the Western Hemisphere, “enslaved peoples” generally refers to those individuals forcibly transported from Africa and their descendants. In a global perspective, Africa was not the only continent providing unfree workers. “Slavery” is a somewhat difficult concept to parse. The modern conception of slavery in the United States is based upon the institution on slavery that existed on large plantations, usually cotton, in the Southeastern United States. The popular culture presentations of slavery seen in “Gone with the Wind” and the like (Jackson 2011) do not represent the full gamut of slavery that existed in the antebellum United States or in the Western Hemisphere, in general. Because a review of the social construction of slavery throughout human society is too big a subject to detail here, a brief comparison of European and Southeast Asian conceptions of slavery will be presented below. These are the two general populations that form the base of Bandanese society in the colonial period, so their conceptions of slavery are most relevant. Slavery has a long history in Western society and the social concept of slavery has changed over the millennia. As Wolf (1997:195) notes, 12 Trade in people was not a new phenomenon, nor was it confined to the Americas. The European peninsula had long supplied slaves, first to Byzantium and later to the Islamic world; in the Mediterranean, in Cyprus and Sicily, slave labor was employed to grow sugar cane and to work in the mines as early as the twelfth century. At that time, slavery was clearly color blind. The Europeans also made use of slaves in Asia. In the seventeenth century the Dutch, for instance, drew slaves from as far away as Madagascar and Mindanao to work in the settlements of the Cape of Good Hope in Africa and in the nutmeg groves of the Banda Islands….As the slave trade unfolded during the fifteenth century, however, slaves were increasingly drawn from Africa, and as time wore on they were destined in ever larger numbers for transportation to the Americas. Because of historical contingencies, residents of the American continents generally conceptualize slaves as being dark-skinned people of African descent. However, the etymology of the word “slave” shares the same root as “Slav,” a population of people in Eastern Europe, not Africa. The Roman Empire was built on the labor of enslaved, usually conquered, peoples. But these slaves could earn their freedom, marry into their owner’s family, and there was little stigma attached to being an ex-slave (Westermann 1955). Many cultures in Europe engaged in slave raiding, slave trading, and the use of enslaved labor (Turner 2000). There was no racial component to the slavery of pre-modern Europe. People of African descent in Roman territories had the same rights as any other Roman citizen, including the ability to serve as emperor as Septimius Severus did, and northern Europeans could be captured and enslaved as easily as any other population (e.g., St. Patrick’s kidnapping and forced servitude in Ireland). Attitudes toward slavery changed somewhat in Europe after the widespread adoption of Christianity, as Christians were not supposed to own other Christians as slaves and there were few options left after the widespread conversion (Craton 1984). The idea of slavery never disappeared in Europe, it just wasn’t practiced on as wide-spread basis as it had been in the Roman Empire and or other European territories. The slavery that existed in the Western Hemisphere was a product of its own historical trajectory and had regional variants (Wood 1997). The inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula were more familiar with plantation economy, specifically sugar, due to the Moorish influence in their societies and they quickly established an economy based on enslaved workers using both imported African and indigenous populations (Craton 1984). However, the slavery of the antebellum United States and the Caribbean Islands is generally what forms the basis of the conception of slavery in US culture (Wood 1997) and in historical archaeology. This slavery is an English form of slavery, initially based on indentured servitude with a promise of absolute freedom and incorporation into society after serving one’s term and without the accompanying notion of chattel slavery (Wood 1997). However, because of racist beliefs in the superiority of the English over other cultural groups and specifically over the dark-skinned African, chattel slavery quickly became the norm and indentured servitude became less economically profitable (Wood 1997). The prevalence of slavery was not uniform throughout the original Thirteen Colonies or later territories and states of the United States. But, in general, the vast majority of people did not own slaves and those that did rarely owned many (Wood 1997). The majority of enslaved workers were engaged in unskilled agricultural labor although there were also skilled tradesmen and artisans (Wood 1997). Unlike the slavery practiced in other parts of the world, slavery in the New World after European conquest was 13 racial, based on a concept of chattel ownership, and did not allow for complete acceptance into society after a period of servitude. Slavery in Southeast Asia was also a completely different concept as that presented in US popular understanding. The system of slavery in Southeast Asia as an “open” system (per Watson’s [1980] distinction) or one “which is acquiring labor through the capture or purchase of slaves, and gradually assimilated them into the dominant group” (Reid 1983b:156). Rome, as mentioned above, would have been considered to have an “open” system of slavery. The “closed” system, in contrast, was one “oriented primarily towards retaining the labour of slaves by reinforcing their distinctiveness from the dominant population” (Reid 1983b:156). The antebellum United States would be considered a “closed” system. Due to the low population in much of Island Southeast Asia and lack of financial institutions, neither control of land nor control of capital was a useful power base for Southeast Asian rulers (Junker 1999). Instead, “control of men was both the key and the index of power. The lack of legal and financial institutions made a powerful patron the most useful security for the poor, and bondsmen the most valuable asset for the rich…[as] bondsmen were the measure of wealth and power” (Reid 1983b:157). Slave status in Southeast Asia could be inherited, could be imposed due to capture in war or due to a legal transgression, or a person could voluntarily enter into servitude (or he could sell his children into servitude) due to an inability to pay off debts (Reid 2000). Somewhat ironically, Wolf (1997:207) describes three similar mechanisms for a free man to transition to enslavement in Africa, too: debt-bondage, warfare, and separation from lineage due to legal transgression. The system of slavery in pre-colonial Africa, according to Wolf (1997:207) also appears to be an open system: “once in the possession of his owner’s lineage, a pawn or slave could become a functioning member of the domestic group, even if denied linage with the owner’s lineage. Pawnship and slavery could thus have relatively benign consequences, without any of the attributes of chattel slavery, which became characteristic of the Western Hemisphere.” Similar to what the Europeans experienced when Christianity became the dominant religion, the system of enslavement in Southeast Asia was somewhat troubled when Islam became the dominant religion as both religions forbade the enslavement of a co-religionist. However, debt-bondsmen- at least according to Islam, if not local custom- were not considered to be slaves are were not required to be freed, providing a convenient loophole (Reid 183b:169). In order to maintain the status associated with owning slaves or acquiring debt-bondsman, in the 17th century new slaves had to come from primarily non-Muslim areas of Southeast Asia and there were areas that were happy to comply (e.g., Warren 2003). When Europeans became the dominant slave buying class in the region, the formally open slave system began to close as the Europeans brought with them a racial prejudice that local patrons did not have. Additionally, much of the indigenous wealth of precolonial times was being diverted to Europeans, orang kaya (lit. “rich man”) could no longer afford their retinue of bondsmen; many who could diverted the labor to profitable agricultural holdings and debt bondage was replaced by the expectation of corvée labor (Reid 1983b:177). 14 Colonialization, with its imposed new ruling class and the importation of labor causes social upheaval. The colonizers, imported laborers, and indigenous populations need to adapt to new people, new ideas, and new social structures, among others. These adaptations can take various forms, discussed below. Ethnogenesis The process of culture change in colonial contexts, or other contexts with unequal power dynamics, has been referred to as “ethnogenesis.” Voss (2005:465) describes ethnogenesis as “the creation of a new ethnicity forged through the experiences of colonialization and culture contact.” There are many operating definitions of ethnogenesis in the literature, however (e.g. Hill 1996, Weik 2014) but they tend to focus on situations of culture change in colonial contexts. The investigation of culture change has been a subject of archaeological investigation since the inception of the discipline (Trigger 1989). Ethnogenesis is a relatively new topic in Americanist archaeology, although it was a popular subject for Soviet archaeologists (Weik 2014). The focus on culture change due to colonization puts ethnogenesis into the realm of this author’s definition of historical archaeology with its focus on European colonization, but ethnogenesis has also been applied to pre-1500 cultures and populations not subject to European colonization (e.g., Härke 2011, Weik 2014). Ethnogenesis is useful for the study of cultures affected by European expansion as, “Capitalist expansion may or may not render particular cultures inoperative, but its all-too-real spread does raise questions about just how the successive cohorts of people drawn into the capitalist orbit align and realign their understandings to respond to the opportunities and exigencies of their new conditions” (Wolf 1997: xii). Ethnogenesis in North America has been used to explain the transition of Mexican emigrants to Californios (Voss 2008), Métis in Michigan (Peterson 1978), the development of a Seminole culture in Florida (Weik 2009), and the development of a “white” identity in the Chesapeake (Bell 2005), among others. Ethnogenesis is not relegated to indigenous cultures, although archaeological studies do often focus on these populations, but can be seen in multiple levels of a colonial situation: “Acts of colonization can cause ruptures in the cultures of both colonizer and colonized. Though indigenous populations displaced by or entangled with colonial institutions are the most severely affected, the colonists themselves are also irrevocably transformed by their own displacement and by their encounters with local indigenous people” (Voss 2008:3). Importing enslaved workers was part of the colonization process in European colonies and previous research on ethnogenesis has been conducted on colonial-era plantations in the Americas (e.g., Franklin 2001, Hilliard 1988, Otto 1984, Reitz et al.1985, Singleton 1998). Ethnicity is a problematic concept in both archaeology and anthropology, largely due to the fact that it is often undefined in the literature and because of difficulties in aligning material culture to ethnic groups as defined by anthropological culture traits or language (Barth 1969, Emberling 1997). Much ink has been spilt debating the how to identify cultures or ethnicity using mute archaeological data (Jones 1997). In the first half of the 20th century small forests were destroyed so archaeologists could debate on how to identify meaningful criteria, what constitutes a functional type or stylistic type, whether or not types 15 actually exist, etc. (see Trigger 1989 for overview). Types, if indeed they do exist (and for ease of discussion, I will assume they do), are generally identified by means of stylistic attributes also known as artifact variability (McGuire 1981:13). Different archaeological perspectives define style in various ways. For instance, in the evolutionary archaeology perspective, style is selectively neutral (Dunnell 1987:199, Lipo et al.1997:304, Shennan and Wilkinson 2001:578), that is, stylistic variations do not result in differential fitness. Wobst (1977:321), on the other hand, defines style as that “part of the formal variability in material culture that can be related to the participation of artifacts in processes of information exchange.” Style for Wobst, then, is the way that members of a group communicate their status as members of said group. For those who believe culture is normative, style can be related to tradition or the way the majority of the society do whatever is done. By this definition, as Gosselain (1998:82) notes, “‘style’ could reside in every stage of the manufacturing process and thus in every technical feature of a manufactured object.” Thus the style of making a pot is reflective of one’s cultural identity, or the cultural identity from whom one learned how to make a pot. Gosselain (1998:94) notes that in Cameroon, “populations that are linguistically affiliated and share a common history tend to fashion their vessels in much the same way, or tend to use similar techniques that differ significantly from those of their nearest neighbor.” Hodder (1977) also notes neighboring groups have widely variant styles. Assuming neighboring groups maximize stylistics variation may be an empirical generalization, it does warrant note that, if past human cultures also attempted to distance themselves stylistically from their neighbors, different style in this sense would not be a good indicator of cultural similarities. Beyond that critique, however is the larger critique of how to identify style in the archaeological record. The use of statistical modeling to identify groupings can also be problematic. Two of the more famous studies attempting to use style as a means of identifying social organization and change, Longacre (1964) and Deetz (1965) have major statistical and interpretative faults that undermine the conclusions. The identification of social organization in both Longacre (1964) and Deetz (1965) can be attributed to other causes, such as temporal differences in assemblages for Longacre’s study and massive decimation of the population in Deetz’s study (Dumond 1977). In addition to the identification of the appropriate unit of analysis, there is a problem with accepting Gosselain’s (1998) ethnographic data as a proxy for the explanation of variation in the archaeological record. There are problems inherent in using ethnographic data gathered in short time periods as analogies for the longue durée of archaeological record. Unless the chronological aspect of the collection is tightly controlled, the analyst could confuse temporal patterning for spatial. So while it may be true that people tend to do things the same way that other people who share their same linguistic, ethnic, or social background do things at any one time, it is difficult to isolate that one time and identify what it is that is being done by what remains in the archaeological record. Other authors believe that stylistic variation in artifacts can be used by individuals “to broadcast, or bring about, their social affiliations or their groups” (Wobst 1999:121). While Wobst (1999) does admit 16 that invisible aspects of the production sequence, for example, may also convey information, it is often the most visible of artifacts that convey information. It is important to note that, Regardless of content, stylistic messages gain in utility relative to other modes, if the potential receivers have little opportunity to receive the message otherwise, but nevertheless are likely to encounter it and are able to decode it. This circumscribes the potential target of receivers intermediate in social distance to the emitter of the message: not too close since the message usually would be known already or generally could be transmitted in other communication modes, and not too distant since decoding or encountering the message would not be assured (Wobst 1977:323-324). If style is information exchange, we could not hypothesize any relationship regarding the similarity of style, as the ability to decode a symbol does not imply similarity. Hodder (1997) and Gosselain (1998) both note that neighboring groups have widely different styles. Wobst would attribute this to the need for these groups to communicate their independence. Regardless of the purpose of the style, that is, what information it is supposed to be communicating, the intent to communicate is also difficult to identify in the archaeological record. For evolutionary archaeologists, style is an afunctional trait that can vary randomly and in an undirected manner. Because style is a selectively neutral trait, it is affected only by transmission processes, e.g., drift or innovation (Lipo et al. 1997:204). Stylistic traits, using the selectively neutral definition, will “form unimodal curves of the kind seen in frequency seriation” (Lipo et al. 1997:306). Thus, there is one way that we can identify style in the archaeological record: by the behavior of traits in a frequency seriation. Due to the nature of seriation and the nature of the distribution of style-as-selectively- neutral across time or space, “seriation can be used just as easily to delineate lineages from which assemblages are drawn as it has been to arrange those assemblages in chronological order. …when viewed as relative frequencies, transmitted attributes form unimodal curves of the kind seen in frequency seriation” (Lipo et al. 1997:308). Neiman (1995) developed a series of equations to model interaction based on style similarity. Neiman’s model basically states that the population size and amount of innovation directly affect the degree of similarity between stylistic populations. Neiman (1995) used Middle Woodland ceramics from Illinois to test the model and determined that the styles in the assemblage did vary according to drift. Shennan and Wilkinson (2001) used the same model on a Neolithic ceramic assemblage from Germany and determined that, in their case, drift was not the cause of artifact variation. It appears, then, that the use of the same equation on two different assemblages yielding two different results calls into question the utility of the equation. However, it is just as likely that there were other forces acting on the Neolithic assemblage that created an environment where the styles were selected for other purposes and were, then, not selectively neutral. The fact that the use of the equation yielded differential results shows, instead, the validity of using selectively neutral traits to test hypotheses regarding social organization or interaction. As Lipo and colleagues (1997:310) note “the failure of a set of assemblages to seriate…might be exploited to test hypotheses about the history of interaction in a region.” However, just because traits that are thought be stylistic do not seriate, does not 17 automatically mean there was social interaction and alternative hypotheses should be investigated, if possible. The various definitions of style can be useful tools in a variety of different archaeological analyses. Style as information exchange can be used to discuss social identity, individual agency, habitus, and many other topics. However, the Banda Islands and the broader Maluku region do not have a well-defined culture history with associated types of artifacts defined by stylistic variation which make the use of stylistic variation in artifacts rather difficult. Instead of attempting to identify cultures by trait lists of material culture or behaviors as in the normative tradition, Barth (1969:15) suggested that it was the “ethnic boundary that defines the group, not the cultural stuff that it encloses.” Jones (1995:xiii) also emphasizes the boundaries by defining an ethnic group as “any group of people who set themselves apart and/ or are set apart by others with whom that interact or co-exist on the basis of their perceptions of cultural differentiation and/ or common descent.” The focus on the differences between groups is amenable to the study of colonial culture contact as “the persistence of ethnic groups in contact implies not only criteria and signals for identification, but also structuring of interaction which allows the persistence of cultural differences” (Barth 1969:16). Because ethnicity is such a problematic concept, it has been abandoned by many researchers of ethnogenesis (e.g., Voss 2008, Stojanowski 2010) in favor of identity. However, identity, too, is a problematic concept (Hu 2013). Identity is fluid and relative, plural and personal. But even by moving the focus to identity instead of ethnicity, ethnic identity is still difficult to avoid in studies of ethnogenesis: “Ethnic identity is considered by some the dominant identity of an individual, superseding sentiments based on class, age, or gender…and ethnic groups are defined on the basis of sharing a perceived or real common origin, being self-referential, and being distinct from similar groups of equivalent function” (Stojanowski 2010:48). Defining ethnicity and ethnic identity does not alleviate the difficulty of demonstrating said identity via mute material culture. In historic archaeology, however, we do have the benefit of historic records that describe the material culture and foodways of different groups in society; these records can be used to identify ethnicity in the archaeological record if the recovered material culture matches that described in historic records. One major reason to focus on the boundaries between groups as opposed to identity is the inability to identify individuals within the archaeological record. Prior to excavation, I assumed that the attribution of individual artifacts to individual people would be nigh on impossible, subsequent to excavation, this assumption provided true. In a study of culture change in a colonial situation, it is the identification of differences between assemblages that is the main focus as opposed to the identification of an ethnic group to which the material culture belongs. South (1977) and Otto (1984) pioneered the use of patterning in historic sites to identify ethnic, class, or occupational identity. To identify the class associated with artifact patterns, the archaeologist must first “recogniz[e the] pattern in the archaeological record, then construct… hypotheses to explain the pattern in terms of the past cultural system” (South 1977:5). Ethnogenesis is not the only explanation for changing artifact patterns and the hypothesis should be tested, in true processual fashion. 18 The inhabitants of the Banda Islands today consider themselves to be Bandanese but they do not consider themselves to be orang asli, that is, descendants of the original inhabitants of the islands (Winn 2001). An ethnogenesis has occurred for the current inhabitants to consider themselves to be a different population than the pre-colonial population. The question remains as to whether or not the creation of a new Bandanese culture can be identified in the archaeological record of the plantations in the Banda Islands. As microcosms of the colonial effort, plantations should have a record of material culture that reflects the changing of lifeways associated with the colonization of the islands. The need to create a new society in the Banda Islands after Dutch conquest has been stressed by many authors (e.g., Hanna 1973, Reid 1983b, Winn 2010), so the historical interpretation suggests that an ethnogenesis occurred immediately or soon after conquest. However, Winn (2010) notes that the current population considers themselves more descendants of the Javanese and other coolie workers that came to the islands after the abolition of slavery. This could be attributed to modern populations wanting to distance themselves from an association with enslaved populations (see Marshall 2015 for a discussion of slavery-related amnesia), however, census records do show that 17 years after Dutch conquest, slightly less than half of the population of the Banda Islands were categorized as free/ non-enslaved (Hanna 1973) (Table 2.1). The ethnogenesis, then, could have been happening outside the plantations in areas where free Malukans and other residents had greater influence in society. Foodways as social proxy As Scott (2001:671) notes, “Food plays many roles within human society, from the symbolic, to the social, to the biological.” The study of human dietary choices has a long history in archaeology. Bones preserve quite well in most environmental contexts and plant remains can also preserve quite well under many circumstances. In addition, ceramics preserve in almost all contexts and can provide information on cooking and storage techniques (Rice 1987). The long history of study of dietary choices in archaeology means that there is a wealth of literature available for both methodological and theoretical investigations. For the purposes of this study, however, I am more interested in potential social signals behind the dietary choices rather than environmental or other investigations. Food is not just important as basic sustenance, it can be integral to one’s sense of self. It is extremely difficult to disentangle a taste for certain kinds of foods and flavors from one’s ethnic background or identity (Chen 2014). As Jolley (1983:71) notes, “Differences in dietary patterning may reflect ethnicity…[and] Differences in social and ideological systems are reflected in dietary practices.” Voss (2008: 233) also writes, “Food and ethnicity are closely intertwined and often mutually categorized…Food is not only a medium through which ethnic authenticity is enacted and debated but also a venue in which social boundaries are installed in bodily responses.” In addition Mintz (1996:7) describes the social meanings associated with food, eating is never a ‘purely biological’ activity (whatever ‘purely biological’ means). The foods eaten have histories associated with the pasts of those who eat them; the techniques employed to find, process, prepare, serve, and consume the foods are all 19 culturally variable, with histories of their own. Nor is the food ever simply eaten; its consumption is always conditioned by meaning. These meanings are symbolic and communicated symbolically; they also have histories. Food’s association with ethnic identity makes the choice of foodstuffs and their preparation techniques excellent lines of evidence with which to investigate ethnogenesis (e.g., deFrance 1996, Diehl et al. 1998, Janowtiz 1993) as “Foodways are important components of culture that both express and have important roles in maintaining social and cultural relations” (Cheek 1998:153). “Foodways” is a concept that often goes undefined in the literature, but can be considered the chaîne opératoire of consumption: from the identification and gathering of raw material, storage, processing, cooking, and serving to the disposal of food remains, including all the material culture associated with the many processes (Twiss 2012:358, Honerkamp 2009:4). Foodways are useful to investigate because, as noted above, there is often preserved evidence that can be accessed directly. Archaeologically, foodways are primarily investigated by means of the physical remains of eaten meals, for example animal bones or macroscopic plant remains (e.g., Diehl et. al. 1998), in addition to chemical and molecular studies that can identify the residues of meals in a ceramic matrix or in bones of humans and their commensals (e.g., Barnard and Eerkens 2007, Reitz 1994, Stewart-Abernathy and Ruff 1989). However, the analysis of ceramic forms can also provide information on cooking and serving methods (e.g., Pierce 2005). Generally, authors tend to focus on one line of evidence for brevity’s sake, but studies using multiple lines of evidence are not uncommon (e.g., Ferguson 1992, Groover and Hogue 2014, Voss 2008). As the chaîne opératoire of consumption, innumerable different behaviors and their material correlates can encompass the archaeological study of foodways. I chose to focus on faunal and starch dietary choices and the ceramics associated with storage, cooking, and serving. One difficulty in attempting to interpret food choice as a function of ethnicity in the archaeological record is that ethnicity and economic status can overlap. In other words, the presence of certain food in lower economic levels may reflect the ability to afford the food, not necessarily a preference for it (Huelsbeck 1991). Using multiple artifact classes and models, I hoped that I would be able to mitigate the issues surrounding the conflation of ethnicity and economic class. How the archaeological study of colonialization, plantations, and foodways relates to the study area is discussed in the next section. Why Study the Banda Islands? The Banda Islands were the world’s sole source of nutmeg (and the related spice mace) in the 16th century. Control over the spice trade was a major goal for European powers during the Age of Expansion. Consequently, the Banda Islands were a location of early disputes and colonial experimentation. After eradicating most of the indigenous population, the Dutch East India Company established a plantation system on the islands in 1621. The Banda Island plantation system was an early experiment in mercantile colonialism with imported enslaved workers, company-provided subsistence 20 rations, and a VOC monopoly on the spice trade inhibiting the accumulation of capital. Peoples from a variety of European, Asian, and African backgrounds were forced to co-exist on these remote islands and create a functional society. The plantation system survived in various forms until WWII. Some attempts have been made to renew cooperative nutmeg operations on the Banda Islands in the post-Suharto era. According to European documents written before and after Dutch conquest, slavery existed in the Banda Islands prior to Dutch conquest (Reid 1983b) (Figure 2.1). It seemed the “open” type, with orang kaya acquiring large retinues of people to follow them and assist as needed. After the eradication of most orang kaya by Coen in 1621, it is hard to imagine the continuation of this open slave system in the European-based plantation system, and indeed, the Banda Islands are Reid’s example of a European slave system in Southeast Asia. However, while the indigenous population of Bandanese were decimated by Coen’s conquest, extra-local resident traders were not mentioned as being subject to the same eradication (Hanna 1978, Loth 1995b) and these traders likely continued to operate in their traditional open system. In addition, if imported enslaved workers were coming from regional islands with an “open” system, they may have had expectations regarding their incorporation into society. Europeans were always out-numbered in the Banda Islands and the numerically superior populations may have influenced social attitudes toward slavery, despite their social inferiority. In the 1638 census, 57% of the 3,842 population was enslaved (Table 2.1). Only 12% of the 1638 population was European, so they may have had little cultural influence despite their military dominance. In fact, Winn (2010) argues that the inability of the Europeans to keep their enslaved workers isolated from the wider society and the open system of slavery made it impossible to enact a truly closed system. When slavery was abolished in 1860, there were only 1,122 enslaved workers remaining on the islands (Hanna 1973:105), a significant decrease from the 2,190 in 1638. To put the later population into perspective, according to the 1854 census, the population of the Banda Islands was 6,333 with a total of 1,890 enslaved workers (both house and perken slaves); 487 European/ mestizos, 1,638 Natives, 243 people from other islands in the region, 145 Chinese, 942 free Native workers, 980 exiles, and 8 lepers (Hanna 1973:111). Despite the decrease in proportion of enslaved workers in the population from 57% to 33%, they still made up the highest recorded class of people in the census. What aspect the slavery system took on and how the different cultural groups adapted to and created this new society in the Banda Islands, an ethnogenesis, is a topic of some interest. The plantation system fundamentally altered the lifeways of all inhabitants of the Banda Islands, many of whom were non-indigenous, but there is little evidence regarding how the alterations and adaptations occurred or why. Archaeology should be able to shed light onto these adaptations. The study of material culture from archaeological investigations can provide information not accessible from historical documents. Furthermore, despite Reid’s belief that the form of slavery that existed in the Banda Islands was more akin to that of other European models in the Western Hemisphere as opposed to the Asian models, not all agree with his supposition. Winn (2010) suggests that the slavery system as practiced on the Banda Islands was closer to the pre-colonial Asian model than Reid suggests. Material 21 culture may shed light on whether the slave system in the Banda Islands was more aligned to that of Asia or Europe. In addition to elucidating the processes of culture change and adaptation to changing conditions in the Banda Islands, this study will be useful for comparing colonial processes in various parts of the world, as called for by Deagan (1996). In the research outlined below, I discuss the explanatory models developed in historical archaeology that were used in this project. . The history of the Banda Islands and the roles played by different populations in the historic period will be explored in greater depth in Chapter 3. Figure 2.1 Different classes in the Banda Islands, figures on extreme right and left are identified as male and female slaves (Reid 1983b). Table 2.1 Population of Banda Islands, 1638 (Hanna 1973). Category Male Female Children Total Free Slave Free Slave Free Slave VOC employee (Civil and Military) 351 351 Vrijburghers (European, non- VOC) 91 20 77 188 Native Bandanese 50 53 133 158 97 69 560 Other 186 782 319 723 328 405 2743 Total 678 835 472 881 182 474 3842 22 Explanatory Models in Plantation Archaeology Three models are commonly used to explain the material culture of foodways in historical archaeology: energetic efficiency, power/ resistance, and creolization. These models are discussed below. On a side note, Singleton’s definition of plantation archaeology (above) defines three populations of interest: owners, plantation managers, and enslaved workers. However, for the Banda Islands only the perkeniers-cum-owners (since the VOC owned the land, the perkeniers were not technically the plantation owners but they were more than managers/ overseers) and enslaved workers have much of an historical record. Perkenier is based on the Dutch word for the nutmeg plantation, perk, and is used to refer to the European or European-descendants who operated the plantations. Historic records from early pre-conquest Europeans until the early 20th Century (e.g., Jacobs 1971, Hanna 1978, Loth 1995a) discuss the presence of Javanese, Chinese, Arabic and other traders in the Banda Islands, specifically in the port town of Banda Neira, what role they may have played at the plantations, if any, is unknown. Europeans, unsurprisingly, tend to be the focus of the European records and the European records of the colonial period are the records that have been preserved (as far as I could discover). For ease of discussion, I separate expected populations into “elite” and “non-elite” or “perkenier” and “worker.” It is currently unknown at this time which class the overseer can be expected to fall based on historical records. Also, due to the fact that the both free laborers and enslaved workers were working on the plantations during the colonial period and wage laborers were working on the plantations after the abolition of slavery, it was impossible for me to determine if the recovered material remains were specifically related to enslaved workers or wage laborers. Therefore, I refer to both enslaved and wage laborers as “workers.” This is not meant to minimize the experience of enslaved workers or to erase the history of enslavement of people in the region, only to acknowledge that both groups were workers and that I was unable to differentiate between the two groups. Energetic Efficiency Optimal foraging theory, specifically energetic efficiency, has been used to explain faunal assemblages in historic contexts (e.g., Birmingham 2000, Reitz et al. 1985). The basic tenant of optimal foraging theory and associated models is that optimal use maximizes energetic returns from a given range of resources or strategies and increases (reproductive) fitness (Winterhalder and Smith 2008). Several different models for explaining behaviors are encompassed in optimal foraging theory with different goals and currencies. For instance, sexual selection and natural selection are often at odds, resulting in a range of options that may be optimal in mating contests but detrimental for food acquisition behaviors. Smith (1979:58), however, notes that “efficient solutions will be of overriding adaptive importance only in energy limited situations.” This is the situation in of the plantation contexts in general, where the workers are expected to be limited in their access to time for food gathering, processing, or production due to forced labor demands. In a time-limited context, Smith (1979:62) predicts that “fitness can be increased by holding [net energy acquired] constant and reducing [acquisition time].” Thus, workers are expected to exploit faunal, starch, and ceramic resources that have low search and handling 23 times. However, perkeniers are not limited with regard to acquisition time and in this situation, “there is no reason to expect selection for energetic efficiency and in fact some reason to expect counter-selection in favor of competing goals” (Smith 1979: 58). For this study, energetic efficiency is the null hypothesis and predicts that dietary choices for time- constrained workers are a result of decision making based on achieving maximum caloric intake for minimal energetic investment and thus, dietary choices are not related to social, ethnic, or religious identification. Deviation from the expectation that individuals maximize their energetic efficiency needs to be explained by another causal mechanism, discussed below. In previous studies not using an energetic efficiency model (e.g., Franklin 2001, Scott 2001), faunal choices were assumed, but not necessarily demonstrated, to be the result of social signaling of identity, be it ethnic, economic, or religious. By establishing an expected norm based on historical records, deviations from energetic efficiency may be explained by means of alternative models. I assume that deviation from energetic efficiency is used to signal social identity. Not all material culture is used to signal social identity and many categories, such as clothing and body modification, may be unavailable archaeologically. Some categories of material culture may not have a social meaning associated with identity and these categories may reflect energetic efficiency while others may not. Additionally, categories of material culture that do reflect energetic efficiency may come to represent social identity after time. For instance, the use of foraged foods from the bayous came to identify the Cajun culture of Louisiana in opposition to the more urban Creoles (Gutierrez 1992). It is necessary, then, to compare the energetic efficiency model against other models to determine if low energetic investment can be used to explain the distribution of food stuffs. Domination/ Resistance Power in human societies is often associated with the intertwined concepts of domination and resistance (Paynter and McGuire 1991). Weber (1964:152) defines power as “the probability that one actor within a social relationship will be in a position to carry out his own will despite resistance”; whereas domination is “the exercise of power through control of resources” (Paynter and McGuire 1991:10). However, Wolf (1990:586-87) further defines structural power as power that not only operates within settings or domains but that also organizes and orchestrates the settings themselves, and that specifies the distribution and direction of energy flows…I want to use it as power that structures the political economy. I will refer to this kind of power as structural power. This tern rephrases the older notion of ‘the social relations of production,’ and is intended to emphasize power to deploy and allocate social labor….Structural power shapes the field of action so as to render some kinds of behavior possible, while making less possible or impossible. This situation in the Banda Islands during the colonial period was one where structural power operated on keeping both the enslaved workers and the perkeniers themselves under the power of the VOC and later Netherlands East Indies government. In a slave based economy, power and domination are at the forefront of any interaction. The ruling hegemony cannot exist without an antithetical class that is ruled. Tensions between the hegemony and underclass lead to constant re-negotiation of what it means to be 24 part of the hegemony and part of the underclass and these tensions and negotiations can be reflected in material culture (Scott 1985). Both power and domination are heterogeneous as is resistance (Paynter and McGuire 1991:10-13). It is expected that people will put up some form of resistance to being dominated or coerced to produce labor without adequate compensation. Scott (1985) distinguishes between quotidian, passive resistance and open defiance. Open defiance, such as peasant revolts, is often recorded in histories but everyday resistance is less obvious. Everyday resistance can be recorded as laziness in workers, petty theft, feigned incomprehension of commands, or the use of a linguistic code that is different from the elite code. Paynter and McGuire (1991:13-16) note that archaeology can access the quotidian remains of both the elite with their attempts at coercion and domination and the coerced with their attempts at resistance or acceptance and that domestic sites often yield data on daily resistance or open defiance. In plantation-based historical archaeology, the focus is more often on the material culture of resistance of the enslaved workers. Leone (1984) and others (e.g., Delle 1998, Mrozowski 1991) do describe how architecture and landscape are used to advertise power and social control. However, this use of architecture or other material culture as an advertisement of power has been critiqued because, in part, “non-elites often do not share the dominant ideology of the elites, and in fact have ideologies of resistance” (Paynter and McGuire 1991:10) Examples of how architecture can be a locus of resistance includes the use of sub-floor pits by enslaved workers to hide food and other objects from overseers and the retention of African building techniques for vernacular architecture (Ferguson 1992). The use of architecture as a locus of resistance influenced the introduction of a new form of architecture for housing enslaved workers to a house lacking the potential for this area of resistance (Singleton 2015). With the introduction in 1791 of the concept of panopticon, or constant surveillance of prisoners or workers, some plantation owners attempted to incorporate more potential for observation into the landscape or architecture of the plantations (Singleton 2015). However, this concept and the associated architecture were introduced long after the creation of the plantations on the Banda Islands. Surveillance does not appear to be a factor in the architecture of the plantation compound in the Banda Islands (Carlson and Jordan 2013). Ceramics, specifically low-fired, locally made earthenware and imported high-fired stoneware or porcelain, is an oft-studied category of material culture associated with enslaved workers, largely due to its ability to survive in archaeological deposits coupled with a large corpus of historical data regarding its use and cost. Colonoware is a New World ceramic type that is assumed to have been made by enslaved Africans, at least in many, if not all, contexts (Ferguson 1992). While there was debate regarding whether Colonoware was made by enslaved Africans or Native Americans experiencing social upheaval (e.g., Noel Hume 1962), the existence of decorative techniques that can be traced to Africa seems to have shifted the tide to supporting an enslaved African creative population (Ferguson 1992). Ceramics, then, can be a useful category of investigation, given enough background information of the populations contributing to their creation. 25 Foodways have also been used to describe resistance in plantation contexts (e.g., Ferguson 1991, Reitz et al. 1985). Mintz (1996:29) describes how the social inequality can affect foodways: “structural power…aligns the institutional frameworks that set the terms by which people get food, maintain or change their eating habits, and either perpetuate their eating arrangements and the associated meanings, or build new systems, with new meanings, into those arrangements.” In the American Southeast, enslaved workers could supplement their diet of rations via tending vegetable gardens or hunting and trapping wild game (Turner 1995). This behavior is interpreted as resisting the power of the slaveowner to dictate the enslaved worker’s diet. Reitz et al. (1985) note that often the hunting of game was accomplished by means of trapping which would be a strategy with a low energetic cost as one could set the trap and leave it for hours or days and check it intermittently, allowing for the acquisition of additional protein without arousing the suspicion of the overseer for missing work. Fishing, often by younger children, is another low cost way to acquire protein without arousing suspicion. Larger wild game, such as deer, was rare due to an inability of many enslaved workers to access firearms for personal use. It should be noted that, in the Banda Islands, not only would the enslaved, and later contract, workers be resisting the power of the perkeniers, but the perkeniers were actively resisting the power of the VOC and Netherlands East Indies government. The perkeniers were not well pleased with the prices they received for the nutmeg and mace and were constantly complaining about the paucity of rations provided. Perkeniers had been known to sell the rice rations provided for a larger amount of cheaper sago (Hanna 1973, Loth 1998). This may have been due to the fact that sago was preferred regionally, that it provided more calories for a lower cost than rice, or for pure unadulterated desire for profit. The entrepôt trade did not disappear from Banda with the Dutch conquest and the potential for personal profit by cheating the Company was too great for most perkeniers to resist. Creolization Dawdy (2000:1) notes that the notions of a creole culture and creolization of culture have been popular in the social sciences since the 1990s. The model of creolization of culture comes from the linguistic concept of a Creole language: a mix of grammar and vocabulary from two or more languages, often with a disparate power relationship in a colonial context (Khan 2007). Creole studies have been focused on New World contexts, specifically Caribbean locales (Stewart 2007), or African contexts, such as Mauritius (Eriksen 2007). But creolization has also been used to explain culture change in Roman provinces (Webster 2001), Mesopotamia (Stein 2005a), and elsewhere (see Stein 2005b). Regardless of location, creolization involves contact between two or more cultures and the mixing of certain elements from the various cultures. Historical archaeologists have variously defined creolization as “cultural interaction, culture contact, acculturation, transculturation, ethnogenesis, identity negotiation, the result of intermarriage, or the blending and transplantation of different traditions in material culture” (Dowdy 2000:1). Deetz (1977) was one of the first historical archaeologists to use the concept of creolization to understand patterns in material culture, specifically, the hybrid culture that he saw in enslaved African- 26 American in an Anglo-American dominated culture. Ferguson (1992) and Deagan (1983, 1996) were also influential in the development of creole studies in historical archaeology. “Creolization” has been used to explain hybridity of language, culture, and biology; for this project, I will only be investigating cultural creolization as no data is expected in the study area for the other subjects. Material culture is used as a means of communication between the disparate groups and to negotiate new social meanings. Therefore, the material culture used to negotiate these meanings is expected to be found in association with all groups involved in social negotiations. Historically, while there is a mixing of material culture, a social hierarchy is still maintained (Scott 2001). Therefore, individual items may not have the same meaning in all levels of society, but will have a meaning that crosses social boundaries. Creolization has been used to explain change in material culture in a variety of archaeological studies (e.g. Burley 2000, Delle 2000, Ewen 2000, Loren 2000). Creolization is often used in conjunction with ethnogenesis (Dowdy 2000:1). As Delle (2000:56) notes, “Creolization is a special form of ethnogenesis that in plantation contexts was a process through which social and material worlds were defined…creolization is considered to be a theoretical concept used to explain the processes by which European and African populations adjusted or adapted to conditions in the New World, particularly where plantation agriculture dominated the political economy.” While creolization is a kind of ethnogenesis, not all ethnogeneses are a result of creolization. Predictions Ingredients As noted above, a study of foodways which focuses on faunal remains may yield equivocal results, so I will investigate faunal remains, ceramic forms, and starch remains in an attempt to avoid this problem. The Banda Islands are not a productive environment for most agricultural products and the majority of basic carbohydrates were imported by the indigenous population long before the establishment of plantations by Europeans (Ellen 2003). In the Maluku region today, the pith of the sago palm tree is favored, but rice, cassava and taro are also important dietary starches (Stark and Latinis 1992). Prior to Dutch colonization, sago was also preferred to rice (Ellen 1979, Stark and Latinis 1992, Loth 1998). Subsequent to Dutch colonization, rice was imported by the VOC and appears to have been favored by the European descendant population and non-Malukan Southeast Asian Islander populations (Hanna 1978, Loth 1998). Rice was subsidized by the VOC and provided to perkeniers for distribution to workers, either below market cost or free (Hanna 1978). Rice would likely be the lowest-cost starch resource but VOC shipments were not always on time and the rice ration had to be supplemented at times (Hanna 1978). Workers were allowed and encouraged to cultivate small gardens, usually consisting of local foods, to supplement their diet. Some workers were able to sell garden surplus at the market in Banda Neira (Hanna 1978), similar to the arrangement seen in the New World. Domesticated pigs and chickens were imported to the Banda Islands beginning in the Neolithic period (Lape 2000). Goats are reported in some literature (e.g., Hanna 1978), but the date of their arrival is unknown. Cows were 27 imported for dairy production during the colonial period (Hanna 1978), but are rare on the islands today. Loth (1998:84) notes the VOC attempted to introduce rabbits, deer, and turkey for subsistence, but these wild or semi-domesticated animals were incapable of foraging for themselves in the Banda. Rabbits and turkeys are absent on the islands today and deer had to be re-introduced after their populations were lost, possibly as a result of food insecurity associated with WWII. Sea birds, snakes, rats, and iguanas were also available (Loth 1998) but may not have been favored as a food source. Marine resources were abundant and Loth (1998:82) claims marine resources provided the majority of protein available to the populations on Banda both before and after Dutch conquest. Ceramics, both food service and food storage vessels, available to workers for cooking and storage were manufactured in Banda and other regional islands or imported from China and other trade ports (Ellen 2003). VOC employees and perkeniers also imported European ceramics (Hanna 1978). The perken compounds in the Banda Islands all have a similar plan. The compound itself is surrounded by 4 exterior walls with at least two entrances, one of these entrances often has an ornate archway. Within the compound, there are generally four buildings: a main house/ elite residence (identified by analogy to extant colonial-era residences in Banda Neira), a nutmeg drying building, and long buildings with individual rooms along the remaining two walls used for workers’ habitation of storage (Bickmore 1867-1868). The ornate arched entrance is usually next to the elite residence. No archaeological investigations on perken compounds had been conducted prior to this project and it was assumed that the residence in the perken compound would be associated with elite perkenier middens and the long buildings with individual rooms would be associated with the workers. Detailed descriptions of expected artifact classes are provided in Chapters 5-8. See Table 2.2 for a summary of expected artifact distribution. Energetic Efficiency Due to different time constraints, the elites are not expected to rank resources in the same way as the workers (Table 2.3). Workers are expected to be constrained by time available for finding non- ration foods and will thus avoid resources with high search and handling costs, regardless of caloric value. Perkeniers have no time constraints, have control over the distribution of rations, and have access to governmental power for punishment. Perkeniers are predicted to have a decreased need for energetic efficiency in foraging and will not be constrained by search and handling time. Plantation workers are expected to have limited access to imported goods, but their dietary remains should reflect a higher percentage of wild gathered food, possibly small game or fish reflecting snare use (Loth 1998). Large domesticated mammals, such as cow and pig, should dominate in perkenier contexts, but should not be present in workers’ contexts. Tolerated theft (e.g., Bliege Bird and Bird 1997) is not expected as capital punishment was practiced for minor infractions in Banda (Hanna 1978). It is assumed that under the energetic efficiency model, the risk of capital punishment was too great; for other models, such as domination/ resistance, capital punishment may not have been as strong a deterrent. Individual perken 28 Table 2.2. Expected distribution of resources. Resources Energetic Efficiency Power/ Resistance Creolization Workers Perkeniers Workers Perkeniers Workers Perkeniers Faunal Resources Cow - + - + ≈ ≈ Pig - + ≠ + ≈ ≈ Chicken + - + - ≈ ≈ Local Shellfish + - + - ≈ ≈ Local Wild game- small + - + ≠ ≈ ≈ Local Wild game- large ≠ + - + ≈ ≈ Ceramics Indigenous + ≠ + ≠ ≈ ≈ Imported Asian - + - + ≈ ≈ Imported European - + ≠ + ≈ ≈ Individual settings ≠ + ≠ + ≈ ≈ Starches Rice ≈ ≈ - + ≈ ≈ Sago/ Cassava + - + ≠ ≈ ≈ Maize/ Wheat ≠ + ≠ + ≈ ≈ ≠: not present +: higher % than other economic class -: lower % than other economic class ≈: little to no difference in distribution. Table 2.3 Rank of food resources on the Banda Islands, after Lape (2000b:45). Food Resource (nutritional values per 100 g) Calories Rank Protein (g) Rank Fat (g) Rank Cal+ prot+ fat Rank Artocarpus altilis Flesh Seeds 55-110 150 20 13 0.8-4.3 6.0 16 13 0.3-1.5 0.5 17 19 53 45 = 20 16 Canarium spp. 644 2 14.2 9 68.5 1 12 2 Pandanus spp. 683 1 11.9 11 66.0 2 14 3 Colocasia esculenta 100-165 11 1.4-2.0 21 0.2-0.5 20 52 19 Coco nucifera Mature meat Immature flesh Mature nut 351-500 30-180 311-346 4 10 7 4.0-4.7 0.7-4.0 2.5-4.3 14 18 17 33.0-53.4 1.0-15.0 34.0-35.0 4 7 6 22 35 30 6 11 9 Dioscorea spp. 95-161 12 1.0-2.5 20 0.05-0.2 23 55 22 Musa spp. 85-142 14 1.0-1.3 22 0.1-0.5 18 54 21 Metroxylon sagu 285-362 6 0.1-0.5 23 0.0-0.3 21 50 18 Bat (rabbit) 134 17 20.0 2 6.0 11 30 10 Bird (general fowl) 139 15 19.0 4 7.0 9 28 8 Cuscus (rabbit) 134 16 20.0 1 6.0 10 27 7 Fish 132 19 18.8 7 5.7 12 38 14 Prawns 94 21 18.0 8 1.5 16 45 15 Reptile/ Snake (fish) 132 18 18.8 6 5.7 13 37 13 Shellfish (unspecified) 70 23 10.0 12 2.0 15 50 17 Deer 202 9 9 3 14.0 8 20 5 Pork 453 5 5 10 45.0 5 20 4 29 were allowed one or two cows for personal dairy consumption, but herds were segregated on an uninhabited island, Gunung Api (Hanna 1973). This segregation makes search and handling times and risk of capture too costly for workers in an energetic efficiency model. Fairbanks (1984) notes that in the southeast US, half the meat protein from enslaved workers diet came from wild caught animals, which he interpreted as workers supplementing their caloric intake to achieve sufficiency to do required work. Fairbanks (1984) also notes that pigs were more prevalent in workers’ contexts, possibly due to the fact that pigs are more efficient at converting food into meat than cows and are therefore easier to raise and produce more net calories for expended calories. However, in the Banda Islands, pigs would have an additional social signal. At the time of conquest, many inhabitants of the Banda Islands were Muslim (e.g., Hanna 1978, Winn 2010) and Islam has a prescription against eating pork. The identification of pig remains in workers’ contexts would signify a non-Islamic population, possibly that workers had converted to Christianity or had not been converted to Islam prior to Dutch conquest, and were attempting to ally themselves with the dominant power or that they were exhibiting a lack of resistance to the dominant power. For starches, imported rice, with a low search and handling time, is expected to dominate both worker and perkenier contexts. Rice was distributed by perkeniers and workers had little choice in how much ration they received. However, after the rice subsidization stopped in 1824 (Hanna 1978), rice is expected to be more costly and decrease in workers’ contexts. Sago is expected to have supplemented workers’ rations in times of a rice ration shortage and after the subsidy ceased. Due to high handling time and poor growing conditions on the Banda Islands (Stark and Latinis 1992), sago is expected to have been primarily imported. There is no mention of alternative, possibly starvation-level, starches being utilized in Banda, but this may be a result of incomplete historic records. Unidentified starches may be the result of starvation-level gathering habits. Indigenous ceramics are expected to have little time invested in decoration. Imported ceramics in workers’ contexts are expected to be plainware and reflect cooking foods with a low time investment in preparation and tending, such as soup and stews. A larger diversity of ceramics types and sources is expected in the perkenier context due to greater access to imported goods. Imported fine tradeware, such as porcelain or high-fired stoneware, is expected in the elite contexts as they were not limited by energetic constraints. Individual ceramic place settings are not expected in workers’ contexts; instead, communal serving dishes are expected, based on historic and ethnographic descriptions of foodways (e.g., Jacobs 1971). In enslaved workers’ contexts in North America, dishes that did not require intensive processing or watching while cooking were favored (Singleton 1996). It is expected, then, that stews in large pots would be a favored cooking technique. Individual serving dishes are expected to be organic based on ethnographic and modern behavior. Power/ Resistance For the power/ resistance model, there should be a clear separation of groups with obvious boundaries reflected in the material culture. This separation between groups may be reflected in along 30 both ethnic and economic lines, with workers self-segregating into groups reflecting a similar geographic or religious background. If the domination/ resistance social model can explain food choice, then cultural continuity of food ways and material culture is expected, specifically reflecting foodways that are not necessarily energetically efficient. The plantation workers would resist incorporation into hegemonic world, reject introduced foodways including imported foreign foods, and attempt to maintain separate foodways. European foods and goods would be expected only in European/ perkenier contexts and little to no imported foods or goods would be expected in the worker’s areas. If European goods or foods are found, it is expected to be a result of theft, or quotidian resistance. Theft should be limited to easily transported and hidden items. For instance, the remains of an entire cow would not be expected as the large animal would be too obvious, but individual cuts of meat may be easily transported and surreptitiously consumed. Due to the high cost associated with the theft of elite food, this is not expected under an energetic efficiency model. With the exception of rice rations, starch residues are expected to be mutually exclusive, with Europeans and their descendants eating imported wheat, corn, and rice and workers subsisting on sago, cassava or other endemic vegetal resources. It is also expected that pig remains will be segregated to elite contexts, with workers adopting or maintaining Muslim foodways in order to distance themselves from the Christian perkeniers. Imported/ enslaved workers were not necessarily Muslim, and there is some evidence that the Dutch preferred non-Muslim workers and conversions may have been socially motivated (Ricklefs 2001). Ceramic types should also be mutually exclusive, Europeans should use imported pottery from England, the Netherlands, or other European country, in addition to high quality Chinese porcelains. Workers, on the other hand, should use locally produced pottery or cheap regional imports. The ceramic types should also reflect a preference in cooking techniques. Due to the same broad resource categories, many of the predictions for the power/ resistance model in terms of faunal resources are similar to the optimal foraging predictions. The elites have the power to distribute rations and limit time available to workers for foraging. For instance, local fish in elite contexts are expected to be larger, on average, than those in workers contexts due to the elites appropriating the catch (Loth 1998).Workers could be stealing large mammals from the elites, but the remains are unlikely to be found in workers’ midden due to their proximity to the elite house and increased chance of discovery. The power/ resistance model is expected to be more pronounced in the material culture associated with food preparation and consumption, such as ceramic types and wares, than the raw materials. Imported European food stuffs (e.g., salted fish, wine, etc.) are expected in elite contexts. Cooking techniques (e.g., stew, roast, etc) should show distinct separation between perkeniers and workers. Perkeniers would accept the extra cost and investment of importing or training a worker in European style cooking and its associated ceramic styles. There should be little overlap in distribution of species and elements of faunal remains (excepting chicken and local fish). High status Chinese porcelain and European ceramics are expected in perkenier contexts. Indigenous and imported trade ceramics are 31 expected in workers’ contexts. These ceramics may exhibit decorative elements that distance them from European or high status Asian ceramics. European forms, especially place settings, are expected only in elite contexts. There are examples of enslaved people adopting signals of European power, such as matching tea sets or porcelain dining sets as seen in the Elizabeth Hemmings site at Monticello (Neiman et al. 2000) where the acquisition of both the porcelain tea set and the tea would be expensive. However, the adoption of symbols of elite power should be seen as creolization, not resistance. That is, adopting the symbol of power of the dominant hegemony is accepting that system, not resisting it. Creolization For the creolization model, mixing of foodways and material culture is expected. However, in creolization studies, there appears to be syntax to the borrowing of material culture in addition to the language. Chaudenson (2001:195) notes that “the greater the role of language in a cultural system, the more the system is influenced by the dominant social group whose language is imposed on all.” In a creolization context, then, it would be expected that the group whose language was most prevalent would also have the dominant material culture. In Indonesia, the Dutch preferred the use of the Malay-based lingua franca and did not impose the use of Dutch on the colonized populations (Loth 1995a). Therefore, it is expected that European foodways would be less influential than traditional Southeast Asian foodways when foodways deviate from expected energetic efficiency. In addition, the climate of Island Southeast Asia was not as conducive to European food crops as to its own endemic crops. The adoption of European food stuffs, preparation techniques, or serving vessels would signal a familiarity with the elites and may be adopted. European-descendants may also adopt Asian foodways because of familiarity with family employees or because of mixed parentage. For the creolization model, indigenous ingredients are expected to be incorporated into European recipes and vice versa (e.g., Hardy 2011). In modern Indo-Dutch cuisine, this creolization can be seen in the rijsttafel, which consists of serving Indonesian-style dishes in a Dutch manner; the perkedel, a fried patty made of potatoes (a food imported by the Dutch) sometimes with canned beef; or pandan-flavored cakes based on European recipes using local ingredients. Protschky (2008:349) notes that a familiarity with indigenous foods was common amongst the colonial Dutch and a degree of creolization was expected: In the late colonial period there was an abiding tension in Dutch colonial society between maintaining the culture and dignity of the “real” Dutch; showing that one was a capable colonist, which required familiarity with Indies culture and connections with local people; and distinguishing oneself from the natives. At the colonial table, this difficulty might manifest itself in a tension between preserving natal foodways (biefstuk, vegetables and potatoes); demonstrating an understanding of Indies society (knowing not to expect pork from a Muslim-Javanese butcher, for example); and behaving as befitted a colonial ruling class (putting on a grand rijsttafel perhaps). In general, there should be overlap in distribution of faunal resources, starches, and ceramics. Ceramics associated with a specific cooking style or food production may be allocated to a new role, which may be 32 identified by starch analysis. There may be a hierarchy of mixing with more European and fewer indigenous goods in elite contexts and more indigenous and less European goods in workers’ contexts. Conclusions Historic archaeology, as the discipline that investigates the archaeology of the spread of Europeans post-1500 and their effect on indigenous populations worldwide, has the potential to enrich our understanding of the multiple ways that peoples, both colonizer and colonized, adapted to their incorporation into a global world system. The study of plantations to access the lived lives of enslaved workers is a popular line of inquiry in historical archaeology as practiced in the Western Hemisphere, but has not received the same amount of attention in other locales with plantations. As noted above, the Banda Islands are an excellent location for comparing models used in historical archaeology for comparative purposes. Now that the theoretical foundations and explanatory models have been discussed, the next chapter will present the current state of archaeological knowledge of the Banda Islands in regional context. 33 Chapter 3 The Banda Islands in Regional and Historical Context The Banda Islands are tiny, remote, and located within a larger, environmentally, linguistically, and culturally complex island-and-seascape. The archaeology of Island Southeast Asia encompasses over a million years, spanning from Homo erectus to the development of complex, state-level societies. Despite their isolated location, the Banda Islands were connected to the wider world. Thus, a review of local and regional natural and cultural environments will contextualize the Banda Islands. Despite over 100 years of archaeological investigations in Island Southeast Asia, the general culture history of the region is not well-known to most US-based archaeologists. As I assume this population will be a large proportion of my reading audience, I think it necessary to provide both a general and specific outline of the regional culture history before providing information about the Banda Islands specifically. Below I shall summarize the archaeological research in Island Southeast Asia region in general, followed by the Maluku region, and finally provide a more in depth prehistory and history of the Banda Islands, specifically. The Archaeology and History of Island Southeast Asia First, the archaeological region of “Island Southeast Asia” should be defined which is not an unproblematic activity. Island Southeast Asia (Figure 3.1) can be defined as the modern island nations of Taiwan, the Philippines, and Indonesia (e.g., Bellwood 1979:203). As a nod to modern geopolitical borders, Singapore, Brunei, and East Timor could also be added. Culturally, an argument could be made to include the Malay Peninsula, although it is not technically an island. If the argument is made to add Malaysia, an argument could also be made to remove Taiwan as the modern Taiwanese culture is more aligned with the Chinese mainland than the Southeast Islands. Archaeologically, however, Taiwan is important to the discussion of the expansion of agriculture into Islands Southeast Asia so it, and the Malay Peninsula, shall be incorporated into the below discussion where appropriate. Environment Island Southeast Asia is a complex environment made up of tens of thousands of islands. Over 18,000 islands make up the modern nation of Indonesia (Berkmoes et al. 2010), in addition to those of the Philippines and Taiwan. These islands span from approximately 25° N to 10° S latitude and from 95° E to 135° E longitude. This large area coupled with variable island size and vast swaths of ocean and its 34 Figure 3.1 Island Southeast Asia, after Bellwood (2006). Wallace's Line is dashed and Lydekker’s Line is dotted; Wallacea is located between the two lines. 35 related currents means that there is an enormous amount of environmental diversity within Island Southeast Asia. All the islands of Southeast Asia can be identified to three major groups and one minor one: 1) the remnants of the Sunda continental shelf, including the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Java and their smaller associated islands; 2) the volcanic islands of the Sunda-Banda arc, including the Moluccan islands, Sumba, Timor, Tanimbar and associated islands; 3) the Sulawesi-Philippines- Halmahera volcanic arc (Bellwood 2007:3) and finally 4) the remnants of the Sahul continental shelf, including the Aru Islands in Eastern Indonesia (Spriggs et al. 2006). The distribution of these groupings can be attributed to the multiple tectonic plates that meet in the vicinity of Island Southeast Asia; the confluence of these plates and their subduction zones makes for an extremely tectonically active region with earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis being common occurrences in addition to extreme uplifting and downfaulting of coral (Hall and Blundell 1996). The tectonic activity and the post-Pleistocene change in sea level has impacted the distribution of plant and animal species. This differential distribution across the islands was noted by Alfred Russell Wallace (1869) and influenced his independently derived theory of natural selection. Wallace noticed that terrestrial fauna west of the Lombok Strait (a 250 m deep trench separating Bali and Lombak) more closely matched Asian fauna whereas that east of Lombok was a mixture of Asian and Australian fauna; this dividing line was named the Wallace line (Figure 3.1). The biogeographical distinctions relate to fauna only, as flora follows a different distribution. Wallacea, the grouping of Southeast Asian islands between the Mainland Southeast Asia and Australia that had not been connected to continental plates during the Pleistocene, is also named after the co- discoverer of natural selection. Most of the modern Maluku province and all of the Banda Islands are located within Wallacea and will be discussed in greater detail below. The climate of Island Southeast Asia is generally tropical and temperatures vary little, but rainfall can vary tremendously (Monk et al. 1997:74-79). The islands lying within 5°⁰ of the equator have frequent year-round rain with little seasonal variation but beyond this, islands are significantly impacted by monsoonal rainfall patterns. These trade winds allowed the development of long distance trade throughout the regions as ships followed the winds from home to entrepôt and back. The climatic instability is also assumed to have affected the development of trade networks as a means of risk aversion (e.g., Thomas 2009). The heavy rain and fertile soils on some islands, such as Java, has allowed for wet rice agriculture and the development of high population densities. However, rice agriculture, wet or dry, is uncommon on most islands and lower population densities are more common. In areas where rice agriculture is unsuitable to growing conditions, domesticated roots, tubers, and tree crops are cultivated or managed (e.g., Denham 2011, Specht et al. 2014). Due to the tropical nature of the region, the soils are generally acidic and low in nutrients; although they are capable of maintaining lush tropical forests, non-tropical plants (like many introduced domesticated plants) do not grow well in the soils (Monk et al. 1997:107-109). However, in areas with active volcanos, the addition of volcanic material can significantly increase the fertility of the soils (see MacArthur and Wilson 1967) and allow for productive agriculture, as seen in Java, Bali, and Lombok 36 (SarDesai 2012). Dipterocarp forest is the dominant floral community in the Island Southeast Asia region, although significant variation does exist including deciduous hardwoods in Java, Sulawesi, and the Lesser Sundas (Bellwood 2007:13-14). As noted above, there are biogeographical delineations of Asian and Australian fauna in Island Southeast Asia, with a mixture of both occurring in Wallacea. Generally, however, the smaller the island, the lower biodiversity in terrestrial vertebrate fauna, especially mammals (MacArthur and Wilson 1967). Thus, while large islands like Java and Sumatra can sustain populations of large-bodied Asian fauna such as rhinoceros or tigers, many of the smaller, remote islands of Wallacea had only bats and possibly rats prior to the colonization of humans and their domesticated compatriots (Spriggs 2000:52). Bird species are numerous and varied in Island Southeast Asia, and their distributions tend to follow Wallace’s Line (Monk et al. 1997:344-366). Due to the island environment, fish are plentiful but species too innumerable to list here. Suffice it to say that rich fisheries are still present today and are a major economic base for Island Southeast Asian nations. Culture History of Island Southeast Asia A place as large and as environmentally complex as Island Southeast Asia has a similarly complex culture history. I will summarize the broad regional context before narrowing the focus to Maluku and the Banda Islands. It is important to contextualize the Banda Islands within the broader regional culture history, in part, because archaeological studies in Maluku and the Banda Islands are sparse but also because the Banda Islands were influenced by the greater Island Southeast Asian world throughout its occupation. The Paleolithic (1.8 million- 5500 years ago) Hominin occupation of Island Southeast Asia begins with Homo erectus around 1.8 +/- .04 million years ago (Swisher et al. 1994). Some authors do claim the possibility of earlier hominins (e.g., Dennel and Roebroeks 2005) but there has yet to be any concrete evidence found to support this supposition. Due to the lower sea levels 1.8 million years ago during Pleistocene glaciation, Homo erectus populations could have walked to what is now the island of Java, requiring no explanation of island colonization by pre-human hominids. The identification of a lithic assemblage dating to c. 800,000 years ago at Mata Menge (Morwood et al. 1997) and a later small-bodied hominin (Morwood et al. 2004) on the island of Flores (east of the deep Lombok Strait, requiring two open sea crossings [Morwood et al. 1997]) does, however, require an explanation of island colonization by pre-human hominins. As fascinating as the topic is, it has little bearing on nutmeg plantations after AD 1600 in the Banda Islands and will have to be abandoned without further investigation. Suffice it to say, the islands of Southeast Asia have a very long history of occupation by sea-faring bipedal apes. In world archaeology, the Paleolithic is generally defined by the use of flaked or chipped stone tools (Renfrew and Bahn 2012); indirect evidence for organic tools exist, but generally only the stone tools survive in the archaeological record (Panger et al. 2002). Flake and core technology, instead of formalized tools, dominates the Asian Paleolithic record (Lycett and Bae 2010). A lack of formalized stone 37 tools, such as the Achulean hand ax, in East Asia has led some researchers to postulate East Asian Paleolithic populations were more heavily dependent on organic tools, hypothetically bamboo tools, than European and African populations (Pope 1989). This hypothesis is not universally accepted (Lycett and Bae 2010), but is interesting. A bone projectile point fragment found in Timor and dated to 35,000 years ago indicates that organic tools were part of the toolkit during the Paleolithic in Island Southeast Asia (O’Connor et al. 2014). In addition to the use of chipped stone, the Paleolithic is generally defined by low density populations of mobile hunter-gatherer-fishers. Subsistence in the Paleolithic is based on a broad spectrum hunting economy exploiting freshwater, marine, and terrestrial resources (e.g., Barker 2005, Barker and Richards 2010). The Neolithic (c. 5500-2300 years ago) The Neolithic, globally speaking, sees the development of ground stone tools (the “new” stone tool type) and agriculture (Renfrew and Bahn 2012). However, ground stone has been found in Paleolithic, non-agricultural contexts (e.g., Smith 1986) so ground stone cannot be held up as the only signifier of Neolithic any more. Instead, the invention or adoption of pottery, the adoption or development of domesticated plant and animal species, and ground stone used to process these new domesticates is seen as the hallmarks of the Neolithic in most of the world (Renfrew and Bahn 2012). Research and literature on the Neolithic in Island Southeast Asia has been dominated by Bellwood’s (1978) Austronesian Hypothesis and its supporters and detractors. While the Austronesian Hypothesis is not directly related to historic colonial plantations in the Banda Islands, it is a major topic of research in the area and informs almost all archaeology in the region and is discussed below to familiarize the novice reader with the topic. In addition to general information, as is discussed in Chapter 5, the Neolithic does have bearing on the ceramics that were identified at the plantations. As noted above, thanks to Bellwood (1978), the Neolithic in Island Southeast Asia is synonymous with the expansion of speakers of the Austronesian language family (e.g., Barker 2013, Donohue and Denham 2010, Specht et al. 2014, Spriggs 2010). A connection between Austronesian languages and a migration of people into these islands is assumed because inhabitants speak the same ethnolinguistic group of languages and possess the same ‘Mongoloid’ physical stock (Bellwood 2007:1). The assumption is that the Neolithic in Island Southeast Asia sees practitioners of agriculture who were also possessors of pottery and speakers of languages within the Austronesian family expanding out from a homeland in mainland Southeast Asia or Taiwan and populating Pacific islands including Micronesia and near Oceania. These agriculture-dependent Austronesian speakers then either replaced or absorbed the non- agricultural populations that existed on any islands that were previously inhabited. The suite of domesticated plants, animals (chickens, dogs, and pigs), specific shell artifacts, and pottery is the so- called “Neolithic package” (see Denham 2004 for a critique of the term) that accompanied early explorers. Due to preservation effects, the presence of pottery has generally been used to identify the Neolithic period in Island Southeast Asia, as opposed to faunal and macrobotanical remains as is 38 common in other parts of the world (Spriggs 2007:105). The assumption has been that Austronesian language speakers possessed domesticated plants and animals in their homeland and spread with the entire package to new islands. However, Papua New Guinea is also a location of early domestication and the spread of people from Taiwan could have occurred in one direction while the domesticates spread from another (e.g., Denhem 2004, Spriggs 2007, Szabo and O’Connor 2004). Additionally, western Indonesian islands show a different, Mainland Southeast Asia-influenced Neolithic (Spriggs 2007:113). Parts of the islands of Java, Sumatra, and Borneo had material culture more reminiscent of the Austro- Asiatic speakers of the Malay Peninsula whereas the material culture of Halmahera and Sulawesi was more aligned with Taiwan (Spriggs 2010). Western expansion of domesticated plants from New Guinea, not Taiwan, into Island Southeast Asia is supported by linguistics and genetic evidence (e.g., Lebot 1999, Denham et al. 2003, Denhem and Donohue 2009). Since the articulation of the Austronesian Hypothesis, researchers have been trying to find evidence to either support or disprove the hypothesis. An enormous body of data has been produced since the late 1970s when the hypothesis was initially expressed encompassing not just the field of archaeology but those of linguistics and genetics (human, plants, and animals). While some die-hard supporters of the Austronesian hypothesis find fault with individual studies or sites, as Specht et al. (2014:92) note, “evidence for the orthodox view of the introduction of a foreign cultural package is weak.” They go further to state “There is no archaeological signature for the arrival of a package of introduced elements from ISEA that was adopted in its entirety immediately or universally throughout the Archipelago” (Specht et al. 2014:118). Donohue and Denham (2010) review human genetic data, domesticated plant and animal dispersal based on genetic and archaeological data, linguistic data, and the archaeological record. They find that there is no genetic signature from Taiwan in Island Southeast Asia populations that suggests a mass migration of people, the linguistic data does not support a linear migration from Taiwan through the islands and into Micronesia/ Polynesia, the domesticated plants and animals came from either Mainland Southeast Asia or Papua New Guinea and not Taiwan or the Philippines, and finally many of the artifacts purported by Bellwood (1978) to be of Taiwanese or Philippine origin have a deep time signature in Island Southeast Asia or an analogous path from Mainland Southeast Asia. Similar to Specht and colleagues, Donohue and Denham (2010:237) also decide that, “there was not a single homeland, a single migratory route, a single cultural package, or a single mode of language transmission that spread through ISEA.” Suffice it to say, that it is likely that there were multiple “Neolithics” in Island Southeast Asia, one coming from the Malay Peninsula into Sumatra and Java, the other from the Philippines into Sulawesi, Halmahera, and the Maluku region with additional influence from New Guinea in the form of domesticated plants (Spriggs 2010). Plants, animals, people, and pottery could have come from different places and at different times (Donohue and Denham 2010). Different growing conditions on the islands required inhabitants to adjust the suite of domesticates used, creating a heterogeneous distribution of domesticates (e.g., Paz 2002). 39 In addition to the spread of domesticates, discussions of the Neolithic in Island Southeast Asia seem to be dominated by research questions associated with finding the homeland of Lapita pottery. Lapita pottery is red-slipped and dentate stamped and has been found over a large area from the Admiralty Islands and the Vitiaz Straits to Tonga and Samoa (Spriggs 2008: 119). This pottery is the marker of a material culture that is assumed to be the precursor of later Polynesian culture. Spriggs (2010:517) notes that over 120 open air Lapita sites in Near Oceania document the spread of Lapita material culture over 200 years between 3100 and 2900 BP; but few Neolithic sites in Island Southeast Asia, the assumed homeland of the pre-Lapita material culture, have been dated and these range over 2000 years, between 4000 and 2300/2100 BP. The date range makes it difficult to identify the earliest dates of pottery in Island Southeast Asia and may give more significance to early Lapita-like sherds found in island Southeast Asia (Spriggs 2010:521), including those on the Banda Islands at PA1 (Lape 2000a:226, 2000b:141). Tracing the roots of the Lapita pottery style, it is assumed, will help archaeologists identify the roots of Polynesian culture and possibly identity the routes of the (assumed) Austronesia Expansion. However, pots and languages do not often form a simple correlation in archaeology and interpreting patterns in material culture and extrapolating to migration patterns is difficult. Lapita shows up west of the islands of interest here and after colonization of the Banda Islands, and while the correlation of Lapita pottery and the Austronesian expansion- and the role that the Banda Islands may have played in the Austronesian expansion- may be an interesting archaeological question, it is one that must be abandoned as unrelated to this project. Once food production (or cultivation) and pottery use was established in Island Southeast Asia- howsoever it was and by whom- similar to the Paleolithic, people during the Neolithic continue to demonstrate an understanding of sea-faring technology and engage in long-distance trade between islands. For instance, Bellwood (2007:224) notes the presence of obsidian from the Talasea source in New Britain at the site of Bukit Tengkorak on Borneo, a distance of some 6500 km at c. 3000 years ago. Long distance trade was one way to practice risk avoidance, as Andaya (1991:71) notes, “it was precisely because these groups lived on small islands or in forested larger islands with limited arable land that trade with neighbors was an economic necessity.” In addition to trade in necessities, luxury items are often included as incentive, as seen in the famous, albeit slightly outside the study area, Kula Ring trade (Malinowski 1961). This trade in luxury items is the focus of the next period. The Metal Age (2300- 500 years ago) The “Metal Age” is not the most useful term to describe this period in the history of Island Southeast Asia as it is comes from expectations of cultural evolution based on European assemblages, but none better has been widely accepted in the broader region. Island Southeast Asia did not follow the Three Age system of Stone-Bronze-Iron that was developed in Europe, so the latter periods are lumped together as the “Metal Age,” instead of developing a more area-specific term. This period sees the development of state-level societies on Java and Sumatra and an incorporation into the wider world trade network, generally through Indian or Chinese intermediaries. Bellwood (1979:222) dates the Metal Age 40 (at least in Western Indonesia) to 1000 BC- AD 500 (3000 -1500 BP); the first appearance of metal objects in the islands is associated with trade relations with the Dong Son culture of Vietnam. The Dong Son are famous for their large bronze drums; these prestigious trade items have been found in Java, Sumatra, Irian Jaya and the Kei islands in addition to various places in Mainland Southeast Asia (Solheim 1990). It is assumed that the Dong Son drums were associated with an exchange system and these elite items passed through down the line trade instead of direct trade (Calo 2009); this suggests that the far reaches of Island Southeast Asia were connected via trade to the Mainland and that this trade was associated with elite goods from the development of early socially stratified societies on the Southeast Asian mainland. The appearance of metal artifacts from Mainland Southeast Asia in Island Southeast Asia around 2000 years ago coincides with Island Southeast Asia products, such as cloves, appearing in Mainland Southeast Asia records suggesting the incorporation of Island Southeast Asian trade networks into the larger Eurasian economic sphere (Spriggs 2000:68). By 2000 years ago, multiple complex states had risen and fallen on the Asia mainland and Indian subcontinent. The Indus Valley civilization had engaged in trade with the Mesopotamia 4000 years ago; Rome sent trade missions to China at the beginning of the Christian era (Thorley 1971). Long distance trade relationships between Europe, Africa, and Asia were commonplace. It was not difficult to absorb new products and create new relationships with Island Southeast Asia. What this early trade relationship looked like 2000 years ago is unknown, but likely included forest products from Island Southeast Asia exchanged for cloth, metal, and other luxury objects from the mainland (Ray 2006:307-309). Despite their connection to complex societies on Mainland Southeast Asia, the development of state level societies in Island Southeast Asia did not occur until around the 3rd-5th centuries AD (Wisseman Christie1990:41). It should be noted, however, that the development of states and complex societies in Island Southeast Asia cannot be decoupled from states on Mainland Southeast Asia. Both Mainland and Island Southeast Asia developed early states that had a substantial influence from Indian religions. These states have often been called “Indianized” states and they were assumed to have been created by Indian populations moving to these regions and bringing their religious beliefs and culture; these were readily adopted by Southeast Asian populations (Bellina and Glover 2004:68). This view is no longer accepted by most contemporary scholars. Instead, a more active role in state development is given to Southeast Asian populations (Wisseman Christie 1990). Certainly, based on Hindu and Buddhist iconography and the use of Indian script, there was a substantial Indian influence on the early state of Southeast Asia. However, there is also substantial evidence of indigenous development of scripts (such as Old Javanese) and art styles. As Miksik (2004:236) notes, the “adoption of South Asian cultural elements was a conscious intellectual exercise initiated by Indonesian elites, rather than the result of frequent contact between Indonesians and Indians at the middle level of society.” The early states of Island Southeast Asian shared many of the same characteristics: they were coastal, but also had a major river system linking the coast to the interior; the economy was based on 41 trade at multiple geographic levels; and rulers had to maintain loyalty through allegiance building and cooperation as interior populations were too mobile to control (Wisseman Christie 1990:44-46). Srivijaya is generally accepted as the first state in Island Southeast Asia. Srivijaya was first identified by Coedes based on textual inscriptions (Wolters 1967:16). Monopoly on trade at the port of Palembang was the basis of Srivijaya’s control and power over the region (SarDesai 1989). The earliest inscriptions from Srivijaya were found at Palembang and Sumatra and date to AD 682-686 (Wolters 1967:16). These Old Malays texts are quasi-contemporaneous with the first Islamic-Arab traders to the region; Muslim traders are attested to in the Chinese court around in AD 644, with the assumption that they had to have traveled through Island Southeast Asia to reach China (Ricklefs 2001:4). Most of the information on Srivijaya comes from Chinese or other records, so there are still many unknowns. Wolters (1967) summarizes what is generally accepted about Srivijaya as that the rulers probably followed Mahayana Buddhism, the existence of an Eastern and Western empire suggests territory was probably conquered, Srivijaya had its own ships and was an active participant in trade and conducted military excursions, and there was a connection between one of the ruling families of Srivijaya and the later Sailendra state in Java. What little is known of the Sailendra rulers, like Srivijaya, comes from textual evidence (Jordaan 2006:3). There is great debate on the nature of Sailendra rule, whether it was a dynasty of Srivijaya or a separate kingdom, whether it was a Javanese dynasty in Sumatra or Sumatran dynasty in Java, among many others. The textual evidence is limited and equivocal. The earliest Hindu temples at Gendong Songo in Central Java date to AD 750-775 (Miksic 2004:242); while they are not associated with Sailendra, they provide evidence for social complexity in Central Java contemporaneous with the Srivijaya kingdom on Sumatra suggesting an independent development of state level society on Java is certainly possible. Sailendra rulers built Buddhist temples, including the famous Borobudur, and erected inscriptions to themselves in central Java although some authors (e.g., Jordaan 2006) do not accept a Javanese origin for the kingdom. The Sailendras were at the height of their power between AD 778 and 832. There are inscriptions dating to between AD 767 and AD 824 on the Southeast Asian Mainland in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Thailand describing invading forces from Java which can be attributed to both the Sailendra and Srivijaya kingdoms suggesting this was a short-lived era of military aggression (Miksic 2004:243). Shortly thereafter, in AD 856 the construction of the Hindu temple Loro Jonggrang at Prambanan in Central Java begun. This is a shift from the Buddhism of the Srivijaya and Sailendra kingdoms. The cause of the disappearance of Sailendra inscriptions and building after Loro Jonggrang is unknown, but some hypothesize a volcanic eruption based on later inscriptions mentioning an unspecified disaster and the very active volcanos in the area (Miksic 2004: 245). The switch from Buddhism to Hinduism is also unexplained based on textual evidence, but is not necessarily unusual in Southeast Asia, as is evidenced by Angkor Wat. Despite the lack of monumental architecture like Borobudur and Loro Jonggrang, small kingdoms continued to exist in Java and Sumatra maintaining trade relations to the Southeast Asian Mainland. At this time, Melaka (Malacca) was growing in power as a trading center. Melaka’s convenient location on 42 the straits separating Island Southeast Asia and the eastern coast of China from the Arab and Indian worlds enabled it to control shipping through the Straits of Malacca and prosper greatly, until the Portuguese conquered it in AD 1511 (SarDesai 1989). After whatever befell the late 9th Century kingdoms in Java and Sumatra, a similar subsequent power was not seen in the area until the 13th Century and the rise of the Majapahit empire (Miksic 2004:250). The Majapahit empire was at its height in the 14th Century AD and its influence spread from Java to Papua New Guinea, although direct political control was limited to East Java and Bali, with its capital in Trowulan in East Java (Miksic 2004:251). Excavations at Trowulan have uncovered an area of gold working and one of bronze-working. Associated artifacts include crucibles, anvils, and gold or bronze ornaments (Miksic 2004:252). Pottery manufacturing areas have also been identified. The separate areas for specific manufacture of items suggest specialized craftsmen and enough political stratification to support them. Majapahit is probably most associated with Gajah Mada, the prime minister who united much of the archipelago; this is seen as a precursor to the modern Indonesian state (Ricklefs 2001). Islam began to make serious inroads into Java during the 14th Century AD and the competition between Islam and previously established religions amongst the elite and trading classes weakened the Majapahit empire, although it survived in a weakened form until European contact (Miksic 2004:254). As noted above, the arrival of Islam impacted the established cultures of Island Southeast Asia in a variety of ways. This subject is rather too broad to address in this study. However, a short review of the history of Islam in Island Southeast Asia should be addressed for those unfamiliar with the region. The first direct evidence of Islam in what is now Indonesia is a gravestone in Sumatra, dated to AD 1211; the earliest Islamic gravestones use a mix of Arabic, Indian, and Old Javanese scripts (Ricklefs 2001:4). The mix of scripts does suggest the owners of the gravestones were indigenous converts as opposed to more recent Arab migrants to the islands. Ricklefs (2001:15) notes, “Islam was introduced in many areas by Indonesians themselves, especially Malay and Javanese Muslims traveling in East Indonesia and by Muslim rulers who conquered non-Islamised areas.” By the time of European contact in Maluku, Muslim traders from Java and Malaysia were well ensconced in the spice trade (Hanna 1973). However, not all islands received the same attention from Islamic traders and conversion to Islam was sporadic across the whole of the archipelago. Lape’s (2005) study suggests that the adoption of Islam in the Banda Islands was not complete by the time of European contact and pre-Islamic dietary practices (specifically, the presence of pig remains) continued to exist in some villages while others demonstrated a lack of pig remains. Today, Indonesia has the highest percent of the world’s Islamic population at over 200 million, or 12%; the Islamic population constitutes 88% of the Indonesian population (Pew Research Center 2011). Despite its obvious importance, early formers of the nation of Indonesia specifically did not make Islam a national religion and allowed for the practice of certain already-established sects of Christianity, Buddhism, and Hinduism and later Confucianism. The dominance of Islam within the population corresponds, in most areas, to a social domination of the religion’s practitioners in positions of political 43 power and positions of power that are less official. The Islam of Indonesia, however, is often a syncretic version of Islam, mixed with local pre-Islamic ideas of spiritualism (Ricklefs 2001). Colonial Period (c. AD 1500-1945) Island Southeast Asia was not entirely unknown to Europeans prior to the 16th Century. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea was a nautical guide to the Red Sea and Indian Coast written around AD 50 (Keay 2004:56). While Island Southeast Asian ports are not mentioned in the Periplus, its spices are, and the islands are hinted at (Keay 2004:69). A thousand years later, the islands are connected to maritime and terrestrial trade routes beginning in Melaka and reaching to London. By the late medieval period, Europeans were used to getting their spices through Islamic intermediaries in the Middle East. Be it due to religious animosity or just monetary meanness, European traders wished to cut out the middle men and sought their own routes to the fabled spices. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to attempt to insert themselves into the Asian trade networks at the source. Prince Henry the Navigator sponsored exploratory voyages which resulted in the Portuguese circumnavigating Africa and reaching India by 1497. Europeans goods were not valued in the Indian markets, so the Portuguese resorted to force to establish themselves in the trading networks, with Alfonso de Albuquerque conquering Goa in 1510 and the strategically located port of Melaka (Malacca) in 1511. After taking Malacca, Albuquerque sent Francisco Serrão to locate the fabled ‘Spice Islands.’ The Portuguese established factories or fortresses on most of the major spice-producing islands including Ambon, Ternate, Tidore, and Banda. (Ricklefs 2001:25-29, Keay 2004) By 1595, the Dutch began showing interest in establishing themselves in the Asian trade and sent their first expedition under Cornelius Houtman, which proved disastrous for the majority of sailors and many locals in Java but the little spice that reached the Netherlands proved profitable to the early entrepreneurs. Multiple successful voyages to the Spice Islands between 1598 and 1602 lowered spice prices in the Netherlands market and decreased profit for the sponsors of the voyages. Thus, the Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, the VOC or Dutch East Indies Company, was formed to manage trade and increase profits. The VOC was given quasi-sovereign powers by the government of the United Provinces and could create treaties, wage war, and build fortresses throughout its territory. This quasi- sovereign power eventually led to the creation of the Netherlands East Indies empire. The VOC was run by the Heeren XVII, or the 17 Gentlemen, in Amsterdam. However, communication between Amsterdam and the archipelago took almost two years to arrive, so a Governor-General position, located first in Ambon and then in Batavia (modern-day Jakarta), was created to run the majority of operations from the East Indies. The VOC was the first joint stock company and was an important step in the development of a capitalist economy in Europe (Ricklefs 2001:29-35) After the conquest of Batavia in 1619, the VOC strategy was one of using military might to establish control over trade and to keep other European powers, such as the English, from establishing a foothold in the archipelago. The military might was expensive to maintain and cut into the profits of the VOC. Due to Byzantine bookkeeping traditions, it is difficult to tell if the VOC was ever technically 44 profitable, despite paying out handsome dividends to its stockholders. The large number of forts and manpower in the East Indies, in addition to the number of ships that were needed for both inter-island trade and the international trade was costly and capital tended to not be re-invested into the company as often as was needed. Thus, the VOC declared bankruptcy in 1799 and control of its economic empire was handed over to the United Provinces. This established the Netherlands East Indies (NEI) period. The United Provinces insisted that the archipelago pay for its own administration, and also some of the Netherlands’ debt, and set up the cultuurstelsel, or ‘cultivation system.’ Each village was required to set aside a portion of its land for growing cash crops- for instance, sugar, coffee, or indigo- for export instead of growing rice or other crops for subsistence. This system proved to be exceptionally exploitative of the local populations, but profitable for the Dutch government. By the mid-19th century, backlash against the exploitative cultuurstelsel was beginning in the East Indies and spreading to the liberal Netherlands middle class. The cultuurstelsel was eventually abolished in favor of the creation of private estate agriculture, in theory with paid labor. But this, too, turned out to be extremely exploitative of workers, who often ended up owing more to job brokers and the company store than they could ever hope to pay back, effectively re-creating an enslaved class of workers. (Ricklefs 2001:155-286) These periods of exploitation of the workers while native and foreign elite profited helped stimulate the Independence movement. The early 20th century did see attempts at reform and improvement in the lives of the peasantry, but the global Great Depression and WWI ensured that little progress was made on this front. However, it was the Japanese conquest of the NEI during WWII that ushered in the beginning of the end for the Netherlands’ empire in the East Indies. The Dutch abandoned the archipelago to the Japanese with little fight. Some of the population embraced the Japanese as liberators, but it was soon realized that the archipelago exchanged one colonial power for another and it was not an improvement. After liberation, the Netherlands attempted to re-establish their colonial control, but newly formed independent Indonesia violently rejected that attempt. In 1949, the Netherlands ceded to the revolutionaries and gave up their sovereignty of the archipelago (Ricklefs 2001: 155- 286). The young country saw its fair share of problems, including a 31-yr brutal dictatorship, but it perseveres. The Archaeology and History of Maluku Maluku is modern geopolitical province in which the Banda Islands are located. Today, the geopolitical province includes the major islands of Buru, Ambon, Seram, and their associated smaller islands, the archipelagos of Banda, Aru, Kei, and Nusa Tenggara (including Wetar, Leti, Babar, Tanimbar and associated islands). Prior to 1999, Halmahera, Sula, Obi, and Misool were included in Maluku, but they have been split off into Maluku Utara (North Maluku). Initially, the term “Moluccas” referred only to the spice-producing islands of Ternate, Tidore, and Banda, and possibly Ambon (Donkin 2003:88). The collection of the Moluccan islands (Figure 3.2) into a political region is somewhat the product of European map-makers who joined the islands around the Banda Sea into one identifiable region (Monk et al. 1997:2), but there are cultural and linguistic similarities joining the islands together despite a lack of long- 45 Figure 3.2 Map of the Maluku region. standing political cohesion (Andaya 1993:47). The islands stretch about 10º across the equator from approximately 2º 31’ North to 8 º 20’ South and lie between the Philippines to the north, Papua New Guinea to the east, Sulawesi to the west, Australia to the south, and the Nusa Tenggara archipelago to the southwest. Multiple separate and often remote archipelagos make up the Moluccan islands, which creates a diverse region with microclimates and unique ecosystems, thus Maluku cannot be easily generalized. However, the islands of Maluku are generally small (in comparison to the large islands of Java, Sumatra, etc.), tectonically active, and have limited natural resources due to their small size (Monk et al. 1997:1-4). Four geologic plates meet in the vicinity of Maluku and as a result, the islands are volcanic surrounded by a deep sea or coral and the islands of Maluku are relatively young, between 1 and 15 million years old (Monk et al. 1997:9). Due to the tectonic nature, many of the islands have a complex 46 history of emergence and subsidence beneath the ocean over their existence; this history has affected plant and animal colonization of islands, but it has not necessarily occurred within the range of human occupation. Limestone islands and karst landscapes are common on the outer-arc islands (Monk et al. 1997:52). The small size of the islands coupled with limited resources and tectonic activity makes this region particularly susceptible to natural disasters. It is hypothesized that trade networks are created in unpredictable environments as a risk avoidance strategy (Andaya 1991) and these islands do have a long history of inter-connectedness (Ellen 2003). The Environment of Maluku Like the rest of Island Southeast Asia, the equatorial location provides a hot and moist climate. Rainfall is frequent but follows a monsoonal pattern (Monk et al. 1997:69). However, as Monk et al. (1997:71-74) note, the monsoonal pattern of Central Maluku does not match the general monsoon pattern due to major topographic features of individual islands. The wind patterns associated with the monsoons provide useful trade winds, which have helped connect the islands to the wider Southeast Asia Island and later Mainland spheres of influence. Tropical forest, specifically monsoon forest, is the dominant ecosystem in Maluku. Indigenous plants available for human consumption in Maluku include: coconuts (Cocos nicifera), bananas (Musa acuminate and Musa spp.), kenari (Canarium indicum), breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), sago (Metroxylon sagu), panadanus (Pandanus spp); introduced edibles include cassava (Manihot esculenta) and taro (Colocasia esculenta). A variety of different species of bamboo, palms, and hardwoods are also found in the tropical monsoon forests and, while not necessarily edible, prove useful as building materials (Monk et al. 1997:187-202).Like most oceanic volcanic islands (MacArthur and Wilson 1967), Maluku has a paucity of mammals. As Bellwood and colleagues (1998:236) note, Excluding obviously introduced mammals such as pigs and deer, the northern Moluccas have a rather impoverished ‘native’ fauna which comprises mainly species of Muridae (rats) and bats….Most islands have a species of cuscus…a recently extirpated species of ground dwelling marsupials also once existed in the northern Moluccas. Birds are less limited in their ability to disperse to new land masses and are prolific in Maluku; the number of species are too numerous to list here, but general include migratory and resident waterbirds (Monk et al. 1997:180-183). The study of amphibians and lizards is incomplete, but a variety of species are known to be in the region (Monk et al. 1997:183-184). Fish and shellfish and other seafood are prolific in the oceans surrounding the Moluccan islands. Dried fish is likely an early trade item in the region (Ellen 2003) Trepang, or sea cucumber, was a favored trade item for unknown antiquity, but some time before the period of European contact (Ellen 2003). Sea turtles exist in the region and were a favored food for many populations; protection under law does not deter the continued collection of eggs and hunting of adults for both meat and shell (Monk et al. 1997:583-587). 47 History of Archaeological Research in Maluku While Maluku sits at an important position for understanding human colonization of the Pacific as it is located between the Philippines and New Guinea, “Maluku is in danger of being seen only as an appendage or footnote to the archaeologies of the better-known areas to either side” (Spriggs 1998:51). Few archaeological investigations have been conducted in the region. The first archaeological survey in Maluku was conducted in 1975 and the first excavation in 1990-1991 (Spriggs 1998:51). Even though Bellwood et al. (1998:233-234) note, “The northern Moluccas could have played important roles in…the period of initial human migration through eastern Indonesia… …Any discussion of the human colonization of the Pacific must take some account of the prehistory of this region” relatively little interest in the prehistory of the region has been forthcoming. This significantly hampers archaeological interpretation of the material culture as only broad regional chronologies are available, no ceramic typology is available, and comparatively few absolute dates for sites are available. The Archaeology and History of Maluku The Paleolithic in Maluku (c. 33,000 BP-3500 BP) The current earliest evidence of human occupation on islands in the Maluku province has been dated to 33,000 BP (Bellwood et al. 1998:236). As few excavations have been conducted in Maluku and even fewer date to the Paleolithic period, data is limited. The Paleolithic lifeways have been described by Bellwood et al. (1998:262) as a “preceramic economy which laid heavy emphasis on the exploitation of tree foods- sago starch, nuts and fruits- [that] could have sustained locally quite dense populations without any actual agriculture of tubers…preceramic populations were well-distributed and perhaps quite large.” The earliest levels of the Golo Cave deposits, for instance, yield volcanic and coral cooking stones, burnt shellfish, and flaked stone; later preceramic levels yield Tridacna (giant clam) shell adzes, marsupial bones, and flaked stone. Fish remains are rare in the cave sites, but this might be due to location as opposed to exploitation, as shell adzes and shellfish are not uncommon suggesting some form of marine resource use. Veth et al. (2005a) also see the use of a wide variety of plant and animal resources at East Timor and Aru cave sites in the Paleolithic period. Like later periods, the Paleolithic period sees a reliance on a wide variety of tree products and marine resources. The Neolithic in Maluku (c. 3500 BP-2000 BP) Like the Paleolithic, there is a paucity of Neolithic archaeological investigations in Maluku and a corresponding lack of clear defined archaeological periods and corresponding material culture. O’Connor et al.’s (2006) work in the Aru Islands, for instance, was focused on potential Pleistocene human movement through the islands. While Late Prehistoric and Historic sites on Aru are discussed (Veth et al 2006a, Veth et al. 2006b), the Neolithic evidence is sparse (O’Connor et al. 2006:331: “The arrival of the Southeast Asian Neolithic as signalized by the introduction of pottery and/or domestic animals is barely 48 registered in the archaeological record of Aru to date.” Generally, the Neolithic is associated with the appearance of pottery in Maluku and 3500 BP is a good estimate for the Neolithic in Maluku (Spriggs 2007: 116). However, the regional picture of Neolithic colonization is incomplete and imperfect. For instance, due to the assumption that the homeland of the maritime-adapted stamped-pottery producing Lapita peoples is located in Taiwan or that Taiwan and the Philippines were stepping stones to western expansion, archaeological investigations tend to focus on the potential path of Lapita movement. As the earliest pottery in Maluku is not Lapita, the cultural association is somewhat vague. Latinis and Stark (2003:109) note that the early Island Southeast Asian pottery could be related to the Su Huynh Kalanay tradition on the Southeast Asia mainland and the Philippines, thus it is possible that the pottery tradition followed either the northern route from the Philippines or southern route from the Malay Peninsula through Sumatra and Java into Maluku. But Spriggs et al. (2011), do call Neolithic earthenware from the Pulau Ay site on the Banda Islands “Lapita-like,” suggesting a potential connection to later wares. The Neolithic ceramics that appear in Maluku are red-slipped and mostly undecorated, but incised when decorated (Latinis and Stark 1998). Recent petrographic analysis of the earthenware in various Malukan sites suggest that the majority of earthenwares at the investigated sites were manufactured locally, but some small amounts had traveled significant distances (Spriggs and Dickenson 2010). However, Spriggs and Dickenson (2010) do not provide dates for the sherds or sites; some of the sherds may be from Metal Age contexts when long distance trade networks are known to have existed. The extent of Malukan trade networks in the Neolithic is as yet unknown. In 1974, Ellen and Glover (1974) thought pottery manufacture was introduced into Maluku around AD 1100 with the increase in trade from states in western Indonesia. This supposition has long been rejected, but it demonstrates how the paucity of research affects the interpretation of the archaeological record. While the Neolithic is associated with the development of domesticates and agriculture, there is little evidence of agriculture in the Malukan Neolithic, or indeed the historic or ethnographic periods. Most of the Malukan floral resources described in early European records do not require intensive tending or domestication (e.g., Ellen 1979, 2003). Faunal resources include domesticated chicken, pigs, and dogs but wild caught fish were probably the dominant protein source (Ellen 2003). Without more direct, archaeological evidence of diet or other lifeways, our understanding of the Malukan Neolithic is limited. Earthenware pottery certainly existed in the Malukan Neolithic, sea trade existed and was extensive based on obsidian sourcing (Reepmeyer et al. 2011), but the extent of the importation or development of domesticated plants and animals or local dependence on them is currently unknown. What role the Maluku islands played in the larger Austronesian expansion or spread of Lapita pottery is also currently unknown. The Metal Age in Maluku (c. 2000- 500 BP) Like the rest of Island Southeast Asia, the Metal Age in Maluku is signaled by Dong Son drums and related artifacts and the mention of spices in Chinese texts around 2000 years ago (Spriggs 1998:59). Spriggs and Dickenson (2010:275) note that “Across the Maluku region and beyond there is a 49 major change in pottery styles and other aspects of material culture with the start of the Metal Age at 2,300-2,100 BP.” Spriggs (1998:59) notes the introduction of “general Indonesian Metal age style” pottery in Northern Maluku at this time. Most of the undated “prehistoric” or “pre-colonial” Maluku sites appear to be situated in the Metal Age based on relative dating with associated Chinese porcelains or Mainland Southeast Asian tradeware. Ethnographic and historic data are generally used as evidence for lifeways in the Metal Age. The little archaeology that has been conducted does not contradict the ethnographic evidence, so that will be presented here. Unlike the rice-based economies of Mainland Southeast Asia and the larger Indonesian islands, it is unlikely that agriculture of any intensive or extensive sort was practiced in Maluku. The sago palm (Metroxylon sagu) was a reliable and common source of carbohydrates and exploitation of the sago palm would have still allowed sufficient time to hunt, fish, tend gardens, and gather other wild plants (Dwyer 1985:68). Sago was also traded for “fish, shell, stone, and other forest products” (Stark and Latinis 1992:71) in areas not suited to sago growth long before any sort of extra-regional organized trade (Ellen 2003:53). Sago produces a high amount of calories with minimal processing or tending, leading Ellen (1979) to hypothesize the “Elementary Moluccan Subsistence Unit” based on sago extraction supplemented by hunting and gathering with little use of domesticated resources leading to relatively self- sufficient communities with minimal production of goods for exchange until the development of the spice trade. Other tree resources such as kenari or breadfruit, coconut, banana, and pandanus would also have been available (Andaya 1991). Pigs, dogs, and chickens would have comprised the domesticated fauna, but these animals require little tending and can forage successfully in the Malukan environment. Pigs today are often penned, but this is more likely to protect garden plants from pigs than for any benefit to the pig. In general, population density is low in comparison to the rice-based islands of Java and Sumatra. Village-based society was probably the norm in Metal Age Maluku, as it is today. Andaya (1993:87) describes villages of between 100 and 500 people. Unlike Western Indonesia, no extensive state level societies had developed in Maluku prior to the colonial period. According to one folk etymology of the name, “Moluccas” comes from the Arabic malik (pl. muluk) for king and translates to “land of many kings” (Andaya 1993:47), suggesting a series of local chiefdoms, but not a politically unified region (the true etymology of the word is unknown). Due to their importance in the clove trade, the twin islands of Ternate and Tidore developed political influence over many other regional islands and these relationships were recorded by Portuguese and Dutch administrators (Andaya 1993). While the sultans of these islands could demand tribute (usually in the form of cloves) from many villages on both local and far-flung islands, direct political control did not extend far beyond a few villages under the sultan’s personal control. Andaya (1993:71) describes the kingship of Tidore thusly, “The sultan was basically the head of a clan whose influence did not extend far beyond the boundaries of the royal settlement. The other villages on the island were linked in a loose alliance to the center, but the sultan had little real power to enforce his will on these villages or on other territories which formed part of Tidore’s realm.” Ternate and Tidore were the 50 only islands for which sultanates are recorded in Maluku. It can be assumed that lower levels of political complexity existed on the other islands with decentralized, mostly self-sufficient village-based economies joined to a larger world via trade with the more politically complex regional centers. Andaya (1993) discusses the dualism that was pervasive in Malukan society, at a variety of levels, by using the example of the twin islands of Ternate and Tidore. This dualism can be seen in what has been called the “Siwa-Lima” system (Valeri 1989). “Siwa” is five; “Lima” is nine. However, Valeri (1989:128) notes that the concept should more properly be understood as Siwa/ five equals four parts plus one center part representing a complete whole and Lima/ nine as a reduplication of four and a center part, that is, (four plus four) plus one. Villages (and the people within them) are generally affiliated with either the Siwa or Lima group. Additional dualities are associated with the groups, for instance, male/ female; seaward/ landward; inside/ outside; domestic/ wild; autochthonous/ immigrant. While not all dualities are consistent throughout the different archipelagos, the Siwa groups are generally inland and considered autochthonous and the Lima groups are coastal and are considered immigrant populations (Valeri 1989:118). The Lima coastal groups had also converted to Islam prior to the coming of Europeans whilst the inland Siwa groups had not; subsequent to the coming of Europeans, many of the inland Siwa groups converted to Christianity, seen as the dualistic opposite of Islam (Valeri 1989:118). The groups were endogamous and considered themselves to be “eternal enemies” (Valeri 1989:123). In fact, “Siwa groups of different archipelagos could combine their forces against an analogous combination of Lima groups. But…Local solidarity and the difficulty of developing and maintaining inter-insular alliances without a centralized system of power seem to have checked” the accumulation of power (Valeri 1989:120). Despite the status as eternal enemies, and even during on-going active war between islands, trade between the two groups always continued (Andaya 1993, Valeri 1989). Valeri (1989:135-136) notes, “in the Moluccas, each moiety gives itself the superior, prescriptive role and gives the other the inferior, transgressive role.” This conception of the individual’s group as the better group and the opposite group the lesser one probably contributes to the “eternal enemies” status. In his 1544 voyage to Maluku, Galvão (Jacobs 1970:141) noted that residents “make little use of pots; for they cook meat, fish, and all the other necessaries in vessels of cane” (probably bamboo). Earthenware vessels, on the other hand, were used to store valuables “hidden in the mountains, and buried underground” (Jacobs 1970:141). Food was generally served on leaves (palm, banana, or sago) and drink in cups made of the same leaves (Jacobs 1970:143). However, earthenware is ubiquitous in Metal Age Malukan sites (Latinis and Stark 2003). The amount of earthenware in Malukan archaeological sites suggests that vessels were used for more than just storage of valuables, hidden in the mountains, but what exactly those uses were is not well documented in historic or ethnographic descriptions. Only a few villages were still making pottery in the 1970s; it seems as though pottery making was not a common craft for most villages and was somewhat limited in distribution in the past (Ellen and Glover 1974). The modern villages did specialize in specific form (e.g., globular jars vs. sago molds) and this practice may have extended into antiquity. Despite the large amount of earthenware found in archaeological sites, “In 51 all the sources examined…there is no mention whatsoever of any trade in earthenware, as opposed to porcelain” (Ellen and Glover 1974:367), although their case may be somewhat overstated. The ubiquity of earthenware in archaeological sites and the paucity of information regarding use is certainly frustrating for a researcher. The Colonial Period in Maluku (c. 1500-1949) As noted above with Island Southeast Asia in general, the Portuguese were the first European power to contact Maluku. In 1511, after the conquest of Malacca, Albuquerque sent Antonio d’Abreu to find the fabled “spice islands” or Moluccas (Donkin 2003:26-27). After making landfall at Seram, Ambon, and the Banda Islands, and collecting sufficient spices d’Abreu set off for Malacca. However, during a storm one ship commanded by Francisco Serrão was separated from d’Abreu’s other ships and was wrecked near Ambon. After stealing a boat from locals, Serrão and what remained of his crew eventually encountered emissaries from the clove islands of Ternate and Tidore. Serrão allied himself with Ternate over rival Tidore and convinced the Sultan to establish trade with Portugal. Serrão stayed on Ternate as advisor to the Ternate until his mysterious death in 1521 (Donkin 2003). The Portuguese established fortifications on Ternate to protect their interests; but after the death of Serrão, few of the subsequent Portuguese commanders were willing to engage in polite relations with the Ternateans, largely due to European racial- and religious-based animosity toward the inhabitants. In 1579, England entered the spice game when Sir Francis Drake’s Golden Hind laid anchor in Ternate’s port on his circumnavigation of the globe-cum-privateering adventure (Lessa 1986). His holds already full of plundered booty, Drake stayed only a few days and accepted a polite 6 tons of cloves from Sultan Baab so as not to seem rude to reject the Sultan’s gifts; Sultan Baab, on the other hand, appreciated the short visit and seeming lack of interest in colonization of his island on the part of the English (Lessa 1986). The English, while interested in overseas territory, were distracted by the West Indies and were a bit slower to create their colonial empire in the East Indies than the Portuguese and didn’t pursue the region for another twenty years after Drake’s visit. By the time Captain James Lancaster landed at Aceh in Sumatra, the Portuguese had been monopolizing the spice trade via Malacca for almost 100 years and the residents of Island Southeast Asia were not well disposed to them for various reasons. The English, and the Dutch, were welcomed as new- and possibly better- trading partners. The Dutch first arrived in Maluku in 1599, establishing trade relations with Sultan Said of Ternate, which annoyed the still resident Portuguese. In 1605, when the Dutch discovered the Portuguese fort at Ambon, with its strategic importance and fine harbor, was undermanned, they attacked and easily overpowered the Portuguese force (Loth 1995). Ambon soon became, and still remains, the political and economic center of Maluku. After the Ambon Massacre in 1623 when the VOC-employed Dutch tortured and executed the East Indies Company-employed English, the Dutch reigned supreme and the English posed no permanent threat to the monopoly of the spice trade in the region. 52 It should be noted that while the European powers fought amongst themselves for control of the spice trade, they were not the only actors in the theatre of trade in Maluku. As Andaya (1991:71-72) notes, In addition to the Malukans, there were two foreign groups who were essential to the successful integration of the local trade networks: the Bugis and the Chinese….The Bugis and the Chinese visited and actively traded in the isolated ports scattered throughout Maluku. They successfully established themselves both as intermediaries serving the more localized exchange networks, as well as direct traders with the producers or collectors in certain areas normally shunned by other groups. This subversive trade outside the control of the VOC continued throughout the region during the years of VOC monopoly. The company policy of eradication, or the destruction of wild clove trees, was partially due to this extra-legal trade; however, cutting down swaths of trees is hard work, sailors were not amenable to the work and it is likely that the reports of eradication were greatly exaggerated (Hanna 1973). While the Portuguese were ousted by the Dutch after about 100 years, one of their lasting legacies was the introduction of Christianity. The Dutch were never especially zealous about converting the population of their colonies, but the Catholics were quite successful in Maluku, in large part due to the presence of Saint Francis Xavier (Andaya 1993:18). Saint Francis Xavier traveled to Ambon, Ternate, and Morotai and set up multiple missions, by the 1560s there were perhaps as many as 10,000 Catholics in the area, mostly on Ambon, and by the 1590s there were 50,000 to 60,000…There continued to be Christian communities in Eastern Indonesia through succeeding centuries, and this contributed to a sense of shared interests with Europeans, particularly among the Ambonese, which no other Indonesian people experienced to the same degree. [Ricklefs 2001:28-29] The early presence of the Portuguese and their missionary work in Maluku had the consequence of the Maluku province being especially loyal to the Europeans and engaging in an anti-Independence movement until around the 1950s. The Maluku province still has among the highest numbers of Christians in Indonesia, at around 50% (Ricklefs 2001). The large Christian population, in comparison to the rest of Indonesia has been the root of some social conflict. In 1999, the religious differences, coupled with an economic depression, led to a state of quasi-civil war in the region which lasted until 2002 and left up to 10,000 people dead and 700,000 people internally displaced (Spyer 2002). The Archaeology and History of the Banda Islands The Banda Islands were among the most sought-after real estate in the 17th Century, their small size in opposition to their importance. Below, I discuss the environmental and archaeological context of the Banda Islands, relevant to this study. Geology The Banda Islands (Figure 3.3) are group of 10 isolated volcanic and limestone islands in the Banda Sea, about 2000 km east of Java and 320 km southwest of New Guinea. Today, the main 53 Figure 3.3 Banda Islands, after Lape (2000b). inhabited islands are Banda Neira, Banda Besar, Pulau Ay, and Pulau Run. Small populations also reside on Pulau Hatta (or Pulau Rosengain) and Pulau Pisang (or Pulau Syahrir). Gunung Api, which literally translates to “fire mountain” and is a common name for local volcanos in Indonesia, was uninhabited during the colonial period but has some occupation today. Residences were destroyed by the 1988 eruption, but the island has been reoccupied despite the threat of destruction. Today, local Bandanese do not reside on Gunung Api but recently migrated fishing populations from other Indonesian islands have established villages. The remaining islands are uninhabited. The three central islands, Banda Neira, Banda Besar (also known as Banda Lonthor or Banda Lonthoir after the major population center), and Gunung Api are the remains of what was once a single, large active volcano which experienced a cataclysmic eruption: “The active Mt. Api [Gunung Api] and the surrounding islands comprising the Banda Islands are the ruins of one larger volcano, whose destructive final explosion must have rivaled that of Tambora and Krakatau (Krakatoa)” (Monk et al. 1997:25)., As part of an old caldera, Banda Besar has a steep, interior ridge and the population hugs the shoreline. Banda Neira also has a rather steep incline on the northern portion of the island. Geologically, the volcano consists of andesite and basalt with varying amounts of pyroxene, plagioclase, augite, biotite, olivine, picotine, magnetite and apatite (Kuenen 1935, Verbeek 1908). The population center is the town of Banda Neira with the main port. The outer islands (Ay, Rhun, Nailakka, and Hatta) are uplifted limestone (Vulkanologi 1988). The porous limestone does not allow for a water table and these islands are dependent on rainfall for their water supply. However, the combination of limestone bedrock overlaid by volcanic ash has created a fertile soil on Pulau Ay, especially conducive to growing nutmeg (Lape 2012, personal communication. Increased soil fertility thanks to volcanic ash deposits is not uncommon in island contexts (MacArthur and Wilson 1967). The major geologic features of the Banda Islands are their remoteness and their small land mass. Both these features conspire to create a situation of low biodiversity (see MacArthur and Wilson 1967), theoretically impacting humans’ ability to survive on the islands. It is possible some of the outer islands 54 experienced periodic abandonment during periods of prolonged drought or climatic instability (Peterson 2015). Environment and Climate The environment and climate for the Banda Islands are similar to that of Maluku in general. The climate is tropical and monsoonal. The soils on the islands are generally of volcanic or limestone origin and well-drained. Some of the islands (e.g., Pulau Ay) do not have ground water and inhabitants must subsist on collected rainwater or maintain relationships with villages on Banda Neira for water rights (Lape 2000). It is interesting to note that the currently earliest dated occupation of the Banda Islands is found on Pulau Ay (see below), one of the islands without ground water, suggesting that the lack of this basic resource was not an impediment to colonization. Flora and Fauna The most notable floral species of the Banda Islands is, of course, Myristica fragrans, the tree which produces both nutmeg and mace. While much ink has been spilled describing the Banda Islands as the only source of nutmeg, it should be clarified that the Banda Islands were the source of Myristica fragrans- the higher quality round nutmeg- but there are 16 species of Myristica that produce nutmeg in the Moluccas and New Guinea; it is possible that the trees were imported into the Banda Islands after it had already become established as an entrepôt (Ellen 2003:64). Long nutmegs, from other Myristica species, are still commonly found in markets in Indonesia (and internationally) today and historic documents suggest they were used to adulterate shipments of round nutmegs from Banda to the VOC to increase local profit (Hanna 1973). The non-fragrans nutmeg trade should not be wholly discounted or ignored by researchers. The nutmeg trees need the ~100 m tall kenari tree (Canarium ssp.) to provide shade (Figure 3.4). Kenari nuts (Figure 3.5) provide some economic benefit to people, mainly women, who gather them and sell kenari nut products for the tourist trade (Winn 2002a). Kenari nut pounders are common in Malukan archaeological sites, suggesting a history of intensive exploitation dating back to the Paleolithic (Stark and Latinis 1996) in contrast to their somewhat peripheral use today. Few other tropical plants have been noted in historical descriptions of the islands (see Wallace 1962, Valentijn 2002). However, the economically and dietarily useful coconut, banana, and bamboo were all noted by this researcher as growing both wild and tended. Cassava (Manihot esculenta) gardens (Figure 3.6) are common on the islands today, but are likely a result of Japanese occupiers encouraging cassava cultivation during WWII according to Winn (2001). Boomgaard (2003), on the other hand, notes that cassava was a significant crop making up ~30% of the agriculture in Java in the late 19th Century and notes that it was growing Seram, Buru, and other Malukan islands by the 1860s. Other imported foods such as cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and chili peppers (Capsicum spp.) are also commonly seen in the markets and gardens today (Figure 3.7). Sago does not grow well in the Banda soils and was likely never an economic crop (e.g., Villers 1981:740). Tubers could have been imported with the original Neolithic settlers as Field (2008) 55 notes the presence of tuber starch on early ceramics from Pulay Ay. Breadfruit (Artocarpus spp.) is also currently grown in Banda and has been noted by Rumphius in the late 17th Century (Monk et al. 1997:233); breadfruit is common in Southeast Asia but was likely imported by humans (Lape 2000b:43). Wallace (1962) noted the presence of few endemic mammals, except bats, but the presence of deer (probably Rusa timorensis) and cuscus (Phalanger spp.). Wallace also described the large nutmeg pigeon (aka, Elegant Imperial Pigeon, Ducula concinna) as, “The most remarkable is a fine and very handsome fruit pigeon, Carpophaga concinna, which feeds upon the nutmegs, or rather the mace, and whose large booming note is to be continually heard.” Chickens (Gallus gallus) are ubiquitous on the islands today and likely first arrived in Banda in Neolithic times. Chickens today are mainly kept for eggs and frozen chicken is imported for consumption. I also noted a free-range flock of geese (Anser spp.) and ducks (Anas spp.) kept in Banda Neira (Figure 3.8) but was unable to acquire information regarding their antiquity or use. In addition to bats, humans have imported the cuscus, and domesticated dogs, cats, pigs, cows (Figure 3.9), deer (Figure 3.10), and goats (Figure 3.11). Rat teeth were found in Neolithic layers on a site on Pulau Ay (Lape 2000b, Peterson 2015); these animals could easily have hitched a ride with the original inhabitants as is common in Pacific Island settlement (e.g., Wilmshurst et al. 2008). Reptiles are known, for instance lizards and sea turtles (Monk et al. 1997:342-343). Snakes have been reported by local informants, but, due to the remote location, snakes must have been imported- probably unintentionally- by humans. Giant African land snails (Achatina achatina) (Figure 3.12) are also present on the islands today, likely due to invasion around the turn of the century (Mead 1961). Fish are abundant in the reefs surrounding the islands and the deep sea. Mollusks are also common. Giant clams (Tridacna gigas) exist in the reefs surrounding the islands and pearl fishing has been a lucrative industry since at least the turn of the 19th century (Hanna 1973). Table 3.1 describes the nutritional value and rank of some of the common food resources in the Banda Islands. Researchers (e.g., Ellen 2003, Hanna 1978) emphasize the lack of carbohydrates on the Banda Islands and the need to import them as being a major impetus to the development of the nutmeg and mace trade and Banda’s development as an entrepôt. Unfortunately, the carbohydrate measure for the foods in Table 3.1 is not currently available. Many authors (e.g., Ellen 2003, Hanna 1978) emphasize the need for the VOC or Netherlands East Indies government to import food to support the perkeniers and their workers and Tome Pires notes that Banda has “hardly any foodstuffs” (Pires and Rodrigues 1944:208). While food is present and not particularly costly to aquire, the amount of foodstuffs was likely inadequate for the population in the pre-colonial times as it is today. 56 Figure 3.4 Nutmeg and kenari forest overview on Pulau Ay. 57 Figure 3.5. Kenari nut processing at Kelli perk on Banda Besar. Figure 3.6. Cassava garden growing in Fort Revenge on Pulau Ay. 58 Figure 3.7. Fresh fruit and vegetables available at Banda Neira market. Figure.8 Free-range geese on Banda Neira. 59 Figure 3.9. Cow on Banda Besar. Figure 3.10. Deer in front of Istana Mini on Banda Neira. 60 Figure 3.11. Goat on Banda Besar. Figure 3.12. African land snail at Ordatang site on Banda Besar. 61 Table 3.1 Rank of food resources on the Banda Islands, after Lape (2000b:45). Food Resource (nutritional values per 100 g) Calories Rank Protein (g) Rank Fat (g) Rank Cal+ prot+ fat Rank Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit) Flesh Seeds 55-110 150 20 13 0.8-4.3 6.0 16 13 0.3-1.5 0.5 17 19 53 45 = 20 16 Canarium spp. Kenari nuts 644 2 14.2 9 68.5 1 12 2 Pandanus spp. Pandan 683 1 11.9 11 66.0 2 14 3 Colocasia esculenta taro 100-165 11 1.4-2.0 21 0.2-0.5 20 52 19 Coco nucifera coconut Mature meat Immature flesh Mature nut 351-500 30-180 311-346 4 10 7 4.0-4.7 0.7-4.0 2.5-4.3 14 18 17 33.0-53.4 1.0-15.0 34.0-35.0 4 7 6 22 35 30 6 11 9 Dioscorea spp. yam 95-161 12 1.0-2.5 20 0.05-0.2 23 55 22 Musa spp. banana 85-142 14 1.0-1.3 22 0.1-0.5 18 54 21 Metroxylon sagu sago 285-362 6 0.1-0.5 23 0.0-0.3 21 50 18 Bat (rabbit) 134 17 20.0 2 6.0 11 30 10 Bird (general fowl) 139 15 19.0 4 7.0 9 28 8 Cuscus (rabbit) 134 16 20.0 1 6.0 10 27 7 Fish 132 19 18.8 7 5.7 12 38 14 Prawns 94 21 18.0 8 1.5 16 45 15 Reptile/ Snake (fish) 132 18 18.8 6 5.7 13 37 13 Shellfish (unspecified) 70 23 10.0 12 2.0 15 50 17 Deer 202 9 9 3 14.0 8 20 5 Pork 453 5 5 10 45.0 5 20 4 62 The Archaeology and History of the Banda Islands The Paleolithic (? 7160-3550 BP) There are, as yet, no unproblematic dates for a Paleolithic occupation of the Banda Islands. Recent radiocarbon dates on marine shell in occupation layers on Pulau Ay have yielded a date of 7160 +/- 50 BP (Lape 2013). Marine shell can yield problematic dates due to the marine reservoir effect, which can produce erroneously old dates (Walker 2005:30-31). Until more early Holocene dates for the occupation of the Banda Islands are produced, the 7000 year old date is tantalizing but suspect. There’s no reason why people could not have reached the islands at this early date, of course, but more work needs to be done both locally and regionally to identify a Paleolithic occupational sequence. The Neolithic and Metal Age (3550-500 BP) Currently, the earliest non-problematic occupation date for the Banda Islands is 3635-3452 cal BP (95% CI; D-AMS-006795: 3647±28 rcybp) (Peterson 2015). If the 7160 BP date turns out to be erroneous for some reason and the c. 3550 BP date is the earliest occupation, this places initial occupation quasi-contemporaneous with what many authors, following Bellwood (1979), claim as the Austronesian expansion. While the northern Malukan islands, like Halmahera, Morotai, and Batan, are strategically located between the early –colonized Sulawesi, the Philippines, and Papua New Guinea (Bellwood 1997), the Banda Islands are not located in close proximity to major land masses on easily sailed routes; however, the recent early date suggests the potential for an Early Holocene, non- Austronesian occupation cannot be discounted at this time. The initial colonization of the Banda Islands is not, however, the focus of this dissertation. People were living on the Banda Islands at least 3550 years ago, from whence they originally came is of little import to adaptations to colonization by a European power 500 years ago, so I will leave the determination of age and origins to someone else. At the time of European contact in 1512, the Banda Islands were a node in a trading network that linked Papua New Guinea to London, a trading network that was soon to be truly global (Ellen 2003). The development of this trading network, sadly, has not yet been the subject of much archaeological research, despite Bellwood’s (1993) exhortations to do so. The inclusion of the Banda Islands into the global trade can be tentatively dated to ~ AD 1000 based on excavated Chinese porcelains (Lape 2000a); this date is not in disagreement with Chinese historical records (Shiung 2012). Long distance trade networks linking the Indian subcontinent or China to the Euro-Mediterranean world had existed 5000 years ago (Thorley 1971) and networks linking the Asian continent with Island Southeast Asia existed since Dong Son times (Bellwood 1979). It is not unexpected that the distant peripheries would eventually become linked. Many different places acted as nodes in the regional Malukan trading network and the Banda Islands were one of these (Ellen 2003). The archaeology of the Neolithic and the Metal Age in the Banda Islands is sparse, but it exists. Lape (2000b) was the first to conduct archaeological fieldwork in the Banda Islands. While Lape focused on the Islamic, pre-Colonial period, he did identify Neolithic deposits on Pulau Ay. No fine, dentate 63 stamped ceramics have been found on the Banda Islands, but a “Lapita-like” sherd was identified in Neolithic deposits in Pulau Ay (Spriggs et al. 2010). It is possible, then, that the original inhabitants of the Banda Islands were somehow associated with the regional Lapita cultural complex. Domesticated pig bones and fish bones are also evident in the earliest Neolithic levels (Lape 2000), suggesting a mixed economy, using both wild and domesticated, terrestrial and marine resources. Subsequent work by Shiung (2012) based on Lape’s original assemblages provided additional information on the Neolithic occupation. Shiung (2012) noted that similarities existed between the Banda Islands assemblages and Northern Malukan assemblages from the Neolithic until the colonial period, and likely after. Shiung (2012) speculates that the Banda Islands were focused on regional trade within Maluku until after the 11th Century AD when the trade routes expanded to China and the Islamic World. Peterson (2015) utilized both ceramic and faunal assemblages from Lape’s original excavations on Pulau Ay and Banda Neira and addition assemblages excavated in 2007 and 2009. Peterson (2015) used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and isotope analysis to identify the source groups of the earthenware ceramics and pig remains, respectively. Additional radiocarbon dates associated with these second excavations pushed the potential initial occupation of the Banda Islands to 7000 BP and therefore a Paleolithic, aceramic occupation. Peterson (2015) shows that ceramics and pigs came from both local and extra-local sources from the beginning of their presence at the sites and multiple sources were maintained throughout occupation. In addition, Peterson (2015) noted that the earthenware from different sources were macroscopically similar in form and the trade likely served a social function beyond economics as Bandanese potters could make the same function pots that they were importing. That is, trade was a dominant social institution from the Neolithic period. Lape (2000b), Shiung (2012), and Peterson (2015) all emphasize the role of trade in the Banda Islands from the Neolithic period. Lape’s (2000b) study of the pre-colonial, Islamic period of the Banda Islands suggested that settlement patterns changed from easily defended hilltop sites in the Neolithic to lower sites with good harbors in the Metal Age, likely due to an increase in trade activity. Lape (2000b) also suggests that Islam arrived earlier in the islands than historic records state, probably in the 12th Century AD instead of the 15th Century, and that island-wide conversion was incomplete by the time of European contact. The History of the Banda Islands The Pre-colonial Period (c.AD 1500-1621) As noted earlier, the Banda Islands were the only known location of the high quality round nutmeg in the 16th century. The European desire for this spice resulted in a decent historical record of contact and colonialism. The focus on the historical period of nutmeg trade means that the previous periods of initial colonization and occupation have received little attention. The Banda Islands first enter the historical record unambiguously in AD 1304 with mention in a Chinese text; even at this early date, the islands were associated with nutmeg (Ptak 1992). Nutmeg, however, enters into historical records long before the Banda Islands do. 64 Nutmeg and clove are often linked in any discussion of the spice trade because they both come from the Maluku, also known as the “Spice Islands.” Cloves are mentioned in Chinese court documents in the Han dynasty, c. 300 BC (Andaya 1993:1), but nutmeg isn’t attested to for another 900 years. Chinese texts from the Tang Dynasty in the 7th century AD describe the medicinal qualities of nutmeg, especially for digestive ailments (Shiung 2012:100). Shiung (2012:100-107) does note that there appears to be some difficulty distinguishing nutmeg and cardamom in the early Chinese records, which suggests a low demand for these products in Chinese markets. These Chinese records describe the nutmeg as coming from the Thai-Malay peninsula and it is clear that the Chinese were not traveling to Maluku, or Banda, directly to procure the spice (Shiung 2012:106). Arabic texts from the 10th century AD describe nutmeg and cloves coming from what is assumed to be Java, but they, too, do not appear to be traveling to Maluku directly at this time (Donklin 2003). The Banda Islands, as opposed to just nutmeg, are described in AD 1349 by Wang Da-Yuan who describes the people as having chiefs, eating sago and coconut and trading nutmeg, mace, clove-bark, and slaves for cloth, porcelain, and musical instruments (Shiung 2012:120-121). As noted above, states whose economic power was based on control over trade had developed in Island Southeast Asia by the 7th Century AD and shortly thereafter, exotic spices from the far corners of the trading sphere begin to appear in China and, later, in locales in an expanded trade network. Despite the remote location, the Banda Islands and Maluku were incorporated into the “world system” (sensu Wallerstein 1974) of Asian trade from early in its development. Hanna (1973) provides a valuable, if not entirely unproblematic (see Loth 1995), review of the European historical period in the Banda Islands, which is summarized below, unless otherwise noted. The Banda Islands first entered into European consciousness in 1512 with the arrival of Antonio de Abreu (Hanna 1973:6). After Albuquerque conquered Goa in 1511, then Malacca, in order to control the flow of spice to Europe, he sent Abreu to find the fabled Spice Islands. Tome Pires describes his journey on this voyage in the Suma Oriental. He notes that Banda was an entrepôt with goods such as feathers from birds of paradise, decorative shell, cloth, gold, ivory, and, of course, the spices nutmeg, mace, and clove. Pires also notes the lack of carbohydrate staples, as many do, in the Banda Islands and describes rice as imported from Bima and sago from Seram. Both Pires and Galvão describe a sort of oligarchic rule in Banda, with orang kaya (lit. rich man) ruling over villages, but there was no unifying government of the islands. Pires also describes a multi-ethnic society with Javanese, Chinese, and Muslim traders all living in the main port of Banda Neira. Pires noted that some of the Bandanese had converted to Islam, but not all. Lape’s (2000b) excavations show a discontinuous distribution in pig bone in the pre-colonial villages on Banda, suggesting not all residents had converted to the new religion. Other authors (e.g. Valeri 1989) believe the entirety of the islands had converted to Islam prior to Dutch conquest. Regardless, similar to the rest of Maluku, Islamic communities tended to be coastal whereas interior groups generally had not converted. Historic reports of the islands note that the economy of the islands was dependent on nutmeg, for example, 65 The ordinary people, almost all of whom lived in the coastal villages, earned their livelihood by gathering the ripe fruit and processing it into commercial nutmeg…and mace…for sale to resident of visiting traders. They did so in accordance with a well- understood system of family and village rights to the half million or so trees which might or might not have been deliberately set out as seedling but still required occasional care. This consisted of the clearing of undergrowth, the removal of dead or broken branches, and the protection of the groves through the planting of shade trees, or kanari, which grew to enormous size and provided an edible nut, supplies of firewood, and massive trunks which might eventually serve as hulls of dug-outs. (Hanna 1973:23) The Portuguese stayed mostly in Ternate and Tidore and didn’t attempt to establish political control over the Banda Islands. As Hanna (1973:8) notes, “the Portuguese concentrated their commercial and military operations primarily upon the clove islands, which gave them all the trouble they could handle.” Portuguese merchants resident in Banda and other local traders provided nutmeg and mace to Ternate and Tidore and the Portuguese shipped these spices out with cloves. Generally, trade in Banda was little disturbed by the arrival of the Portuguese into the Malukan Islands. The Dutch arrived in the islands on March 16, 1599 with 200 merchants, soldiers, and sailors under Vice Admiral Jacob van Heemskerk in the ships Gelderland and Zeeland (Hanna 1973:11). Heemskerk et al. were part of the Jacob van Neck expedition. Chinese, Javanese, Buginese, Portuguese, and Arab traders are described as being resident in Banda Neira (Hanna 1973:13). Heemskerk and crew stayed in Banda for 3 ½ months, trying to purchase enough nutmeg, mace, and clove to fill the holds of their ships (Hanna 1973:14). A few men were left behind in Banda to continue trading and they were joined by a second expedition in 1600. Palisaded factories were built in Banda, but the Dutch focused their energy on Ambon where they fought the Portuguese for control of the island and its trade. In 1601, the English arrived and settled a factory on Pulau Run, a small island 16 km west of the main port at Banda Neira where most other traders (European or no) were stationed, this location allowed for less competition from the others. Pulau Ay, the most fertile of the islands, was then claimed for English profit, not Dutch. In 1599, there was a series of battles between an alliance of the villages of Neira and Lonthor (on their eponymous islands), Pulau Ay, and Pulau Run against an alliance of the villages of Labatecca (on Banda Neira), Comber and Wayer (on Banda Besar/ Lonthor), ostensibly over cutting down some trees (Lape 2000b:66-69). These skirmishes, observed by the Dutch, could have been part of a long-standing Siwa-Lima conflict, if in fact, the Siwa-Lima cultural tradition existed in the Banda Islands in the period prior to European record keeping and their control over the Spice Trade in the region. The development of the Siwa-Lima tradition outside the Ambon-Lease region may have been a result of increased tensions due to European influence in traditional trading networks. The village of Neira and its allies appear victorious during 1599 and Neira certainly maintains political and economic power throughout the remainder of the colonial period. This power can, at least in part, be attributed to the preference of the Europeans for Neira town residences and large European ships’ need for Neira’s favorable port, but not 66 all traders needed the depth of water at Neira. Lonthor and Pulau Ay both have ports that were adequate for smaller prahus and local trade. It is difficult to determine, based on historic records, to which Siwa-Lima moiety the different villages belonged. Lape (2000b:69) notes that Neira, Lonthor, Pulau Ay and Pulau Run are allied together against Labatecca, Komber, and Wayer. But a problem with assuming a coastal vs interior Siwa/ Lima duality to the above mentioned names is that in these small islands, all the settlements are coastal. Valeri (1989:121) notes that Labatecca switched from Lima to Siwa sometime after European contact which could indicate this village switched alliances to have an excuse to wage war against Neira in hopes of keeping the rising port from controlling trade in the islands. But Valentijn (1724-26:290-291) describes the “kings” of Banda at first contact to be Lima and one “king” was from Wayer, which could indicate that Wayer and therefore Labatecca were Lima whereas Neira and associates were Siwa. Labatecca could have switched to Siwa after European contact as a way to re-align itself with the more successful Neira. It is possible, then, that the Lima moiety (associated with the coast and considered ‘recent’ migrants) had a higher degree of control over trade prior to European contact but that this was interrupted by the addition of European powers within the islands. Valeri (1989) notes that the Dutch allied themselves with Siwa (the interior and longer-established, but less involved in trade) populations in Seram, Ternate, and Tidore. Valeri (1989) suggests that the Dutch took advantage of the “eternal enemies” by encouraging antagonistic relationships between the two groups in order to take advantage of trading opportunities. Also, Lape (2000b:77-79) notes that there was a continuation of local villages alliances during the period wherein the British and Dutch were fighting for control of the spice trade in the islands, with certain islands allying with the British and other with the Dutch. There were also social differences between the foreign traders and local village residents that may have been a Siwa-Lima relationship that affected internal political, social, and religious interactions on the Banda Islands (Lape 2000b). The Europeans, then, could have unwittingly and unknowingly been drawn into a traditional warring/ trading partnership. Considering the long history of trade, competition, and the occasional war between the Dutch and English, they would have fit nicely into the “eternal enemies” but also necessary partners of the Siwa-Lima tradition. Lape (2000b) also suggests that the dominance of Banda Neira as a port at the expense of Labatecca may have been a result of Banda Neira’s association with the new trade with Java and the Malay peninsula whereas Labatecca was more aligned with local trade with Seram and the longer established trade with China. The Dutch Admiral Hermanszoon trading in Banda in 1602 wanted to establish a trade monopoly, so demanded the Bandanese sign on contract to that effect. A few orang kaya did sign the contract, but they did not represent the entirety of the islands and there was no indigenous understanding of Dutch contract law, so there is no evidence that they fully understood the ramifications of what they had signed. The Bandanese had long had trade relations with multiple groups of people, both local and regionally, and the Dutch did not provide the myriad of options, including sago and other foodstuffs, upon which the Bandanese were dependent. There was no way the Bandanese could abide by the Dutch terms of the 67 treaty, economically or socially. Hermanszoon left 11 men on Banda to staff the factories, but these men disappeared shortly thereafter and there was no Dutch presence in Banda until 1605. In 1605, Admiral van der Hagen was tasked with ejecting both the English and Portuguese competitors from the entire Maluku region, and placing the region under firm Dutch control by establishing forts and factories wherever needed. Van der Hagen made short work of the Portuguese in Ambon, the tales of which traveled faster than the Dutch fleet, so the Bandanese were in a negotiating mood when they did arrive. Many of the orang kaya signed a similar document as the previous Hermanszoon contract of 1602, although, again, they may not have fully understood what they were being asked to do. In addition, an English ship under Captain Colthurst was allowed by the Dutch to trade for a cargo of species, despite the contract the Bandanese were just asked to sign, a situation that could have been somewhat confusing to the locals. Also, Hanna (1973:24) notes, The Bandanese preferred the Javanese, the Buginese, and the Chinese, and the Arabs as regular trading partners. These Asian entrepreneurs sent in numerous junks, several of which were always to be found in port, and offered exactly the consumer goods which met with local favor. What was more, they were willing to bargain at leisure over each transaction, a practice which elevated commerce to the level of enjoyable intercourse…The Dutch, with their infrequent visits, their unnegotiable prices, their ignorance of local customs, their inappropriate trade goods, and their admonitions not to do business with anyone else (especially the English), made themselves tediously unpopular. In 1608, Admiral Verhoeven again attempted to negotiate a trade deal with the orang kaya of Banda Besar (Lonthor). Negotiations were not progressing, so Verhoeven started building a fort on Banda Neira (it appears that the orang kaya of Neira were not consulted about the fort building and the orang kaya of Lonthor did not have the ability to allow building on Neira, a nicety Verhoeven seemed ignorant of). In 1609, after the building of the fort had progressed, the orang kaya on Neira agreed to meet with Verhoeven to negotiate a new trade agreement. Instead of negotiation, Verhoeven was ambushed and many of his men slaughtered (one of the surviving members of Verhoeven’s crew was Jan Pietrszoon Coen who was later in such a position to enact bloody revenge for this betrayal). Intermittent fighting between the Dutch and Bandanese occurred for a few months until August 1609 when another trade agreement giving the Dutch a monopoly on the spice trade, among other things, was signed by a few orang kaya. The acting-Admiral Hoen left Banda, believing that he had secured the trade monopoly Verhoeven had been tasked with achieving. After the departure of Hoen and the fleet, it became apparent that nothing had changed, except, perhaps, for increasing hostility toward the Dutch that remained manning the almost-finished Fort Nassau. The English remained and continued trading out of Pulau Run and Pulau Ay. In 1611, Pieter Both arrived, again with the goal of establishing a trade monopoly over all the Banda Islands and removing the English. Both began building Fort Belgica, in a better defensive position than the hastily- built Fort Nassau and again attempted to enter into trade negotiation. Again, he was rebuffed by the Bandanese who requested that all forts be dismantled prior to any negotiation. Both was followed in 1615 by General Gerald Reijnst, who received the same instructions as Verhoeven and Both. Reijnst had 68 around 1000 men, including Japanese mercenaries. He decided to attack Pulay Ay, long a stronghold of English trade, with ~900 men. Hanna (1973) gives the estimated population of Pulau Ay at this time at 1800 people, with possible 500 armed adult males. However, the English had worked with the residents to create strongholds built into the natural topography and had supplied guns and trained residents in their use. The Dutch were able to take all but the last stronghold during the first day of fighting, but the Bandanese attacked at night and drove the Dutch back to their ships. In all, the Dutch had 36 dead and 187 wounded. The VOC tried again in 1616 when they sent Admiral Jan Dirksen ‘t Lam, 12 ships, and over 1000 men. In a strange twist of fate, the English Captain Castleton’s life had once been saved by ‘t Lam and Castleton refused to fight his savior. Castleton removed himself and his men from Pulau Ay on the condition the English were to be allowed free trade on Pulau Ay once it was conquered, leaving the Bandanese to their fate. The Bandanese fought valiantly for three days and kept the Dutch at bay with the English guns. When ammunition ran out and the Dutch hadn’t been routed, the many of the inhabitants of Pulau Ay attempted to flee to Pulau Run in the middle of the night. Too many people on the boats made them unseaworthy and many drowned when their overloaded boats capsized. The Dutch attempted to slaughter the remaining inhabitants on Pulau Ay, any survivors also attempted to flee to Pulau Run. The Dutch took over the major stronghold, rebuilt it, named it “Fort Revenge” and installed a garrison of 154 under a governor for the island. Prior to their arrival at Banda, the Dutch had acquired a force of around 800 enslaved and conquered people, prisoners, convicts, freed slaves and soldiers and these were used to harvest the nutmeg crop on Pulau Ay. Lacking the knowledge of how to identify ripe nutmeg and the desire to harvest the nutmeg, this work force was ineffectual. Many people who had been enslaved and transported from other Malukan islands soon disappeared, likely rescued by their compatriots. ‘t Lam took orang kaya from Banda Lonthor and Banda Neira hostage and forced them to sign, once again, a treaty granting the Dutch a trade monopoly on nutmeg at low fixed prices. Once again, the Admiral left, believing Banda had been well and truly conquered, this time. Once again, as soon as the mass of the Dutch fleet had left, the Bandanese continued to trade with their long-standing, traditional trade partners who provided better prices and needed goods for the nutmeg and mace. After 1617, the English began to worry and vex the Dutch by establishing more factories in spice producing or trading areas. In Banda, the English re-established trading posts on Pulau Ay and Pulau Run, and built fortifications on the small Pulau Nailakka to the north of Run. Pulau Ay, Run, and Nailakka are unfortunately bereft of sources of freshwater, so while the fortifications were nigh-impregnable, the populations on the islands were severely vulnerable to a long siege. Through a series of unfortunate events, the English Captain Courthope lost both his ships to the Dutch and many of his men were captured. The Dutch offered to restore his men and ships if the English would leave and never return, confident of the imminent arrival of backup, Courthope defiantly refused the generous offer. The relief ships were intercepted by the Dutch and the defiant Captain Courthope gained an ignominious end when he drowned after attempting to swim to safety during a Dutch attack on his prahu. Despite Courthope’s 69 demise, the English continued to maintain factories on Pulau Ay. Dutch control was secure only on Banda Neira, which produced little nutmeg. Things were about to change, however, in both Banda and the region that was to become Indonesia with the appointment of Jan Pietrszoon Coen as Governor-General of East Indies in 1618. Coen was a survivor of the attack on Admiral Verhoeven in 1609 and was by all accounts an unforgiving man. For example, a friend left his underage daughter in Coen’s care when said friend had to return to the Netherlands. When the girl was found in a compromising position with a young man, Coen had both killed so he would not suffer a blow to his reputation by allowing such behavior under his roof. It is not mentioned how the friend reacted to the murder of his daughter by her supposed guardian upon his return. The headquarters of the VOC in the East Indies had been at Bantem, a reasonable port. But Bantem was unfavorable due to the large number of competitors and Coen moved to Jakarta. The locals did not take too kindly to the building of fortifications and laid siege. Eventually, the Dutch won and renamed their new territory “Batavia” after a little-known tribe in Holland. This was the name it was to be known until Independence. Coen believed a trade monopoly over the entire region from India to Japan was the only way to maximize profit and had made plans to achieve this goal. The first step was to final and complete subjugation of the Banda Islands to create an effective monopoly on the nutmeg and mace trade for the VOC. In 1620, news of an Anglo-Dutch treaty arrived in Batavia. The English and Dutch agreed to stop fighting in the East Indies and instead mutually support each other against the Spanish and Portuguese. The English East India Company would supply one-third the men, money, and ships to support and protect the forts and factories from Iberian incursion and the VOC the remaining two-thirds for the same proportion of spices. Already planning his attack on Banda, Coen asked the English to provide the one-third support mandated by the treaty, the English begged poverty and claimed they could not provide the required men and ships at that time. Coen, unperturbed by their lack of support, continued without them arriving in Banda February 27, 1621 with 52 ships of various sizes and 1,655 European men, 286 Javanese convicts, around 100 Japanese mercenaries, and sundry other Ambonese warriors, freed, slaves, and Dutch townspeople. Coen invited the English resident in Pulau Ay and Pulau Run to join him per the treaty, they declined but started fortifying their positions and arming their local allies. On March 4, 1621, Coen sent his yacht the Hert to circumnavigate Banda Besar. The ship took heavy cannon and gun fire. Upon the return to Banda Neira, the crew reported the locations of fortifications and cannons. On March 11, 1609, Coen sent his men to concurrently attack multiple spots on Banda Besar in order to create maximum confusion. If battle was not in their favor, the Dutch offered bribes to Bandanese to betray their compatriots which many accepted. The majority of Banda Besar was taken on March 11, with a few remaining hold outs taken the next day. The orang kaya of Lonthor sued for peace, Coen drew up a new treaty similar to previous ones demanding the Bandanese sell their nutmeg only to the Dutch, at fixed prices, among other things. The orang kaya agreed. Coen assumed they would repudiate this treaty like they had all previous and was waiting for any violation to escalate the situation. In the meantime, Coen began building Fort Hollandia in the interior highlands of Banda Besar. 70 Instead of fulfilling the part of the treaty that required a nutmeg “tithe,” the inhabitants of Lonthor hid in the interior of the island and harried the Dutch. The Dutch retaliated and captured residents to sell into slavery in Batavia or chased them off the cliffs of Lonthor to their deaths. Many residents attempted to flee to neighboring islands such as Seram, Kei, and Aru. In the meantime, Coen set up Martijn ‘t Sionck as Governor of Banda at Selamme. ‘t Sionck set up his soldiers in the mosque or appropriated residents’ homes. He burned houses and boats for any slight, real or imagined. He also had his own men killed for minor infractions which did not demonstrate the purported mercy if Bandanese in the hills returned and submitted to Dutch rule. Coen captured the most prominent of the remaining orang kaya and subjected them to trial for conspiracy. Evidence of the conspiracy was gathered via torture. Forty-four of the orang kaya survived this experience and were sentenced to death, via beheading and quartering. After this incident, many Bandanese tried to escape to neighboring islands, those that remained were starved or enslaved, “of the original population of perhaps fifteen thousand persons, no more than about a thousand seemed to have survived within the archipelago, mainly on Pulau Run and Pulau Ai…Another 530 homesick, indigent, and troublesome Bandanese were eventually shipped back from Batavia” (Hanna 1973:55). Coen also took the remaining English factors prisoner, dismantled the factories, and took possession of the spices therein. The Dutch also attempted to cut down all the nutmeg trees on Run so that the island would not be worth an attempt by the English to reclaim. The English did attempt occasionally to reclaim the island until the 1667 Treaty of Breda when the English claim to Run was exchanged for the Dutch claim to the Isle of Manhattan. Despite being rewarded handsomely by the VOC for his achievements in Banda, Coen was not looked upon favorably by his countrymen at the time nor by history for his deeds. The Colonial Period (AD 1621-1945) Coen’s plan, after absolute conquest, was to divide the islands into productive plantations (sing. perk, pl. perken) and repopulate the islands with sturdy Dutch burgers who would manage the plantations (the so-called perkeniers) at a healthy profit for the VOC. He did not get the rosy-checked, farm boys fresh from the Zeeland fields that he had anticipated. Instead, he received ex-employees of the VOC who had served their term but who had decided to stay in Asia, for whatever reason, but most reasons somewhat unsavory. While the perkeniers would not own the land, per se, they were allowed to plant coconuts and fish in neighboring waters so they would have access to earning some capital, but all nutmeg and mace would be sold to the VOC at fixed rates. The VOC, in return, would provide slaves enough to work the land and provisions, including rice, at cost. The nutmeg bearing land across all the islands was divided into 68 total perken; 34 on Lonthor, 31 on Ay, and 3 on Neira (Figure 3.13). Each perk was to be staffed by 25 slaves overseen by the Dutch perkenier. The perkeniers did not outright own the land they worked, the VOC did, and were therefore unable to sell it off for capital but were similarly unable to be evicted by the VOC. In the early days, slaves were imported from Papua New Guinea, Seram, Buru, Timor, Borneo and other regional islands. The fixed price at which the perkeniers were to 71 Figure 3.13 Map of perken on Banda Neira and Banda Besar, 1883. KITLV D B 5,1 Blad 14 i. sell the nutmeg to the VOC worked out to be 1/122 of the price it fetched in Amsterdam in 1621. The bookkeeping strategies of the VOC were byzantine and 17th century currency is not easily converted to modern terms, so it is difficult to say how much the perken were worth or what profit the VOC received from them. Due to the monopoly, perkeniers were unable to glean their own capital, legally, from the sale of nutmeg and so often came begging to the VOC for advances to repair buildings damaged in earthquakes or to provide more food. The VOC did not hold up their end of the bargain by providing food, cloth, slaves, and protection to the perkeniers and the perkeniers did not appreciate the low prices they were forced to accept, knowing the high prices the VOC demanded in Europe. The relationship, then, was not exactly mutually beneficial and created room for exploitation. Hanna (1973:61) describes them as “prickly and embittered.” Both sides attempted to defraud the other at every opportunity. Creating a New Society The Bandanese society prior to the Dutch conquest was already multicultural and the burgeoning trade empire of the Dutch merely extended the potential source of willing and unwilling migrants to the 72 Banda Islands. The Dutch were importing enslaved workers from all the sources along the African and Indian ports to which they had access from the initial conquest periods (Vink 2003). As Loth (1995:24) notes, “After the final subjugation of Banda in 1621, slaves were imported from Gujerat, Malabar, Coromandel, the Malay peninsula, Java, Borneo, coastal China, Bouton, several parts of Maluku,Kai, and Aru. Spanish, Javanese, and Makassarese prisoners were added.” There were also the Dutch, any residual Portuguese, and additional Europeans who joined up with the VOC from various countries. The perkeniers and VOC employees were forbidden to fornicate with the locals and few European women were available. Generally, then, the European men would baptize enslaved women for the sole purpose of a marriage acceptable to the governor, whom they had to ask permission to wed, so that, “The new perkenier households thus took on a composite racial aspect, as ex-slaves mothered Dutch children.” It is a common perception in European-based histories of the Banda Islands that the population on Banda at this time consisted of the perkeniers, the VOC soldiers and merchants, and the enslaved workers on the perken, however Hanna (1973:66) does note that in a 1638 census, half of the 560 recorded Bandanese were free. Of the 3,842 people on the island, 462 were European plus another 77 children of European or mixed ancestry. In the remaining 2,743 people, 833 were free. The total enslaved population was 2190 or 57% of the population (280, or 13%, of the enslaved populations were indigenous Bandanese). This early period was also rather violent in the maintenance of order. According to Johann Wurffbain, a German employee of the VOC and early journaler, the 5-year period between 1663-1668 saw 25 executions and 90 other forms of punishment, including 52 mutilations,17 whippings, two beatings, 6 chainings, 5 expulsions from office, 3 banishments, and 5 chastisements (Hanna 1978:67). The use of enslaved labor is a problematic concept, at both a moral and sematic level. Slavery has a long history in most of the world’s cultures, but it is most associated in the Western World with the use of imported African workers in extremely harsh and dehumanizing conditions in plantations in North and South America. This conception of slavery is not universal. As noted in the last chapter, in pre- colonial Asia and Africa, slavery did not exist in the European capitalist model with which North Americans are most familiar, but enslaved workers were generally “gradually assimilated…into the dominant group” (Reid 1983b:156). As Winn (2010:365) notes, “long-term slave based systems of production were absent from agriculture in Southeast Asia.” Instead of “slavery,” “bondage” may be a more appropriate word for the system of labor in Southeast Asia. Because of the relatively low population density and fragmented political systems, “control of men, nor land or capital, was both the key and the index to power” (Reid 1983b:157). However, “The only definite exception to this point [that a slave mode of production did not exist] is the Dutch perkenier system for producing nutmeg in Banda with hundreds of slave laborers on large estates” (Reid 1983a:23). Knapp (1995) also supports Reid’s interpretation that the Bandanese perken slave system was more akin to that of the New World plantation slave systems than indigenous Asian systems. Winn (2010) disagrees with this assessment of the enslaved workers on Bandanese plantations being more akin to the European mode of slavery seen in the New World than indigenous bondage systems. Winn (2010:370-371) states, 73 The Dutch administration in the Bandas seems to have been unable to isolate slavery within the perkeniersstelsel from the wider related socio-cultural practices that were long established in the region. Perken boundaries quickly became porous economically, demographically and culturally, as Company-purchased slaves intended for estates (the perkenslaven) blurred with the privately owned slaves of perkenier households. I suggest that it ultimately becomes difficult to separate the use of slave labour in support of spice production from that which served household economies. It is ambiguous, then, which model- the Asian or European- should be used to understand slavery in the Banda Islands. Certainly, the role of enslaved workers could have changed over time. Between the 1621 conquest and the 1799 bankruptcy of the VOC, the perkeniers resisted the VOC imposed monopoly and the slaves resisted their plight. Valentijn (2002) describes as many as 20-30 slaves escaping per night. As each perk was originally allotted 25 slaves, the number quoted by Valentijn could theoretically represent the escape of the entire enslaves population of a perk. However, not all slaves necessarily escaped, there were other options. As Hanna (1973:79-80) notes, The slaves seemed to consort on friendly terms with their masters only when both were engaged in contraband traffic in spices or other commodities, an enterprise which afforded slaves the opportunity to become both affluent and mobile. With or without VOC consent- generally without- the perkeniers branched out into regional trade…They diverted the best of their slaves from plantation labor to man their trading boats, and a slave- sailor-trader soon earned his freedom or freed himself. In confederation or in competition with the regional traders, who still frequented Banda waters, the perkeniers and their slaves smuggled out nutmeg and mace, smuggled in rice and textiles, and dealt in exotic regional products such as pearls, sandalwood, tortoise shell, trepang (sea cucumbers), sharks’ fins, birds’ nests, ebony, and birds’ feathers. They also dealt in long nutmeg, the product of a score of other islands…Long nutmegs were in demand in Asian if not in European markets and were useful even in Banda. Such long nutmegs could be adroitly substituted for round nutmegs by perkeniers seeking to deliver that expected quantity of produce to the V.O.C. while reserving the superior quality for private trade. The pre-colonial trade system continued to operate, it seems, to the benefit of all but the VOC. François Valentijn (2002)- who served as a VOC minister in Maluku in the late 17th and early 18th Centuries- describes an ostentatious lifestyle of the perkeniers and VOC officers, where they lack no fine food or drink. This lifestyle was maintained via the contraband trade, but also by going into debt to the Chinese and Arab traders who never left Banda, despite the purported Dutch control. Generally, the VOC were required to pay the perkeniers’ debts in order to continue their regular supply of spice. In addition to acquiring debts, the perkeniers were little interested in maintaining and running the perken but more interested in maintaining their lavish lifestyle; “the perkeniers, profiting from round and long nutmegs… readily developed a taste for ostentation and a propensity for falling into debt…The perkeniers found it more agreeable and not much less profitable to leave the perken to the management of paid overseers while they lived in Neira Town” (Hanna 1973:79 81). There were around 70-80 fine homes in Banda Neira belonging to the perkeniers and VOC upper management. These homes were built using local materials including coral rock for the structure walls, roofs thatched with local palm fronds and other materials, and packed coral floors, although some of the wealthier inhabitants could afford tile roofs and marble floors (Hanna 1973:74) (Figure 3.14). These homes were especially difficult to maintain due to 74 Figure 3.14 Colonial houses in Banda Neira, 1868. KITLV image 105889. the frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions Banda was experiencing in the 17th and 18th centuries (e.g., Liu and Harris 2014, Wichmann 1918). The volcanic ash could easily burn the thatched roofs and bamboo traditional structures. Earthquakes accompanying eruptions not only caused damage to homes, but could uproot the nutmeg and kenari trees causing a loss in, harvest. Tsunamis could also occur due to tectonic movement and these would destroy coastal villages and their boats. After a destructive event, epidemics often ravaged settlements. While tectonic activity somewhat lessened in the 18th century, “During one awful hour in midmorning on April 2, 1778, there occurred simultaneously, an especially destructive volcanic eruption, an earthquake, a tidal wave and a hurricane” (Hanna 1973:89). This event caused the VOC to seriously rethink the placement of all of their nutmeg eggs in Banda’s basket. Half of the nutmeg trees were damaged and the harvest was less than 4% of the previous year’s harvest. The natural disasters also caused an accompanying loss of life (mainly laborers) due to the events themselves and subsequent loss to illnesses that followed (infections due to injuries, contaminated water, etc.). As usual, the perkeniers were too indebted to repair their groves and structures. The VOC forgave all previous debts, provided free rice for slaves and heavily subsidized for others for 10 years, this subsidy was later extended for 75 another 5 years. After 1792, the VOC had lost patience and refused to provide victuals at cost and demanded full payment. In 1795, the VOC repossessed the perken and the perkeniers, if they chose to remain, would be paid overseers. However, this situation wasn’t long to last as the English took control of the islands in 1796-1803 and 1810-1817 as part of the Napoleonic Wars, and the VOC went bankrupt in 1799. The English didn’t care to invest too much energy in administering the perken or the perkeniers and allowed them a great degree of freedom in trading in the region. While life didn’t change drastically for the people of Banda during the English occupation, it did have a long lasting effect. The English were able to transport nutmeg seedlings out of Banda and experiment with planting in English territories. The monopoly on round nutmeg that Banda had held for hundreds of years was broken. With the loss of the monopoly came the loss of the perkeniers main bargaining chip in the negotiations with the Netherlands government, who took over the administration of VOC territories after the bankruptcy. The second English occupation also saw the settlement of Chinese and Arab traders from Surabaya, Batavia, Bombaym Calcutta, Bencoolen, and Pinang. These traders soon took over the local and inter-island trade and many of their descendants, in spirit if not in blood, are operating successfully in the islands today. When control of the islands permanently revered to the Dutch, attitudes toward the Dutch East Indies had changed back in Europe. Instead of seeing the colonies as a cash cow for the homeland, liberal Dutch elite did not enjoy hearing stories of exploitation of the residents in its colony. The burgeoning awareness of the abuses of colonial policy led to calls for the end of slavery and the worst abuses in Holland. In addition to changing attitudes in the United Provinces, the economy had changed. The Banda Islands no longer had a monopoly on the production of nutmeg and mace. Increasing competition from other sources and changing tastes in Europe meant that little profit was forthcoming. The perkeniers continued to accrue debts and continued to demand the government, instead of the VOC, repay these debts. Due to changing attitudes in Holland, slavery was abolished in 1860. Few of the perken slaves wanted to stay so labor was imported from other islands in the Dutch East Indies, mainly Java. Winn (2010) notes that the modern Bandenese oral history of plantation work involves this period of “coolie” labor and the modern Bandanese (to whom Winn spoke) trace their ancestry to this group of workers. The use of paid labor, as opposed to enslaved, actually ended up being more profitable to the perkeniers (Hanna 1973:106). However, nutmeg prices were plummeting in the mid-19th century, in part because of increased competition, in part because of changing tastes. In the late 19th century, many of the perken had been purchased by a subsidiary of the Netherlands government, with the original owners kept on as paid overseers, or by the Chinese Kok family due to an inability of the perkeniers to pay off their multitude of debts. Descriptions of the work done by enslaved workers or imported coolie labor at the nutmeg plantations are few and far between. No known description written (or told) by the workers at the perken themselves have been identified (although see Stoler 1985 for discussions of primary sources of 20th 76 century rubber plantation wage laborers on Java).European authors were much more interested in describing the lives of the Europeans in the archipelago than the workers. A few glimpses of what was expected can be gleaned from historical records written by Europeans, oral history, and early photographs. Nutmeg harvest was relatively easy, workers plucked the ripe fruit from the tree by means of a basket on a very long stick and carried the harvest in a reed basket (Figure 3.15). The fruit had to be separated from the nutmeg and mace and the spices dried. This probably occurred at the perk in the past (Figure 3.16), but today often occurs in any sunny place (Figure 3.17). The nutmeg and mace were packed for shipment (Figure 3.18, Figure 3.19), taken to the port (Figure 3.20), and loaded onto ships (Figure 3.21). In comparison to other plantation crops like rice, sugar, or cotton, the work was relatively light. Since nutmeg was a tree crop, it didn’t need to be re-planted every year. Unlike other fruits, it was unnecessary to climb trees for harvesting and there was no worry about damaging the fruit as it was not the target of harvest. Unlike rice or cotton, there was little need to bend over to harvest or tend. Unlike sugar, the post-harvest processing was limited. Walking or climbing to the harvest area, maneuvering the harvest stick, carrying the harvest, moving the dried spice to the packaging area, and moving the packaged spice to the port and waiting boats was the major expenditure of energy. Lans (1872) (Table 3.2) notes how many workers were associated with each perk. Table 3.4 also demonstrates that many people owned part share in multiple perken, perken could be owned and managed by different people, women could own shares in perken on their own, individuals could manage multiple perken, and in 1872 the perken were still owned primarily by Europeans or people with Europeans names. Bickmore (1867-1868:328) describes the residences of the perkeniers on Lonthor as “a rectangular area of about a quarter of an acre, enclosed by a high wall. The side next to the sea is formed by the proprietor’s house, and on the other three sides of the great open yard are rows of storehouses, and the houses of the natives who work on that plantation.” Although the extent to which workers resided on the plantations is somewhat vague. In one of the few photographs of workers at the perken (Figure 3.22), bags of nutmeg and other objects can be seen stacked up under the awning and on the porch of a long building, suggesting these buildings were used for storage. Other historic photographs (Figure 3.23, Figure 3.24, Figure 3.25) show open courtyards with some decorative vegetation, trees, and fencing but no personal items. In Mirah of Banda (Rambe 2011), a fictional and highly romanticized account of a female Javanese contract worker from the pre-WWII to late 20th Century in the Banda Islands, workers only live on the perk part-time during the harvest season. While this novel cannot be considered a direct historical account, it does indicate that the modern conception of a worker’s existence during the colonial period was one of part time inhabitation of the perk compound and not full time residence within its walls. 77 Table 3.2 Lans (1872) list of perks, matched against 1883 map (above), excavated perken in bold. Name of perk Owners/ tenants Administrator # trees # workers Free Gov’t Exile/ other Banda Neira Perken Zevenbergen en Hersteller H.M.C. Lans, W.C. Lans, G.F. Lans G.F. Lans 11885 - 32 5 Banco-Batoe H.P. de Vries, J. Leunisen H.P. de Vries 14773 13 28 14 Lautaka Mevr de Wed. Versteegh J. Scharp de Visser 8603 - 27 9 Banda Besar (Lonthor) Perken Simonwal L. Empting, R.F.F. von Buggenhagen, J.G. Mulder, Wed. H.D. Versteegh L. Empting 20865 56 16 - Takkermoro J.G. Mulder J.G. Mulder 11871 - 33 22 Weltevreden J.A. Delmaar F.J. Henner 21000 56 15 - Kelie en Noorwegen L.F. Versteegh, I.V. Spelti L.F. Versteegh 2200 2 12 13 Namoeloe E.C. Lantzius E.C. Lantzius 10770 38 17 - Boyauw W. van der Sluijs W. v. d. Sluijs 14660 83 22 - Orangdatang Wed. H.D. Versteegh, Wed. Pietrsz, W. van der Sluys W. v. d. Sluijs 8424 2 16 29 Klein Walling J.P. van den Broeke J.P. v. d. Broeke 9101 15 13 - Groot Walling Wed. J.F.G. van den Broeke J.M.C. v. d. Broeke 8215 - 19 14 Spantjebeij J.P. v. d. Broeke, Wed. E. Herrebrugh, Wed. C. Dekkers, Mevr. Hahn geb Versteegh H.A. Geldorp 8852 - 10 25 Lust Mejufvr. A. Baks, A.M.L. Hartog, A.M.L. Hartog 7941 - 31 14 Toetra R.F.F. von Buggenhagen, wife of Leunissea W. Benque 9450 64 9 - Keizerstoren M.T. Jansz, Wed. P.C. Meijer P.C. Schoenmaker 8354 2 21 17 Laoetang P.C. Lans, M.S.S.M.F van Vliet (born John and J.M.M.John), P.C. Lans P.C. Lans 148 5 42 - Comber P.C.L. Hartog P.C.L. Hartog 9113 53 34 - Raning M.H. Brandes F.V. Brandes 15000 67 9 - Boerang J.W. Hoeke J.W. Hoeke 8481 26 13 - Benedendender R.F. Versteegh, F.B.P. Struby, A.A. Meijer, L.D. Claassen, Mevr. W.J.F. Bernard, F.A. Meijer R.F. Versteegh, 8000 - 44 4 Zoeteninval M. Lantzius, J.W. Hoeke M. Lantzius, 104900 18 13 - Bovendender Wed. G.T. Versteegh geb Tobiaz, A.M.L. Hartog A.M.L. Hartog, 11765 - 34 21 DrieGebroders P.C.L. Hartog, J.W. Hartog, Wed. Brocurius van Nidck, L.T. Hartog, W.E. de Jong, P.C.L. Hartog 15275 - 25 38 78 E.R.A van Ellinckhuyzen, S.L.R. Hartog Babiemandie J.C. de Walsche, Wed. J. Latomalea de Walsche 7403 5 11 22 Boetong W.S. Versteegh, wife of J.A. Brantsz, A.J. Beck, M.E. van Wieringgen, C.M. van Wiereingen, J.A. Brantsz 11953 - 20 36 Everts Mevr. Geldorp geb Pinege, W.E. Pinege, Mevr. De Jong geb Hartog, Mevr. Ellinckhuyzen geb Hartog, S.L.R. Hartog, A.M.L. Hartog A.M.L. Hartog 10595 - 28 27 Lackoel J.G. Mulder J.G. Mulder 3440 11 9 - Pulay Ay Perken Welvaren C.J. Fedder F.B.P. Struby 14500 87 13 - Westklip Underage daughter of G.L.A. de Maeght J.W. Weusamn 11500 63 14 - Weltvreden R.T. Versteegh, J.A. Delmaar A.G.H. Hartog 13081 1 12 22 Mataleneo Wed. E. Herrebrugh geb Vermeet, Mevr Hahn geb Versteegh, Wed. Heer Herrebrugh A.M. Herrebrugh 9344 -27 22 9 Kleinzand J.A. Delmaar, A. Leunissen, J.C. Neunissen, C. Sapolettie, wife of W.F. Leunissen, C.F. Leunissen, E.M. Ranch, R.E. Ranck J.A. Delmaar 7097 - 16 14 Verwachting A.H. Goreneveld, A.J. Makely, Wed. J.W. Fedder geb Brantsz, J.C. Brantsz, wife of W.A.F. Goldman, J.A. Brantsz, C.L. Leunissen, geb Brantsz A.H. Goreneveld 7898 - 34 8 Wd.= Widow; Mevr.= Mrs; geb.= nee; Mejufv= Miss 79 Figure 3.15 Nutmeg harvest, c. 1868. KITLV photo 3347. Figure 3.16 Nutmeg processing, c. 1940. KITLV # 52A10. 80 Figure 3.17 Nutmeg and mace drying in the sun, Pulau Ay. Figure 3.18 Women sorting nutmeg and mace for packaging, c. 1920-1930. KITLV 68230 81 Figure 3.19 Workers packing nutmeg and mace, c. 1920-1930. KITLV 68234. 82 Figure 3.20 Workers loading nutmeg for transport, c. 1920-1930. KITLV 68237. Figure 3.21 Workers loading nutmeg onto boats for shipment, c. 1920-30. KITLV 68238. 83 Figure 3.22 Nutmeg harvesters in front of perk building, c. 1895. (In KITLV descripition, the perk is identified as Babi Mandi on Pulau Neira but Babi Mandi is on Banda Besar.) (KITLV 2950). Figure 3.23 Home on nutmeg perk Kleinzand on Pulau Ay, c. 1920. KITLV 88749. 84 Figure 3.24 Doorway of the perk Boyaw on Banda Besar, c. 1920. KITLV 88757. 85 Figure 3.25 Doorway of the perk Klein Waling on Banda Besar, c. 1920. Sign over doorway lists date of erection at 1769. KITLV 88758. The relatively low maintenance needs of the nutmeg tree, coupled with the historical understanding, suggests that workers on the nutmeg plantations had significantly more free time than would be afforded workers on other kinds of plantations. Hanna (1973) does note that workers were expected and encouraged to supplement the foodstuffs supplied by the perkeniers (when they were supplied) by personal gardens. The encouragement to supplement the plantation-provided rations is seen at plantations in the Caribbean and the Southeastern United States among other places (e.g., Mintz 1955). Obviously, this saves the plantation owners the cost of food but it also affords workers a sense of independence and allows for surplus product to be sold in markets and accumulation of capital by the 86 workers. In the New World, enslaved workers often bought their freedom via selling surplus produce at markets (Turner 1994), but there is no indication that this occurred in Banda. By the early 20th century, the Banda Islands were a sleepy colonial outpost, visited by few and concerning even fewer. It was considered remote and isolated enough to safely house the political prisoners Hatta and Syahrir, malcontents who were to serve as the first vice-president and prime minister of the newly created Indonesia state after Independence. Hatta and Syahrir had been held Ende on the island of Flores and complained about their treatment in this prison. The transfer to Banda Neira, not a prison by any sense but geographic, must have been arranged by a bureaucrat friendly to their cause. Hatta and Syahrir were friendly with the local children and Hatta set up an informal school to educate some of the children. When they had to be evacuated because of the Japanese invasion of Indonesia, some of the children accompanied them. One of these children, Des Alwi, prospered in the independent Indonesia. Des Alwi was fond of his childhood home and wanted to restore some of its grandeur in the eyes of the world. Des Alwi attempted to develop the islands for tourism throughout his adult life. Educated in England by Syahrir, he gained many powerful friends there and due to his association with Syahrir and Hatta. Alwi is credited with building or extending the landing strip on Banda Neira, convincing the Ciremai ferry to stop on a regular basis, building the first hotel (and associated tennis courts), developing the scuba tourist industry, building a museum in his old family home, restoring Fort Belgica on Neira, and shamelessly promoting his childhood home by any means available (Kenji and Siegel 1990). Other hotels and competing scuba outfits have opened since Des Alwi jump-started the tourism industry. According to one local hotel owner, Alwi did not appreciate the competition and used his status as a modern orang kaya to discourage or punish the upstarts. However, the increasing tourist traffic to the islands was too much for one hotel to handle and many were unwilling to pay for Alwi’s higher end hotel, accustomed as they were to low coast travel in Southeast Asia. Scuba aficionados, Dutch history tourists, and the random tourists in search of off-the-beaten-track adventures are the currently primary population of tourists (based on the author’s informal survey whilst resident in the islands). Des Alwi passed away in 2011, just prior my field work. It is unknown what direction the tourism industry in Banda will head with the death of its original sponsor. Conclusion The archaeology of Island Southeast Asia is still in its infancy, leading to more questions than answers and making broad generalizations difficult. While evidence of pre-human hominins date to the Pleistocene, the dates of their arrival and demise are difficult to determine. The question of the origins of agriculture and the manner in which Austronesian speakers arrived at their current distribution is also not well understood. Our understanding of the development of complex states in the larger islands is based mainly on a few inscriptions and descriptions by other cultures. Very few archaeological projects have 87 been conducted in Maluku, which makes it difficult currently to place the Banda Islands within a regional context. The history of the region and the Banda Islands, specifically, is heavily dependent on the records of other literate cultures, such as China, or colonial powers like the English and the Dutch. Ethnography, either modern scientific or colonial avocational, tends to focus on islands, like Ambon, that are not directly comparable to the Banda Islands due to their size and lack of colonial spice plantations. Conducting a fieldwork project it this quasi-terra incognito, then, is somewhat daunting. The following chapter describes the field work portion of this project. 88 Chapter 4 Fieldwork Introduction This section describes the methodology and results of the fieldwork undertaken in 2011. Fieldwork was funded by a Henry Luce/ American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS) East and Southeast Asian Archaeology and Early History Grant. Like many projects, I was limited in regards to time, money, and manpower. As I was traveling to conduct the research by myself and not part of a larger team or larger project, I was limited to bringing equipment that I could personally carry. In addition, I knew access to regular electricity while in the Banda Islands could be problematic and I should avoid equipment that depended on electricity. Nor would I be able to hire a large excavation crew or fund interested Indonesian students to assist the project, as had previously been practiced by Lape and Peterson in the 2007 and 2009 field seasons. Based on these limitations, I decided to only use basic survey and excavation techniques and did not perform any chemical or other analyses in the field. I also limited myself to testing a small number of sites on one island instead of a larger number of sites on multiple islands. While more information is always useful, I felt that focusing on three sites on the one island would provide an adequate sample size for analysis. Methodology Site Selection I conducted a pilot research project in 2010 to identify potential perk sites for excavation. This survey was partially funded by a University of Washington Department of Anthropology Pilot Research Grant. Initial survey consisted of asking local guides to identify known perken on Banda Besar. I decided to focus on perken on Banda Besar and not investigate other islands to ensure that environmental differences were not affecting the artifact assemblage. For instance, Banda Neira is the main port and may have had greater access to goods whereas Pulau Ay requires a somewhat treacherous sea crossing during monsoon season and may not have had access to all goods. By focusing on one island, I could better control for assemblage differences due to environmental or locational differences. Banda Besar also had the highest number of perken, making it statistically more likely to find perken available for excavation. Not every perk that was historically recorded on Banda Besar was visited at this time; I was limited to perken that my 89 guides were willing or able to show me. I was limited by time during the pilot study and did not insist that every historically recorded perk on Banda Besar was visited. I believed my local informants provided me the best information that they could and if a historically recorded perk site was avoided, it could be attributed to issues of gaining permission to excavate or other troublesome issues. Both my local informants had participated in previous archaeological excavations and were likely familiar with which areas would be most productive and which residents would be most amenable to participation in an archaeological excavation. As no archaeological excavations of perken had been conducted, there was little contextual information available with which to evaluate potential archaeological deposits. Table 4.1 describes the perken I visited and their excavation potential, shows the locations on a modern map, and Figure 4.2 shows the perken on a 19th Century Dutch map. Based on the 2010 pilot research, I selected the three perken with the combination of best preservation and least potential for disturbing current inhabitants for excavation in 2011. The re-purposing of the majority of the perken by modern populations limited the potential for intact deposits and increased the potential for either damage to excavations or injury to the inhabitants due to open excavation units. The three perken selected for excavation were Ordatang, Groot Waling, and Komber and are described below. Figure 4.3 shows the locations selected for excavation on an antique map created by shortly after Dutch conquest (Valentiijn 2002). Table 4.1 Perken visited and their excavation potential. Perk Date Visited Comments Excavation potential 1. Ordatang 3.8.10 Uninhabited, buildings in fair condition, walls standing but overgrown. Good 2. Groot Waling 3.8.10 Currently inhabited (but only one family), buildings in fair condition, walls standing but overgrown. Good 3. Keli 3.8.10 Currently inhabited, not a good candidate Poor 4. Lautung 3.14.10 Currently inhabited, not a good candidate Poor 5. Waer 3.14.10 Currently inhabited, many buildings in ruins, not a good candidate Poor 6. Dender 3.14.10 Currently inhabited, not a good candidate Poor 7. Komber (Kombir) 3.14.10 School has been built within perk walls, better candidate Fair 8. Turtra 3.15.10 Currently inhabited (but only one family), buildings mostly in ruins, not a good candidate (but back up if necessary) Poor 9. Uring 3.15.10 Not currently inhabited, but buildings mostly ruined, a mosque is being built within ruins, not a good candidate Poor 10. Spanciby 3.15.10 Not currently inhabited, but undergoing remodeling for tourism, not a good candidate Poor 90 Figure 4.1 Location of perken visited, after Lape (2000b). 91 Figure 4.2 Banda Islands map (1871) with locations visited as red dots. KITLV D C 14,11. Figure 4.3 Location of perken on Valentijn's 1687-88 map, boxes outlining perk locations selected for excavation. 92 Mapping Each site was mapped using metric measuring tape to create a sketch map and GPS points were collected using a Garmin eTrex Vista HCx, with precision of +/- 15 meters. Previous digital mapping experience suggested that the normally higher resolution Trimble GPS was problematic and unreliable in the Banda Islands (Peter Lape, personal communication). Since the Trimble also requires regular access to electricity which isn’t always available in the Banda Islands and has more associated equipment, I decided to use the Garmin. Due to the extant structure walls, I did not feel that it would be difficult to relocate the sites, despite the low resolution mapping techniques. All extant exterior and interior walls were measured and mapped. Any additional structures (e.g., wells) were also measured and mapped. Site maps were created using a combination of the Garmin data and field sketch maps. The locations of the auger probes and excavation units were also recorded with the Garmin eTrex. Excavation After deciding on which sites to excavate during the pilot work of 2010, excavations of the plantation sites began in late March 2011.Permission for excavation was granted by RISTEK (Indonesian State Ministry of Research and Technology), permit number HK.501/1055/DIR.IV/SP/VI/20111, under a memorandum of understanding between the University of Washington and Universitas Gadjah Mada in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Assistance was also rendered by Balai Arkeologi Ambon. I registered with police in both Ambon, the provincial capital, and Banda Neira in addition to receiving unofficial permission to excavate from the village heads of Lonthor and Komber. All sites were subject to the same basic excavation methodology, described below. Auger Probes I conducted an auger probe survey to determine areas of artifact concentration at each site. A 10-cm bucket auger with a handle 1 m in length was used. Auger holes were placed 5 m apart and between 3-5 m from the interior or exterior wall or 10 m apart within the courtyard of the perk. If a wall was not extant, the location was estimated based on existing walls. A historic postcard (see Figure 3.16) shows nutmeg drying and other activities taking place within the courtyard and I assumed midden deposits were unlikely to be located in these courtyard activity areas. The auger probe was terminated when an obstacle (e.g., rock, root, etc.) or the extent of the handle was reached. Material was screened through 1/8” mesh. The number of artifacts in each probe was recorded (see below). This information was used to identify areas of artifact concentration for unit excavations. Generally, the auger probes produced some quantity of artifacts, only 25 (9%) of the 291 total auger probes were sterile. This suggests a sheet refuse (see Deetz 1995:135) disposal 93 pattern as opposed to discrete midden disposal. There was variable distribution of artifacts within the auger probes, but no obvious patterns of disposal in different areas. The lack of patterning made later interpretation of artifacts rather difficult as artifact patterning associated with worker versus elite use of the site was one of the primary assumptions underlying this project. It is possible that trash and other habitation debris was disposed of further away from the perk than the auger probes were placed or were deposited in the ocean for transport. Modern populations burn trash within purpose dug holes, but this may be recent behavior associated with the large amount of non-biodegradable material associated with modern life. Evidence of burning was not generally observed in the auger probes. Excavation Units I decided to excavate three units per perk location, based on the assumption that three units could be excavated in the time allotted at each perk. After the auger probe was completed, areas of artifact concentration were identified based on the number of artifacts found in the probes. A 1 m x 1 m excavation unit was placed in the identified locations. In order to ensure the removal of the auger probe material did not bias the excavation unit, the unit was offset from the auger probe. Units were excavated in 10 cm arbitrary levels using a shovel or trowel. Because there had been no previous excavations at these locations, it was unknown if intact stratigraphy existed or what the stratigraphy may have looked like, therefore arbitrary levels were used. The use of 10 cm arbitrary levels is fairly common and should facilitate any later comparison across different sites. Units were excavated to 1 m or bedrock (except Groot Waling Unit 1, see below for discussion). While previous excavations in the Banda Islands had colonial-era deposits that continued past the 1 m depth (Lape 2000b), declining artifact numbers, especially the colonial era artifacts, suggested little utility in continuing beyond this depth. All material was dry-screened through 1/8” mesh. No water screening was conducted. While water would have been available for water-screening at the beach locations of Groot Waling and Komber, it was not available at Ordatang and would have affected comparison between the three sites if not used at all sites. The use of 1/8” mesh ensured the recovery of relatively small objects, such as fish bone which were expected to be represented in the deposits. Preliminary field processing of artifacts consisted of separating artifacts into material types and counting the excavated materials. Material that was obviously modern (e.g., plastic, aluminum cans, etc.) was not curated. Due to weight limits and US import laws, I decided to import only ceramics and bone. Glass and metal fragments were determined to be non-diagnostic with little potential interpretive value; these objects remain curated in the Balai Arkeologi facility in Ambon. While shells can be extraordinarily useful in the reconstruction of diet or environment, much of the shell appeared to be recent invasive land snails or naturally occurring sea shells in beach deposits and were also of little potential interpretive value. This material was also curated 94 in Ambon. Due to the tropical soils, charcoal does not preserve well and was not encountered in sufficient amounts to be collected. No sediment samples were collected due to aforementioned US import laws and weight limits in addition to no planned specific analysis. Ordatang Environmental Setting Ordatang (4° 32.957 S, 129° 53.619 E, 110 meters above sea level [masl]) is located in the interior of the island; this location is heavily forested and overgrown. However, historic sylviculture can be discerned by the regular spacing and rows of nutmeg trees surrounding the perk. Ordatang is located on the “spine” of the island, a ridge that is the remains of an old caldera. Volcanic bedrock is of variable height throughout the upland area and soft enough to be easily eroded by rainwater. Due to the tropical forest around the site, a humus layer exists under areas with tree cover. However, as this is the spine of the island, there are few other depositional processes and it is more of an erosional environment. There is a natural terrace surrounding the exterior perk walls on the southern portion of the site; a terrace likely existed to the northwest but has eroded down the cliff face. An old colonial road (Figure 4.4) cuts through the terrace at the entrance to the southwestern wall and a small path cuts through along the southeastern wall. It is likely that the northeastern portion of the perk foundation was built up to the level of the terrace to provide an even building surface for the perk. The ground surface of the terrace on the northwestern side of the perk is about 1.5 m (5 ft) lower than the base of the perk walls. The edges of the terrace are shored up by a rock wall along the northeastern wall, but the terrace itself tapers off away from the perk. No obvious remains of a well were noted in the interior of the perk and my local guides were unaware of well locations in the vicinity. The altitude of this perk suggests a well would have to be quite deep to access ground water. A historic well (the Sumber Tua, lit. “old well”) is located around an hour’s walk from Ordatang and my local guides hypothesized that residents of Ordatang could have gotten water from there. However, this seems rather inconvenient as water is quite heavy and multiple trips would have been needed to provide water for drinking, cooking, and hygiene for multiple people at the perk, assuming not every person was willing or able to trek for 1-2 hours carrying water for personal use. During the colonial period when horses and carts were available, it’s likely that water could have been transported to the perk using horse, not human, power. However, the lack of fresh water and relatively remote location may have deterred permanent residence at this perk, at least at times during the colonial occupation. Local inhabitants have created garden plots in the vicinity of Ordatang but they use metal water storage drums to collect rainwater (Figure 4.5). Certainly metal or ceramic containers could have been used during the colonial period however, no one currently lives year-round at the location and only occasionally stay overnight during harvest season. Generally, people return to the village at 95 Figure 4.4 Colonial road outside Ordatang, natural terrace can be seen on either side of road. Figure 4.5 Rumah kebun outside Ordatang, note rain water storage drum. 96 the end of the day, after working their plot or stay for short periods in the rumah kebun. Ordatang, therefore, may not have had a permanent occupation during the colonial period, only seasonal. Hanna (1973:54) claims that Bandanese who escaped into the forested interior of Banda Besar to escape the Dutch during the 1621 conquest “died by the hundreds and thousands by exposure, starvation, and disease.” Ordatang location in the uplands may have made it an unattractive permanent residence for a variety of reasons. The small size of Banda Besar (~6 miles by 3 miles) suggests that it would be relatively easy for workers to return to their villages after the work day and permanent residence of a perkenier or overseer and workers wasn’t necessary for maintenance of the groves. Ordatang may have only seen occupation during harvest times, which usually occurred around three times a year (Hanna 1978). Nutmeg and kenari trees are the most notable vegetation in the area surrounding the perk. As noted above, many of the nutmeg trees are planted in regular rows and the area beneath is relatively clear of undergrowth. These stands are still being harvested by the inhabitants of Banda Besar and are likely regularly maintained to some degree (see Winn 2010). In addition to the nutmeg and kenari, local inhabitants have also cleared some of the surrounding forest for garden plots (kebun) and small structures (rumah kebun, lit. garden house) are associated with these plots (Figure 4.5, above). Within the perk itself, stands of banana and coconut palm, which are likely historic plantings, are growing and being still utilized by locals. Tropical ferns, vines, and plants are growing within the perk and over its remaining walls. Unlike the nutmeg forest, the perk itself is overrun with undergrowth (Figure 4.6). There is a straight line of gadihu plants (possibly Acalypha wilkesiana) growing in front of the back/ northern building. This may be the remains of a colonial delineation of space, as a similar line of plants can be seen in an historic photograph of Groot Waling (see Figure 3.12).Small lizards, invasive African snails, bats, and a stray dog were the only fauna seen at Ordatang. Many locals, however, warned me about the high number of snakes at Ordatang. No snakes or evidence of snakes were seen. A bat colony had taken up residence within the old nutmeg drying building. History A variant of the name Ordatang can be seen on Van Neck’s 1599 map, one of the first European maps of the Banda Islands (Lape 2000, Figure 4.7). Variants of the name seen on maps and in texts include: Orontatte, Ortattan, Orlatten, Ortatta, Ortetan, and Orangdatang (Lape 2000:84-117). My local guides referred to it as “Ordatang,” so I followed suit, but other variants of the name were in use during my visit. It should be noted that the pre-colonial village location on the antique maps and the location of the colonial perk do not correspond. All maps and historic records place the pre-colonial village of Ortattan on the shore and the perk location cannot be considered beach front property by any stretch of the imagination or cartographer’s parallax. An interior location for Ordatang can be found on Valentijn’s map of the Banda Islands 97 Figure 4.6 Overview of Ordatang, showing overgrowth. Wall of east building can be seen in left of photo, noted with arrow. Figure 4.7 Van Neck's 1599 map showing villages of "Ortattan" and "Comber,” both villages later gave their names to perken. 98 (above, Figure 4.3). Valentijn served in the Banda Islands in 1687-88 (Valentijn 2002); giving a terminus ante quem for the perk Ordatang (Orontatte) of 1687. Thus, Ordatang was built, at most, 65 years after Coen laid out the perken, but likely much earlier. While the perk itself was not detailed, the location was described by Albert Bickmore (1867-1868:328) who visited the islands in 1865: As we leisurely passed along the crest of Lonthor, with a thick foliage over our heads that effectively shut out the direct rays of the sun, we occasionally caught distant glimpses of the blue sea breaking into white, sparkling surf on the black rocks, far, far below us. Soon we came to the “Look-out,” known here, however, by the Malay name Orang Datang, ‘the People Come;”…From this point most of the Bandas can be distinctly seen in a single glance. Despite the somewhat unattractive location in terms of access to water and possibly food, the location may have been selected for its commanding vistas, as Bickmore notes. Banda Neira, including Neira town and both forts can easily be seen from Ordatang, as can Lonthor and most of the northern coast of Banda Besar. The southern side of the island is easily accessible from Ordatang and would have been even more accessible when the colonial road system (see Figure 4.2 for colonial road system) was being maintained. Lape (2000:99) also describes an informant’s explanation that “orang datang” (lit. “people arrive,” possibly “newcomer”) was the perk that trained newly arriving slaves or laborers during the colonial period. This may be a folk etymology developed after the pre-colonial village was forgotten. The exact relationship between the perk in the interior and the village on the beach cannot be determined with the data at hand, but the perk was likely associated with the pre-colonial village in some manner. Local informants give the date of abandonment as sometime around 1950-1970, which fits with the general abandonment of perken after WWII and the exodus of the loyalist Dutch populations. However, the nutmeg drying building still had a roof and was occupied by a large colony of bats during the 2010 field visit. In 2011, a mature kenari tree had fallen through part of the roof and bat colony was quite a bit smaller. It is possible that the corrugated iron roof of the nutmeg drying building was being maintained after abandonment. It is unlikely that the roof would have lasted 30-60 years in this environment without maintenance; this maintenance may have ceased in recent years as is evidenced by the destroyed roof and resident bat colony. The bat guano is damaging what is left of the interior structure of the nutmeg drying building and the combination of the bat colony and forest encroachment is destroying the remaining structural integrity. The remains of a wide colonial-era road leading to the west entrance and around the south of the perk is still visible. Portions of this road are still obvious as part of the path on the way up to the perk, while other portions can be seen from the modern path, but have been overgrown or abandoned to tree fall. It is interesting that the inhabitants would chose to neglect the road, but perhaps there is no reason to maintain it as horse and carts are no longer in use 99 and only pedestrians travel to the perk and its surroundings today. There is no longer a need to transport large amounts of product to and from the perk so the road is maintained only as a foot path. Excavation Auger Probes A total of 103 auger probes (Table 4.2, Figure 4.8) were excavated at Ordatang, ranging in depth from 20-140 cm. Earthenware dominated the auger probe artifact assemblage with 769 sherds. The shell in these auger probes was generally from the Giant African Land Snail (Achatina fulica), which was introduced to the islands sometime in the early twentieth century (Mead 1961:9-10). European goods were few in number with only one pipe stem and two Netherlands East Indies coins (1859 and 1920). Fish vertebrae were common in the faunal assemblage. Of the 103 auger probes, 14 contained no cultural material; half of these negative probes were among the 16 probes surrounding the elite residence (probes #50-65). This structure was assumed to be the elite residence based on similarity in architecture to extant colonial architecture in Banda Neira and historical descriptions of the perken layout (e.g., Bickmore 1867- 1868). The probes containing cultural material surrounding the elite residence yielded 5 or fewer earthenware sherds. The lack of artifacts surrounding the elite residence suggests that this area was kept particularly clear of debris or was not used as much as the surrounding areas. Three of the four auger probes located at the northeast corner of the exterior wall also did not contain any cultural material, but generally speaking the negative auger probes were rare throughout the site. For the most part, more earthenware sherds were found in auger probes in front of the non-elite structures than the probes surrounding the elite residence. The elite residence was identified by local informants and architectural style which matched that of other colonial-era residences still extant in Banda Neira Unit 1 Ordatang Unit 1 was located near auger probe #78, which yielded 24 sherds of earthenware. This unit was in front of the Northeast structure, which may have been a workers’ habitation area and/or storage building. Auger probes in front of the northeast structure did yield many earthenware sherds, in general. Unit 1 was initially started as a 2 m x 2 m unit, however, this proved problematic both in terms of time investment and artifact productivity. Hundreds of earthenware sherds were coming from each level and I was concerned about how to transfer all of my excavated material if all units proved to be this productive. Thus, Ordatang Unit 1 was reduced to a 1 m x 1 m unit at 50 cm. To maintain consistency, only the NE quarter was excavated to 100 cm and only these artifacts were transported to the US for analysis. 100 Table 4.2 Ordatang auger probe results (EW= Earthenware sherds, TW= Tradeware sherds, remaining categories is number of fragments). Probe # max depth (cm) # EW # TW # Shell # Bone # Glass # Metal Total Notes 1 40 3 1 2 6 Both pieces of glass modern, fish vertebrae, 1 roof tile may show signs of burning, piece aluminum foil (modern) 2 35 2 1 1 3 7 Undecorated porcelain, probably modern. Dark green glass, probably base. 3 20 1 2 3 Ceramic sherd is half of a flat disc with two incised lines; 2 pieces of glass, one green and patinated, the other clear and recent. 4 90 4 1 5 Metal is one nail, machine cut. 5 30 2 4 6 6 70 6 1 16 2 3 16 44 One large snail shell, mostly whole; 1 piece aqua glass (pre- WWII), 1 piece brown body glass, 1 piece clear glass with patination; bones are not fish, one mammal metacarpal/ tarsal. 7 25 3 2 1 6 Not fish bone, possibly chicken? Modern glass. 8 110 17 2 32 7 58 3 fish vertebrae. 9 75 6 1 1 2 10 Fish bone, rib. 10 100 8 2 11 4 3 28 11 40 17 46 17 3 83 Fish bone and metatarsal/ carpal; some shell is bivalve. 12 40 3 1 1 5 Glass fragment is rim sherd, possibly 101 Probe # max depth (cm) # EW # TW # Shell # Bone # Glass # Metal Total Notes from a glass. 13 60 6 6 14 40 2 1 1 1 5 1 piece slag, fish mandible. 15 35 11 28 1 1 1 42 2 pieces majolica, glass is patinated. 16 40 21 1 22 17 30 1 1 2 1 square head nail. 18 25 8 1 9 19 20 2 1 1 4 20 30 5 5 10 3 pieces brown glass, 1 piece green glass very patinated. 21 75 23 2 55 28 6 114 22 80 7 6 13 23 70 29 4 11 7 8 59 5 pieces of mortar. 24 30 13 34 8 55 25 100 3 1 4 26 80 4 1 1 6 27 140 9 54 3 1 67 3 pieces modern trash; 2 pieces of mortar. 28 60 0 29 90 10 10 30 90 1 2 3 31 60 1 1 2 32 70 3 12 2 17 33 40 5 5 11 7 4 2 34 34 80 2 1 3 35 90 1 3 4 36 70 2 1 7 1 11 37 70 7 44 24 1 4 15 95 Tradeware possibly a whole vessel? 38 50 0 39 80 1 1 40 65 1 1 5 100 3 110 Unit 3 placed in this location due to high number of faunal remains. 41 30 0 102 Probe # max depth (cm) # EW # TW # Shell # Bone # Glass # Metal Total Notes 42 30 0 43 40 3 1 14 2 4 24 44 60 1 1 45 30 1 1 2 46 50 2 1 3 47 60 2 1 1 4 48 55 17 3 20 49 70 6 4 2 12 50 60 2 1 51 70 4 1 5 52 40 0 53 40 0 54 60 0 55 30 0 56 120 1 3 4 57 25 5 2 7 58 65 1 1 59 30 0 60 30 1 1 61 45 0 1 floor tile. 62 60 0 1 floor tile, modern trash. 63 50 2 2 64 100 5 5 1 piece of mortar. 65 70 4 1 5 66 70 2 1 1 4 8 67 40 6 3 15 2 2 28 1859 NEI coin, metal hinge. 68 90 1 1 69 80 1 1 2 70 45 6 2 2 10 2 pieces of mortar. 71 50 0 72 105 1 6 1 8 73 45 3 2 13 1 1 3 23 1 floor tile. 74 55 1 1 1 floor tile. 75 50 0 76 70 7 7 77 60 19 1 20 78 70 24 1 25 Unit 1 placed here 103 Probe # max depth (cm) # EW # TW # Shell # Bone # Glass # Metal Total Notes due to high number of earthenware sherds in this area. 1 floor tile. 79 75 25 1 4 30 80 70 52 3 55 81 25 15 2 3 20 82 60 6 1 5 12 83 42 29 1 24 1 55 2 pieces of mortar. 84 60 34 4 20 2 1 61 2 pieces of mortar. 85 50 10 4 14 1 piece of mortar. 86 120 11 3 1 15 1920 NEI coin. 87 125 35 5 7 2 49 2 pieces of floor tile. 88 95 6 1 3 1 11 89 90 11 1 2 14 90 95 17 1 7 25 91 65 62 2 64 92 45 10 2 12 Modern trash, 1 piece of floor tile. 93 90 0 94 60 15 5 3 23 95 65 3 1 7 1 12 2 pieces of floor tile. 96 30 9 12 3 24 97 85 6 1 7 1 piece of floor tile. 98 45 3 1 1 5 Kaolin pipe stem. 99 40 5 1 6 Metal pipe fragment. 100 70 4 1 1 6 101 55 33 2 2 4 7 48 Unit 2 placed here due to high number of earthenware. 102 55 12 2 1 15 103 30 14 2 1 1 18 Glass very thin and flat. Total 769 103 570 237 76 46 104 Figure 4.8 Ordatang site map. 105 The remaining artifacts are curated in Balai Arkeologi Ambon. Unit 1 produced copious amounts of earthenware (Table 4.3,Figure 4.9) and may have some wall collapse or construction debris at 20-50 cm; there is also a soil change from dark brown silty sand to reddish brown silty sand around 50 cm (Table 4.4). At the Groot Waling perk, there is an obvious porch built in front of the analogous building. No porch remains in front of this structure were noted in the field, but it is possible that the soil change and cobbles at 20-50 cm are the remains of the porch foundations. The debris may also be a result of a repair episode. No porcelain or tradeware is found below 50 cm although earthenware is still present. Earthenware below 50 cm likely represents pre-colonial debris. However, as discussed in Chapter 5, thermoluminesce dates on the earthenware sherds recovered from this unit at 0-10 cm and 90-100 cm both date to the Neolithic period, suggesting a mixed deposit. The natural terrace steeply slopes away beyond the Northeast wall and the prolific amount of earthenware is may be fill used in the construction of the perk to create a level surface. Table 4.3 Ordatang Unit 1 Artifact Summary Level Earthenware Tradeware Bone Glass Metal Surface 6 1 0-10 cm 154 8 10 6 4 10-20 cm 372 9 3 6 2 20-30 cm 613 1 2 30-40 cm 219 1 1 40-50 cm 413 1 50-60 cm 180 60-70 cm 380 70-80 cm 139 80-90 cm 57 90-100 cm 49 Figure 4.9 Ordatang Unit 1 artifact distribution. 75% 80% 85% 90% 95% 100% 90-100 cm 80-90 cm 70-80 cm 60-70 cm 50-60 cm 40-50 cm 30-40 cm 20-30 cm 10-20 cm 0-10 cm surface Ordatang Unit 1 Earthenware Tradeware Bone Glass Metal 106 Table 4.4 Ordatang Unit 1 stratigraphic summary. Level Sediment Comments 0-10 cm Dark brown silty sand 10YR 2/1 Lots of roots, some small cobbles, ants nest in SE corner. 10-20 cm Dark brown silty sand 10YR 2/1 Many cobbles, may be wall fall. 20-30 cm Dark brown silty sand 10YR 2/1 More small cobbles, 8 gallon-sized bags of earthenware. 30-40 cm Dark brown silty sand 10YR 2/1 Small yellow mottles in sediments- earthworms, increase in gravels, cobbles still present 40-50 cm Gravels mixed with dark brown silty sand 5YR 2/1 Lots of earthenware, some cobbles, yellow mottling, dark staining in north wall but not charcoal 50-60 cm Dark reddish brown silty sand 7.5YR 3/4 Lots of earthenware, little else, yellow mottling, dark staining in north wall but no charcoal. 60-70 cm Dark reddish brown silty sand 7.5YR 3/4 Lots of earthenware, some cobbles, 70-80 cm Dark reddish brown silty sand 7.5YR 3/4 Decrease in earthenware 80-90 cm Dark reddish brown silty sand 7.5YR 3/4 More compact than previous 90-100 cm Dark reddish brown silty sand 7.5YR 3/4 Very few cobbles or gravels 107 Figure 4.10 Ordatang Unit 1 north wall profile. Unit 2 Unit 2 (Figure 4.11, Table 4.1) was located near probe # 101, which yielded 33 earthenware sherds, 2 pieces of porcelain, 4 pieces of bone, and 7 sherds of glass. I was hoping the mix of artifacts indicated an activity area. This unit was located ~10 m from the northeast corner of the nutmeg drying building and ~ 15 m from the edge of the northeastern building. There is a similar soil change from dark brown silty sand to a reddish brown silty sand in Unit 2 around 50 cm (Table 4.6, Figure 4.11), as seen in Unit 1. Some yellow mottling was noticed in Unit 2, but this can be attributed to bioturbation related to the ant’s nest located in the unit. The ant’s nest was not obvious on the surface. The soil change occurs at a shallower depth as compared to Unit 1 and there is no debris or wall collapse. Similar to Unit 1, the amount of porcelain/ tradeware decreases with depth and disappears after the soil change. Similar to Unit 1, earthenware predominates in this unit. 108 Table 4.5 Ordatang Unit 2 artifact summary. Level Ceramics Porcelain Bone Glass Metal Surface 14 1 1 0-10 cm 196 19 2 33 1 10-20 cm 99 18 1 12 20-30 cm 244 6 2 4 1 30-40 cm 189 1 40-50 cm 170 1 50-60 cm 119 60-70 cm 52 70-80 cm 17 80-90 cm 4 90-100 cm 3 Figure 4.11 Ordatang Unit 2 artifact distribution. 3 4 17 52 119 170 189 244 99 196 14 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 90-100 cm 80-90 cm 70-80 cm 60-70 cm 50-60 cm 40-50 cm 30-40 cm 20-30 cm 10-20 cm 0-10 cm surface Ordatang Unit 2 Earthenware Tradeware Bone Glass Metal 109 Table 4.6 Ordatang Unit 2 sediments summary. Level Sediments Comments 0-10 cm Dark brown silty sand 10YR 2/1 Unit placed in ant nest 10-20 cm Dark brown silty sand 10YR 2/1 Lots of ants, a few cobbles 20-30 cm Dark brown silty sand 10YR 2/1 Ants still present 30-40 cm Dark reddish brown silty sand with yellow gravels 5YR 3/2 Decrease in earthenware, no porcelain. 40-50 cm Dark reddish brown silty sand with yellow gravels 5YR 3/2 Artifacts mostly earthenware. 50-60 cm Dark reddish brown silty sand with yellow gravels 5YR 3/2 No more trade-associated artifacts (glass, tradeware),few small cobbles 60-70 cm Dark reddish brown silty sand with yellow gravels 5YR 3/2 Few artifacts, very moist sediments. 70-80 cm Dark reddish brown silty sand 5YR 3/2 Very moist sediments, some gravels 80-90 cm Dark reddish brown silty sand 5YR 3/2 Very few artifacts 90-100 cm Dark reddish brown silty sand 5YR 3/2 Lots of gravels, very moist 110 Figure 4.12 Ordatang Unit 2, north wall profile. Unit 3 Unit 3 (Figure 4.13,Table 4.7) was located near auger probes # 66, which produced bone, and # 67, which yielded an 1859 Netherlands East Indies coin. The combination of bone and a colonial era coin led to the expectation of a possible colonial food prep area. However, upon the initiation of excavation, a fishing net (possibly used to catch the bats roosting in the nutmeg drying building) and modern plastic debris were recovered in the duff layer. The amount of modern trash in the same area suggests the bone was the result of recent use. Coral bits were found throughout this unit, likely the result of the collapse of the structure walls as coral was a common construction material in the colonial period (it is still obvious in the extant walls). This unit was located near a section of perk walls that were a bit more ruined than surrounding walls with a section that looked like it had been purposely knocked down to create a path through the perk walls. The walls were made of coral rocks mortared together; this likely explains the coral found in the unit which is far from the beach. Earthenware was scarce in this unit compared to the other units at this site. Soil changed from dark brown silty sand to dark reddish brown silty sand around 25 cm (Table 3.8, Figure 3.12). Discontinuous decomposing bedrock was encountered around 40 cm; the unit was terminated at 50 cm due to bedrock. 111 Table 4.7 Ordatang Unit 3 artifact summary. Level Earthenware Tradeware Bone Glass Metal 0-10 cm 27 4 3 2 2 10-20 cm 57 23 89 50 34 20-30 cm 11 7 10 32 2 30-40 cm 8 1 77 4 40-50 cm 1 1 2 Figure 4.13 Ordatang Unit 3 artifact summary. Table 4.8 Ordatang Unit 3 sediments summary. Level Sediments Comments 0-10 cm Dark brown silty sand 10YR 2/1 Lots of shell, gravel, rocks, coral, modern trash. Ants’ nest. Coral is likely building material from collapsed walls. 10-20 cm Dark brown silty sand 10YR 2/1 More bone than previous units. A bullet. Giant root ball in southern part of unit. Still lots of coral. Ants nest. 20-30 cm Dark reddish brown silty sand 2.5 YR 3/2, at ~25 cm Increase in gravels, decrease in artifacts. Some small cobbles. Coral chunks. 30-40 cm Dark reddish brown silty sand 2.5 YR 3/2 Increase in gravels, a lot of coral, still producing bone. 40-50 cm Dark reddish brown silty sand 2.5 YR 3/2 Decomposing bedrock, unit terminated. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 40-50 cm 30-40 cm 20-30 cm 10-20 cm 0-10 cm Ordatang Unit 3 Earthenware Tradeware Bone Glass Metal 112 Figure 4.14 Ordatang Unit 3, north wall profile. Conclusions The sediments at Ordatang were relatively homogenous with dark brown silty sand transitioning to reddish brown silty sand around 50 cm. In addition to the soil change, artifact numbers decreased and all non-earthenware artifacts disappeared after 50 cm. The soil change is likely a natural result of the tropical forest environment. As Monk et al. (1997:109) note, “In continually moist conditions, heavy rainfall causes leaching of the basic cations (minerals and salts) from the soils so that these cations are replaced by hydrogen and aluminum ions, producing acidic soils.” The lack of organic material such as bone and shell past 50 cm may be a result of destruction due to acidic sediments common to tropical forests, however tradeware is also not found past 50 cm and this material would not be affected by the acidity of the sediments. The amount of earthenware found at Ordatang is not duplicated at either of the other excavated perken, which suggests a different formation process for the deposition of the earthenware compared to the other two sites. The natural terrace and uneven bedrock may have necessitated the use of fill material to even out the terrace to create the foundation of the plantation compound. The below-50 cm earthenware sherds, then, are likely fill from a pre-colonial midden somewhere on the islands but not necessarily associated with any pre-colonial occupation of the area immediately around the perk. There is no historic mention of a pre-colonial village in the interior of the island and Hanna (1978:26) notes that when people did attempt to escape the Dutch conquest on Banda Besar by living in the interior forest, they often starved. The fictionalized Mirah of Banda notes a similar inability to thrive in the interior of Banda Besar during the Japanese occupation of WWII. However, Neolithic sites in Island Southeast Asia have been found in easily-defensible upland locations, so it is possible that the fill was taken from a location near the perk. Thermoluminescence dates (discussed in Chapter 5) on earthenware from Unit 1 fall around 3500 BP, this suggests that the fill used was taken from older deposits as opposed to creating 113 fill from contemporary deposits during the building of the perk. Despite the fact the earthenware is probably not directly associated with the pre-colonial occupation in the plantation area, the precolonial ceramics can provide information on changes associated with the transition to colonial rule. Groot Waling Environmental Setting Groot Waling is located on the northern and interior side of Banda Besar, on a beach facing Banda Neira. Sediments consisted of beach sands to the maximum depth of excavation at 140 cm and the area surrounding the perk is relatively flat, suggesting a beach environment throughout occupation. A modern road passes behind the perk and the spine of the island begins to rise approximately 100 m beyond the perk. Unlike Ordatang, two wells were obvious at Groot Waling. While still inhabited, Groot Waling is rather overgrown with native vegetation (Figure 4.15); an historic photograph of the site shows significantly less vegetation within the perk (Figure 4.16). The current inhabitant does maintain some fruit trees and ornamentals within the perk compound, in addition to an area devoted to a nutmeg seedling nursery. Neighboring villagers have placed gardens on the northeastern side of the exterior perk wall. A few stray cats, a dog, and some small lizards were the only animals noted within Groot Waling. The proximity to the beach suggests fish remains should be prevalent at this site. History There is no historically known village at the location of Groot Waling (Lape 2000), but a thriving village currently exists surrounding the perk. The village was probably associated with the neighboring perken of Groot Waling and Klein Waling (Great and Small Waling), both owned by the van den Broecke family. The current inhabitant of Groot Waling, Pongky van den Broecke, is a direct descendant of one of the original perkeniers, Pieter van den Broecke (Figure 4.17). Pak Pongky informed me that Groot Waling was built in 1728, approximately 100 years after the Dutch conquest of the islands, but it is shown on Valentijn’s 1687-88 map (Figure 4.3), suggesting an earlier construction. Due to the volcanic origin of the interior islands, tectonic destruction is not uncommon, and the 1728 construction date could have been rebuilding after a natural disaster. However, no historically recorded natural disaster corresponds to c. 1728 (Hanna 1978, Wichman 1918). It is possible that the perk lands were delineated but the plantation compound had not been erected during Valentijn’s residence, but structures can be seen on Valentijn’s map which suggests that something existed in that location in 1687. The 1728 date from van den Broeke family lore might reflect a rebuilding of original structures, unrelated to a recorded natural disaster, or it may be the result of a misunderstanding or mistranslation, either on my part or sometime during the transmission of oral history. However, a photo of Klein Waling, another one of the van den Broeke 114 Figure 4.15 Groot Waling, overview of courtyard from back entrance to perk, looking at back porch of main house. Figure 4.16 Historic photo of Groot Waling, main house is to the right, nutmeg drying building is in background. Photograph was probably taken in southern corner of the perk, looking north. 115 Figure 4.17 Pieter van den Broecke, painted by Frans Hals. family’s perken shows the erection date of a gate to be 1769 (Figure 3.25). So is possible that the 18th century saw some construction/ reconstruction of the van den Broeke family perken. An original construction date in the early 17th century is more likely than one in the 18th century, based on the Valentijn map. According to Pak Pongky, he is the 13th generation of van den Broeckes to reside in the Banda Islands. Previous generations controlled multiple perken on both Banda Besar and Pulau Ay, but the nationalization of the perken after independence removed the family’s claim to all but the Groot Waling plantation compound. Despite nationalization, Pongky’s father Wim was able to renew his family’s perk operations in 1980 (De Jong 2011). Following in his ancestors’ footprints, Pongky still uses the nutmeg drying building to smoke the nutmegs in addition to making nutmeg oil. He also maintains a nursery of nutmeg seedlings to ensure replacement of dead and dying trees and exports some seedlings to Japan and other Asian nations (Pongky van den Broecke 2010, personal communication). A modern house has 116 been built using portions of the old perk wall, but the perk structures (except the drying building) have been abandoned. Pak Pongky also maintains a residence in Banda Neira, dividing his time between the two residences. Pongky has a son from a previous marriage who attends school in Banda Neira, which partly explains his dual residences, but historic records (e.g., Hanna 1973) do note that perkeniers often lived in Banda Neira. It is possible, then, that Pongky maintains a traditional dual residence pattern. Boats move between the two islands regularly throughout the day and it takes less than 15 minutes to make the trip with modern motorboats. Even without modern gas-powered engines transport between the two islands would have been quite easy and Groot Waling has an excellent boat landing area, especially at low tide. Excavation Auger Probes Groot Waling, while somewhat overgrown and in partial ruin, is in the best shape of all the perken I visited. The courtyard and immediate exterior of the perk walls were relatively easy to access resulting in 127 auger probes (Table 4.9, Figure 4.18). A larger number of auger probes were placed in the courtyard of Groot Waling than the other two perken mainly due to ease of access. Auger probes were placed 8 m from the back wall of Groot Waling because an asphalt road had been built immediately behind the wall, impeding any digging at the 3-5 m distance used at Ordatang. A cemetery with relatives of the current inhabitant was located at the southeastern corner of the auger probes; no probes were located here out of respect for the family. Most auger probes were excavated to 140 cm, the maximum extent of the auger; the sediment was beach sand throughout and there were few obstacles to create early termination. There was a paucity of European-style artifacts, for instance only two kaolin clay pipe stem fragments and one bowl fragment. A Netherlands East Indies coin was found on the beach in front of the modern house, but beyond the line of auger probes. NEI coins are commonly found on the islands today and its presence on the beach is unsurprising. Earthenware predominated in the artifact assemblage. Unlike Ordatang, only two auger probes (#14 and # 76) were completely negative; both were located at the corner of a building. Whereas the auger probes surrounding the elite residence (assumed elite due historic descriptions) at Ordatang yielded few, if any earthenware ceramics, the elite residence at Groot Waling (as identified by Pak Ponky) produced earthenware and other artifacts in similar densities to the remainder of the probes. Similar to Ordatang, earthenware dominated the auger probe assemblage. 117 Table 4.9 Groot Waling auger probe results. (EW= Earthenware sherds, TW= Tradeware sherds, remaining categories is number of fragments). Probe # max depth (cm) # EW # TW # Shell # Bone # Glass # Metal Total Notes 1 140 7 47 1 55 2 140 4 40 2 46 3 110 2 1 52 3 58 4 140 13 42 1 56 Tooth, possibly goat. 5 140 13 3 20 36 6 140 11 29 1 41 7 140 10 26 36 8 140 4 24 1 29 Canine tooth (element, not species). 9 60 1 11 1 4 17 10 140 4 1 20 5 1 1 32 11 35 2 2 1 1 3 1 10 12 45 1 14 1 1 17 13 140 10 2 40 2 54 14 25 0 15 140 3 2 25 3 2 35 16 140 8 62 1 71 17 140 9 1 72 82 18 140 15 2 53 3 2 3 78 19 140 8 1 58 67 20 140 9 27 36 21 140 7 17 24 22 120 8 3 13 2 26 23 140 14 9 23 24 140 11 10 5 26 25 140 5 1 6 26 140 2 1 12 1 16 27 135 2 2 28 140 4 2 1 1 8 1 floor tile fragment. 29 90 9 3 3 1 1 17 30 30 1 1 1 3 1 pipe stem fragment. 31 140 16 1 10 1 7 1 36 32 35 1 1 2 33 140 9 18 50 77 1 fish vertebra, lots of mammal long bone fragments. 34 140 12 1 47 60 35 140 4 83 87 36 140 18 87 2 1 108 37 140 10 45 55 38 140 14 1 39 54 39 135 10 1 59 5 75 1 pipe stem fragment. 40 140 31 22 3 56 41 140 7 25 32 118 Probe # max depth (cm) # EW # TW # Shell # Bone # Glass # Metal Total Notes 42 140 12 59 1 72 Tooth- unidentified. 43 135 12 1 18 31 44 140 9 43 52 45 140 10 59 69 46 140 10 66 2 78 47 140 5 2 24 31 48 30 11 4 15 49 140 5 1 5 11 50 60 3 1 2 6 Unit 2 placed here. Pipe bowl fragment, glass shards (very patinated), large bivalve fragment. 51 140 24 1 18 4 47 52 140 15 2 1 18 53 70 17 2 19 54 50 1 1 55 140 7 7 2 16 56 140 4 1 21 2 28 57 60 9 2 5 4 20 1 floor tile fragment. 58 140 4 1 9 4 14 32 Modern trash (not collected). 59 140 5 6 3 14 1 clay ball. 60 140 10 1 22 33 61 140 6 5 2 lots 13 2 nails, various pieces of metal. 62 140 6 2 4 2 lots 14 Glass bottle base, various flat pieces of metal. 63 140 7 1 2 lots 10 Various pieces metal, church key (can opener). 64 140 2 6 lots 8 Various pieces of metal, possible button. 65 140 14 30 1 45 66 140 3 8 1 12 67 140 3 17 20 68 35 1 1 69 140 7 13 20 70 140 6 33 2 1 42 Bottle base. 71 140 13 33 1 2 49 Unit 1 placed here. 72 140 18 55 2 75 73 140 5 41 1 47 74 50 2 1 3 75 140 15 1 48 64 76 140 0 77 140 5 24 29 119 Probe # max depth (cm) # EW # TW # Shell # Bone # Glass # Metal Total Notes 78 140 6 22 28 79 140 6 39 1 46 80 140 11 1 21 1 1 35 1 floor tile fragment. 81 140 13 6 1 20 1 floor tile fragment. 82 140 19 12 2 33 83 30 2 1 1 4 84 140 7 45 52 85 140 44 2 17 1 64 Unit 2 place here. 86 140 12 1 9 1 23 87 140 9 30 39 88 140 17 31 30 5 2 85 89 140 5 31 2 38 90 140 13 3 33 1 50 91 140 3 19 22 92 140 6 23 1 2 32 93 140 22 1 31 54 94 140 6 2 27 1 36 95 140 15 1 55 1 72 96 55 7 3 6 2 18 97 20 13 1 2 3 19 1 pipe stem fragment. 98 50 12 1 2 15 1 glass marble 99 140 15 14 29 100 140 8 12 20 101 140 5 1 21 27 102 140 4 40 1 1 46 1 metal nail. 103 140 7 7 104 140 9 20 29 105 50 2 5 1 8 106 140 6 28 1 35 107 140 11 48 2 1 3 65 1 floor tile fragment. 108 140 10 27 1 3 38 109 140 5 1 10 42 2 2 62 1 floor tile, 1 piece carbon, 1 battery core (?). Unit 4 placed here. 110 140 5 1 1 1 8 111 140 6 2 24 32 112 140 11 2 3 1 17 113 35 4 1 5 114 140 19 1 16 6 42 5 fish bone, 1 long bone fragment, possibly chicken. 115 140 22 1 59 3 85 Lots of shell fragments. 116 140 9 1 33 1 44 117 140 16 1 23 3 43 fish bone 118 140 15 1 31 12 1 1 61 120 Probe # max depth (cm) # EW # TW # Shell # Bone # Glass # Metal Total Notes 119 140 11 8 6 25 1 pestle 120 140 5 5 121 140 17 29 46 122 140 6 1 5 1 1 14 123 140 8 28 36 124 140 10 5 3 18 125 140 6 55 4 3 68 126 30 3 1 6 9 1 floor tile 127 140 8 15 1 24 Total: 1120 102 2875 200 88 42 4427 121 Figure 4.18 Groot Waling site map. 122 Unit 1 and 1.5 Unit 1 (Table 4.10, Figure 4.19 ) was placed near auger probe #71, which yielded a pestle fragment and some earthenware. Pak Pongky noted that this area was near the kitchen in his childhood house. I placed the unit here in hopes of finding dietary remains. This unit was also close to the base of a large tree, which may have mixed some sediments and artifacts. However, I thought that the location near the kitchen and positive auger probe results outweighed the risk of bioturbation. A silty sandy organic layer existed until about 35 cm where it transitioned to beach sand (Figure 4.19,Figure 4.20 Table 4.11). Water-worn artifacts began to appear around 60 cm and the percent of water-worn ceramics increases with depth (Figure 4.21). A large concentration of rocks in the southwest corner of the unit starting at 50 cm to 100 cm led me to extend the unit 50 cm to the south to determine if there was a pattern, creating Unit 1.5 (a 1 m x 0.5 m unit) (see Appendix A for excavation photos). Large rocks and boulders continued to be found throughout Unit 1.5, with a giant clam shell (Tridacna spp.) at 60-70 cm (Figure 4.22). There was a similar arrangement of large rocks/ boulders at the bottom of Unit 4. These boulders and large cobbles are somewhat mysterious. They may represent the remains of a volcanic eruption on a previous land surface, as similar boulders can be seen in the surrounding seabed and historic records of volcanic eruptions describe boulders raining down (Hanna 1978:84). A brick was found at 90-100 cm, indicating European contact (Figure 4.23). The European brick amongst the boulders is somewhat disconcerting. The sediment was homogeneous beach sands with decreasing amounts of artifacts and those that exist were often water worn. There was no indication of separate deposition events which could shed light on the combination of boulders and the brick. However, there were two sets of artifacts that refit between Unit 1 and Unit 1.5: a heat treated goat scapula whose pieces were from Unit 1.5 at 10-20 cm and Unit 1 at 80-90 cm and earthenware sherds from Unit 1 at 40-50 cm and Unit 1.5 at 70-80 cm. The tree roots may have contributed to mixing of the smaller artifacts (Schiffer 1987:210-212), but would be unlikely to affect the larger brick. The mixing could also be attributed to the modern practice of digging holes for trash disposal, except that no modern trash debris was noted in the deposit. The decreasing number of artifacts with depth and the increasing number of water-worn earthenware sherds with depth suggests that the deposit is somewhat intact, but not completely. The most parsimonious explanation, then, is that both units are a mixed deposit for their entire depth and, based on the existence of the brick at the bottom of the unit, the deposit dates to the colonial period. 123 Table 4.10 Groot Waling, Unit 1 and 1.5 artifact summary (Unit 1.5 in parentheses). Level Ceramics Porcelain Bone Glass Metal 0-10 cm 60 (18) 8 (1) 5 (2) 2 (0) 3 (0) 10-20 cm 81 (10) 5(3) 7(2) 3 (2) 0 (1) 20-30 cm 69 (34) 3 (2) 7 (7) 1 (0) 2 (3) 30-40 cm 44 (28) 2 (2) 3 (14) 2 (1) 40-50 cm 43 (16) 0(0) 8 (0) 1 (0) 50-60 cm 31 (13) 3 (0) 8 (0) 60-70 cm 24 (19) 1 (0) 10 (0) 3 (0) 70-80 cm 25 (6) 0 (1) 10 (3) 80-90 cm 26 (9) 0 (1) 6 (6) 90-100 cm 15 (0) 0 (0) 3 (2) 100-150 cm (auger probe) 1 0 0 Figure 4.19 Groot Waling Unit 1 and 1.5 artifact summary. 29 24 31 34 42 57 70 101 89 76 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 90-100 cm 80-90 cm 70-80 cm 60-70 cm 50-60 cm 40-50 cm 30-40 cm 20-30 cm 10-20 cm 0-10 cm Groot Waling Unit 1, 1.5 Earthenware Tradeware Bone Glass Metal 124 Table 4.11 Groot Waling, Unit 1 and 1.5, sediments summary. Level Sediments Comments 0-10 cm Dark brown silty sand, 10 YR 2/1 Large roots 10-20 cm Dark brown silty sand, 10 YR 2/1 Large root, large rocks 20-30 cm Dark brown silty sand, but increasing sand content 10 YR 2/1 Large root, large rocks in north wall. Diffuse transition from humus to sand. (Yellowish brown silty sand pocket in Unit 1.5) 30-40 cm Dark brown silty sand, but increasing sand content 10 YR 2/1 Large rock in north wall 40-50 cm Dark brown sand, 10 YR 2/1 Large rocks in north wall 50-60 cm Dark brown sand, 10 YR 2/1 Pile of rocks in SW corner 60-70 cm Dark brown sand, 10 YR 2/1 Some ceramics are waterworn, others are not. Rocks still in SW corner. 70-80 cm Dark brown sand, increase in gravels (~25%) 10 YR 2/1 Rocks still in SW corner 80-90 cm Dark brown sand 10 YR 2/1 Artifacts water worn. Concentration of rocks still in SW corner. 90-100 cm Dark brown sand 10 YR 2/1 Concentration of rocks still in SW corner. 100-150 cm (auger probe) Dark brown sand 10 YR 2/1 Water table not reached, but sediments saturated and hole continually collapsed. 1 water-worn earthenware sherd. Figure 4.20 Groot Waling Unit 1 and 1.5, east wall profile (north is to the right), at 100 cm. 125 Figure 4.21 Groot Waling Unit 1 North Wall Profile. Figure 4.22 GW Unit 1, 1.5 Water-worn Earthenware. 4 5 10 14 35 45 66 96 87 70 25 30 21 20 7 12 4 5 2 6 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 90-100 cm 80-90 cm 70-80 cm 60-70 cm 50-60 cm 40-50 cm 30-40 cm 20-30 cm 10-20 cm 0-10 cm Groot Waling Unit 1, 1.5 Water-worn Earthenware not water-worn water worn 126 Figure 4.23 Groot Walling, Unit 1.5 at 60-70 cm, Giant clam shell and rock. Figure 4.24 Brick from Groot Walling Unit 1.5. 127 Figure 4.25. Groot Walling, Unit 1 and 1.5, rock feature at 100 cm. North is right side of photograph. Unit 2 Unit 2 (Table 4.12, Figure 4.26) was located between the northeastern and southwestern structures and a few meters south of the old well. If these structures were workers’ housing, this unit would have been located in an area of the perk that may have afforded some privacy due to the intersection of the two buildings and location behind the well. Two whole glass liquor bottles (Figure 4.27) were found at 10-40 cm, but these may have been associated with the current owner’s father, according to local informants. One bottle was a J.H.Henkes gin bottle, stylistically dated to 1880-1930; this is a bit early for the current owner’s father (who would have been about 10 years old in 1930), but could represent his grandfather’s consumption. Alternatively, the bottle could have been re-used to house the local arak wine and the bottle could then date to a later time period. The other bottle was an unmarked green glass wine-style bottle with few datable stylistic attributes. No artifacts were found in this area to suggest workers were engaged in surreptitious resistance to the dominant powers, as has been seem in similar hidden areas in New World plantations (Singleton 1996). It is possible that the alcohol bottles were used by workers, but the lack of other items of resistance, the shallow depth, and the local lore associated with Pak Pongky’s father, do support the local informants’ interpretation. In general, artifacts decrease with depth to 50-60 cm (Table 4.12) and then increase at 90-100 cm; a similar pattern is seen in Units 3 and 4 at Groot Waling. Level 50-60 cm was sterile and may represent a transition from the pre- colonial period to the colonial era. Earthenware sherds found at 60-70 cm and deeper do exhibit water- rounding (Figure 4.28), suggesting these depths were pre-colonial beaches. Due to the water-wear, the 128 sherds were probably not related to a pre-colonial village habitation at this location but were being washed to the location from other villages along the coast of Banda Besar. Sediments were homogenous beach sand throughout (Table 4.13, Figure 4.29). Table 4.12 Groot Waling Unit 2 artifact summary. Level Earthenware Tradeware Bone Glass Metal 0-10 cm 196 16 4 42 4 10-20 cm 237 24 23 24 11 20-30 cm 121 2 - - 47 30-40 cm 4 1 - - 3 40-50 cm 4 - - - - 50-60 cm - - - - - 60-70 cm 4 - 1 - - 70-80 cm 6 - 2 - - 80-90 cm 12 - - - - 90-100 cm 72 - - - - Figure 4.26 Groot Waling Unit 2 artifact summary. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 90-100 cm 80-90 cm 70-80 cm 60-70 cm 40-50 cm 30-40 cm 20-30 cm 10-20 cm 0-10 cm Groot Waling Unit 2 Earthenware Tradeware Bone Glass Metal 129 Figure 4.27 Two whole bottles in south wall in GW Unit 2 at 20-30 cm, top of photo is north. Figure 4.28 Groot Waling Unit 2 Water-worn Earthenware. 7 1 119 236 196 65 12 6 4 3 4 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 90-100 cm 80-90 cm 70-80 cm 60-70 cm 40-50 cm 30-40 cm 20-30 cm 10-20 cm 0-10 cm Groot Waling Unit 2 Water-worn Earthernware not water-worn water worn 130 Figure 4.29 Groot Waling Unit 2 north wall profile. Table 4.13 Groot Waling Unit 2 sediments summary. Level Sediments Comments 0-10 cm Dark brown silty sand 5 YR 3/1 Large metal pieces, lots of glass 10-20 cm Dark brown silty sand 5 YR 3/1 Modern plastic trash, whole bottle in south wall. 20-30 cm Dark brown sand 10 YR 2/1 Most artifacts below whole bottles in south wall. 30-40 cm Dark brown sand 10 YR 2/1 Very few artifacts 40-50 cm Dark brown sand 10 YR 2/1 Very few artifacts 50-60 cm Dark brown sand 10 YR 2/1 Sterile 60-70 cm Dark brown sand 10 YR 2/1 Water worn ceramics 70-80 cm Dark brown sand 10 YR 2/1 Water worn ceramics 80-90 cm Dark brown sand 10 YR 2/1 Water worn ceramics 90-100 cm Dark brown sand 10 YR 2/1 Water worn ceramics 131 Unit 3 Unit 3 (Table 4.14, Figure 4.30) was located outside the southeastern portion of the perk wall, between auger probes #49 and #50, together containing 5 earthenware sherds, 4 porcelain sherds and two glass shards. This unit was placed outside the walls with the assumptions that individuals may have been disposing of trash outside the perk walls to keep the interior clean. This area is being used by local village inhabitants as garden plots and the tilling likely caused mixing of the shallow levels. Numbers of recovered artifacts are smaller than interior perk units. Similar to Unit 2 and Unit 4, artifact numbers decrease around 20-30 cm but increase around 80-90 cm. Unit 3 also shows an increase in water-worn earthenware with depth (Figure 4.30). There was a soil change (Table 4.15, Figure 4.31) from the organic layer to brownish-red silty sand, transitioning to gray sand, and then the beach sand found throughout the site. The majority of artifacts were found in the transitioning layers in addition to large numbers of glass fragments and some bricks, not collected. The pipe stems found at 20-30 cm suggests that the transitional layers are associated with colonial occupation. The upper 40 cm are likely associated with the perk occupation and may be mixed due to the agricultural activity. The lower levels are likely associated with pre-colonial use and the earthenware ceramics do suggest a pre-colonial date (see Chapter 5). The majority of the earthenware after 60 cm were waterworn so they are probably not in primary disposal context. Table 4.14 Groot Waling Unit 3 artifact summary. Level Ceramics Porcelain Bone Glass Metal 0-10 cm 39 11 12 6 10-20 cm 49 6 16 4 20-30 cm 144 32 4 37 5 30-40 cm 24 6 6 7 40-50 cm 19 1 11 1 50-60 cm 17 3 60-70 cm 6 2 1 70-80 cm 5 80-90 cm 5 1 6 90-100 cm 20 7 132 Figure 4.30 Groot Waling Unit 3 artifact summary. Figure 4.31 Groot Waling Unit 3 water-worn earthenware. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 90-100 cm 80-90 cm 70-80 cm 60-70 cm 50-60 cm 40-50 cm 30-40 cm 20-30 cm 10-20 cm 0-10 cm Groot Waling Unit 3 Earthenware Tradeware Bone Glass Metal 3 1 11 19 23 143 48 38 17 5 5 5 6 0 1 1 1 1 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 90-100 cm 80-90 cm 70-80 cm 60-70 cm 50-60 cm 40-50 cm 30-40 cm 20-30 cm 10-20 cm 0-10 cm Groot Waling Unit 3 Water-worn Earthenware not water-worn water-worn 133 Table 4.15 Groot Waling Unit 3 sediment summary. Level Sediments Comments 0-10 cm Dark brown silty sand 5 YR 3/2 Modern trash, some roots 10-20 cm Reddish brown silty sand 2.5 YR 4/2 Lots of roots, few artifacts 20-30 cm Reddish brown silty sand 2.5 YR 4/2 2 pipe stems, lots of glass fragments, large pieces of porcelain, pile of bricks in south half (not collected) 30-40 cm Dark gray silty sand 2.5 Y 3/2 Area where bricks were has orangey-brown mottling. 40-50 cm Dark brown sand 10 YR 2/1 Few artifacts, dark gray silty sand continues in SW corner 50-60 cm Dark brown sand 10 YR 2/1 Few artifacts 60-70 cm Dark brown sand 10 YR 2/1 Few artifacts 70-80 cm Dark brown sand 10 YR 2/1 Few artifacts 80-90 cm Dark brown sand 10 YR 2/1 Water worn ceramics 90-100 cm Dark brown sand 10 YR 2/1 Water worn ceramics Figure 4.32 Groot Waling Unit 3 north wall profile. 134 Unit 4 Unit 4 (Table 4.16,Figure 4.33) was located between the nutmeg drying building and the southwestern building. The auger probes in this area (# 108-110) produced silty sand instead of beach sands and I wanted to investigate further. Similar to Unit 2, this unit was located in an area that would have been somewhat hidden from view. Unlike the other units at this site, there was no patterning to water-worn earthenware in this unit and few sherds in general were water-worn (Figure 4.34). Beach sand did not occur in this unit until 90-100 cm (Table 4.17, Figure 4.35). The lack of water-worn artifacts and beach sand suggests this are experienced some sediment mixing or deposition. Rocks, bricks, and mortar were found throughout the unit at 10-60 cm. This probably represents construction or repair debris. Similar to Unit 1, there was a concentration of large boulders at 90-100 cm (Figure 4.36). Two dog skeletons were also encountered in the southern wall at 20-40 cm. These appeared to be complete skeletons when interred and had no signs of human modification. As quasi-feral dogs are not uncommon on these islands, these remains likely represent hygienic burial as opposed to evidence of subsistence. Aside from the dog skeletons, numbers of artifacts recovered from this unit are quite low. Pak Pongky called this place “tempat air” which translates to “water place,” but I have been unable to determine what the appropriate translation is. The corner area of the perk between the southwestern building and perk wall had lemongrass growing and was a bit moister than other areas of the perk. This area may have had other construction associated with the nutmeg building and the sediment has been mixed or moved from elsewhere. I had placed the unit here hoping that the hidden area would have been used to dispose of material associated with the work of the nutmeg drying building or the southern building. This does not appear to be the case, although the dog burial does suggest the area was used, at least recently, as an out-of-the-way disposal area. The lack of patterning with water-worn ceramics and the lack of patterning in the earthenware temper (see Chapter 5) coupled with the lack of sandy sediments until 90 cm suggests that this unit has a different deposition history than the other three units at Groot Waling and is likely mixed. Table 4.16 Groot Waling Unit 4 artifact summary. Level Ceramics Porcelain Bone Glass Metal 0-10 cm 15 7 3 16 7 10-20 cm 21 6 33 35 2 20-30 cm 8 4 200 1 4 30-40 cm 21 3 150 2 3 40-50 cm 22 1 7 6 50-60 cm 4 28 4 60-70 cm 12 18 70-80 cm 3 1 80-90 cm 10 3 90-100 cm 35 2 3 135 Figure 4.33 Groot Waling Unit 4 artifact summary. Figure 4.34 Groot Waling Unit 4 water-worn earthenware. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 90-100 cm 80-90 cm 70-80 cm 60-70 cm 50-60 cm 40-50 cm 30-40 cm 20-30 cm 10-20 cm 0-10 cm Groot Waling Unit 4 Earthenware Tradeware Bone Glass Metal 34 8 3 8 4 22 19 8 21 14 1 2 0 4 0 0 2 0 0 1 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 90-100 cm 80-90 cm 70-80 cm 60-70 cm 50-60 cm 40-50 cm 30-40 cm 20-30 cm 10-20 cm 0-10 cm Groot Waling Unit 4 Water-worn Earthenware not water-worn water worn 136 Table 4.17 Groot Waling Unit 4 sediment summary. Level Sediments Comments 0-10 cm Dark brown silty sand 7.5 YR 2/0 Lots of roots, a few rocks. 10-20 cm Brownish black silty sand 10 YR 3/2 Large shells, large rocks and mortar (collapsed wall?), modern trash. 20-30 cm Brownish black silty sand 10 YR 3/2 At least 2 med mammals (4 tibiae), probably articulated when deposited, possible wall fragments in north wall. 30-40 cm Brownish black silty sand 10 YR 3/2 Lots of bone, wall fragments in north, red roofing tiles (not collected). 40-50 cm Brownish black silty sand 10 YR 3/2 Roofing tile (not collected), large rocks still in north wall. 50-60 cm Brownish black silty sand 10 YR 3/2 Rocks still in north wall. 60-70 cm Dark gray silty sand 2.5 Y 3/1 Few artifacts. 70-80 cm Dark gray silty sand 2.5 Y 3/1 Very few artifacts. 80-90 cm Dark reddish gray silty clay 7.5 R 3/1 Large rocks appear in south half. 90-100 cm Dark brown sand 10 YR 2/1 Large “circle” of rocks at 80-100, more rocks below but didn’t excavate, more artifacts than in previous levels. Figure 4.35 Groot Waling Unit 4 north wall profile. 137 Figure 4.36 Groot Walling, Unit 4 at 100 cm, boulders. Left side of photo is north. Conclusions There is no evidence for a pre-colonial village occupation at Groot Waling. This is consistent with historical records. However, the small numbers of water-worn earthenware and porcelain sherds do suggest habitation nearby. Artifacts decrease in number with depth and, if found, are often water-worn. The two units with large boulders at the bottom (90-100 cm) levels may be the result of volcanic deposition onto a seabed surface or may have been modification to the landscape (or seascape) prior to the construction of Groot Waling. An historic brick in association with the boulders in Unit 1 suggests that there may have been significant mixing of sediment in some areas. Despite placing two units in locations that were somewhat hidden, there is no evidence that these areas were used as places of resistance by workers. Previous authors (e.g., Ferguson 1992, Singleton 1996) have noted hidden objects in slave cabins suggesting that areas hidden from view may be used as areas of resistance. This does not appear to be occurring at Groot Waling. The alcohol bottles found near the well in Unit 2 have no other associated artifacts to suggest surreptitious deposition by workers. No other whole bottles were found during the excavation so the two bottles together being found together is anomalous, but the lack association with other artifacts for context does not allow for substantial interpretation. 138 Superficially, the artifact assemblages at Groot Waling and Ordatang do not appear to differ significantly. Both sites had predominantly earthenware ceramics, little tradeware, and mostly fish bone for faunal remains. Komber Environmental Setting Komber is located on a beach on the northern portion of Banda Besar, but still facing the interior bay and within sight of Banda Neira. The spine of the island rises up immediately behind Komber, resulting in a colluvial depositional environment. A small stream runs to the north of the site. Large boulders can still be seen in the yards of the current residents, suggesting a currently active colluvial environment. A school was built within the walls of the perk in the early 21st Century, but most of the original perk buildings were left standing and the school was built around them. Native floral was present along the stream edge, but the interior of the perk had sparse vegetation due to the school buildings. No fauna was noted, likely due to the higher population of this perk compared to others. The number of people occupying the school buildings probably drove away any animals, at least during the day when excavation occurred. History Komber is a historically-known village site, found on most of the early European maps of the Banda Islands (Figure 4.3). Komber is also spelled Combir or Comber on historic maps (Lape 2000b). I chose to adhere to a more modern spelling to show modern pronunciation (and to avoid confusion with Ordatang in abbreviated form on field records). Unlike Ordatang, the coastal location of Komber is maintained on both historic maps and the modern location. The unambiguous pre-colonial habitation at Komber should be reflected in artifacts recovered, but after analysis, this assemblage appears to be younger than the assemblage at Ordatang, but contemporaneous with the colonial- era Groot Waling. Lape (2000:127) notes that Komber was probably allied with the villages of Labbatacca, Wayer, and Oudender (Dender). This village alliance was less prosperous than that of Neira, Lonthor, Ortatta, and the islands of Rhun and Ay. Shiung (2011) postulates that this reflects a Siwa-Lima type relationship with ritualized or actual warfare reflecting a socio-religious dichotomy. As a member of the losing alliance and being less prosperous than Neira or Lonthor, Komber is not well-represented in colonial historic record. Komber village is still occupied today and has a different kepala desa (village head) than Ordatang and Groot Waling, showing the continuation of separateness today. A school was built within the perk compound walls within the last decade or so. During the erection of the new school buildings, perk structures were generally avoided. The main house has been razed and a concrete pad poured upon the location. A portion of the front wall has also been rebuilt. There is a very narrow pathway between the new school building and the perk structure at the rear of the 139 perk, but the perk structure was not actively demolished to make more room. It is tempting to see the destruction of the administrator’s house, but avoidance of workers’ areas, as the erasing of painful social memories associated with slavery while allowing for the memory of the workers who may have still been living when the school was constructed. However, the old structures are being used as trash receptacles, so there is little honoring occurring. The area of the main house is currently used for soccer games. The destruction of the main house may be due more to location than an attempt at the erasure of historical memory. The main house was located in the front of the perk, in an area better suited to allowing an audience than other areas of the perk. It was probably easier to leave the remaining perk structures than knock them down when and the real estate taken up by the house was a desirable and visible central area, making the destruction more useful. Excavations Auger Probes Sixty-one ager probes (Table 4.18, Figure 4.37) were excavated at Komber. Due to modern construction obstruction, fewer probes were placed at this site. Not all areas that were available at previous were available for excavation at Komber. Depths ranged from 10-110 cm. Rocks or other impediments frequently resulted in early termination of probes at Komber. Nine of the 61 probes produced no material culture. There was a general paucity of artifacts compared to the other sites, but there was also significantly fewer probes excavated. Table 4.18 Komber auger probes. Probe # max depth (cm) # EW # TW # Shell # Bone # Glass # Metal Total Notes 1 40 10 4 3 6 1 1 25 Red brick fragments, construction debris 2 40 9 7 7 13 3 39 3 25 1 8 5 3 8 25 Mortar fragments 4 70 43 15 21 11 8 4 102 5 60 46 5 21 100 25 7 204 Unit 2 placed here. 6 65 41 8 10 7 66 Mortar and coral chunks throughout. 7 65 22 2 17 21 2 2 66 8 65 25 2 4 7 2 40 9 60 10 3 20 59 3 95 10 65 8 1 3 1 13 11 40 9 3 3 1 16 Lots of rocks. 12 70 3 1 1 5 Lots of rocks, few artifacts 13 30 0 Lots of gravels, rocks. 14 30 1 1 2 Lots of gravels, rocks. 15 30 4 3 1 15 23 Unit 3 placed here. Brick fragment, modern trash, red roof tile 140 Probe # max depth (cm) # EW # TW # Shell # Bone # Glass # Metal Total Notes 16 20 1 1 1 3 1 piece plaster 17 25 1 1 1 3 Roof tile, brick fragments 18 10 2 2 Roof tile, brick fragments 19 30 1 1 Mortar fragments 20 15 0 Lots of rocks. 21 15 0 22 50 0 23 45 0 24 100 1 1 2 Few rocks 25 90 2 2 Roof tile fragment 26 30 5 2 7 Roof tile on surface 27 60 4 1 5 28 65 2 2 29 65 7 1 1 9 30 65 4 3 4 12 3 2 28 Modern trash throughout 31 60 5 2 5 12 32 90 9 4 9 1 23 33 90 0 34 30 0 35 25 5 1 6 36 65 3 2 1 1 7 Unit 1 placed here. 5 pieces of plaster, construction debris 37 20 1 2 3 Modern trash, roof tiles 38 45 1 2 3 39 40 3 1 4 2 10 Lots of rocks and construction debris 40 45 10 6 21 3 40 41 85 3 1 26 3 1 34 42 35 2 2 2 1 7 Construction debris 43 15 1 1 2 44 70 9 3 12 45 110 4 3 7 46 55 1 1 47 50 100 100 Lots of medium mammal bones, possibly goat. Vertebrae, cranium fragments, teeth, scapula. 48 60 5 1 6 49 50 3 1 4 Construction debris 50 60 0 51 50 2 3 1 6 52 40 8 8 53 30 4 3 2 3 1 13 54 55 4 4 1 2 11 55 40 6 13 19 56 30 1 1 2 57 20 1 1 2 Lots of rocks 58 30 1 1 Lots of rocks 59 30 1 1 Lots of rocks 60 35 2 6 3 11 Lots of rocks 141 Probe # max depth (cm) # EW # TW # Shell # Bone # Glass # Metal Total Notes 61 45 3 1 4 Lots of rocks Totals: 343 66 211 387 98 35 1140 Figure 4.37 Komber site map. Unit 1 Unit 1 (Figure 4.38, Table 4.19) was located in an area analogous with GW Unit 2 and OR Unit 2, in a corner of the yard between two buildings, again with the expectation of evidence of possible resistance due to the somewhat hidden nature of the location. Due to the narrower site plan of Komber, this location was much closer to the main house, however, and would not have been as shielded from the main house as at the other two sites. Sediments was sandy silt with large cobbles and, eventually, 142 boulders. Modern debris was found throughout. Large boulders at the bottom inhibited further excavation and the unit was terminated. This unit is assumed to be a deposit of mixed modern and archaeological material as a result of the construction of the school. Air pockets within the unconsolidated, poorly sorted sediments also suggest this unit was modern fill associated with the school construction. Table 4.19 Komber Unit 1 artifact summary. Level Ceramics Porcelain Bone Glass Metal 0-10 cm 2 3 4 2 10-20 cm 2 2 1 20-30 cm 2 2 1 30-40 cm 2 5 5 40-50 cm 11 3 23 3 50-60 cm 13 2 100 7 60-70 cm 4 1 7 Figure 4.38 Komber Unit 1 artifact summary. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 60-70 cm 50-60 cm 40-50 cm 30-40 cm 20-30 cm 10-20 cm 0-10 cm Komber Unit 1 Earthenware Tradeware Bone Glass Metal 143 Table 4.20 Komber Unit 1 sediment summary. Level Sediments Comments 0-10 cm Brown sandy silt 10 YR 4/1 Netherlands East Indies coin. Thin layer of sand atop sandy silt, some gravels. Sand appears to cap construction layer (from building of school) with lots of debris. Very few artifacts. 10-20 cm Brown sand 10 YR 4/1 Lots of construction debris, some large rocks, modern trash, few artifacts. 20-30 cm Brown silty sand 10 YR 4/1 Lots of rocks from construction, many rocks still had mortar sticking to them. 30-40 cm Brown silty sand 10 YR 4/1 Modern trash, construction debris 40-50 cm Brown silty sand 10 YR 4/1 Still lots of rocks, construction debris 50-60 cm Brown silty sand 10 YR 4/1 Still lots of rocks, construction debris 60-70 cm Brown silty sand 10 YR 4/1 Colluvium or poorly sorted construction debris, few artifacts, boulders on bottom. Figure 4.39 Komber Unit 1, north wall profile. Unit 2 While this unit (Figure 4.40, Table 4.21) produced copious amounts of artifacts, unfortunately it was likely fill used in a recent attempt at anti-erosion measures to build up the beach. Large amounts of artifacts, especially transferware, were found in the auger probes along the beach. While myriad earthenware and tradeware sherds were found in this unit, they were mixed and not useful for relative dating purposes. While the large number of ceramics probably represents a recent fill episode, it could represent a village-wide deposition as people would more likely use multiple sources of household debris 144 for fill than focusing on one household. The entire beach in front of the school had been built up and one household would be provide sufficient material for the entire beach. It is likely, then, that this yields a mixture of many households’ deposition. The sediments were silty sand until about 70 cm when it transitioned to beach sands. Poorly sorted cobbles and boulders were present throughout, again suggesting a fill deposit (Table 4.22, Figure 4.40). Glass was very common in this unit, compared to units at the other perken, suggesting a more recent deposit. A foraminifera-tempered sherd at 90-100 cm yielded a luminesce date of AD 870 ± 210 (see Chapter 5 for more detail). A grit tempered sherd at 0-10 cm yielded an erroneously old date, but this does suggest mixed stratigraphy as the grit-tempered sherds tend to be older than the foraminifera- tempered sherds. There was also large amounts of heavily fragmented bone. Few water-worn artifacts were noted, suggesting that this was not a natural beach deposit as would be expected from its location. Earthenware still dominates the assemblage, similar to units at the other perken Table 4.21 Komber Unit 2 artifact summary. Level Ceramics Porcelain Bone Glass Metal 0-10 cm 30 19 31 1 10-20 cm 109 32 60 80 2 20-30 cm 165 26 100+ 53 6 30-40 cm 106 16 100+ 22 2 40-50 cm 69 8 45 17 50-60 cm 25 7 45 9 60-70 cm 57 8 25 22 2 70-80 cm 77 5 42 26 80-90 cm 36 10 12 17 90-100 cm 22 7 5 Figure 4.40 Komber Unit 2 artifact summary. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 90-100 cm 80-90 cm 70-80 cm 60-70 cm 50-60 cm 40-50 cm 30-40 cm 20-30 cm 10-20 cm 0-10 cm Komber Unit 2 Earthenware Tradeware Bone Glass Metal 145 Table 4.22 Komber Unit 2 sediments summary. Level Sediments Comments 0-10 cm Brown silty sand 7.5 YR 2.5/0 Large chunks of charcoal (probably recent), lots of glass 10-20 cm Brown silty sand 7.5 YR 2.5/0 Some metal nails, lots of rocks and large shells 20-30 cm Brown silty sand 7.5 YR 2.5/0 Lots of shell, a vieux cognac bottle fragment, pipe bowl fragment. 30-40 cm Brown silty sand 7.5 YR 2.5/0 Lots of shell, lots of large rocks, poorly sorted 40-50 cm Yellowish brown silty sand 10 YR 4/6 Still lots of rocks, poorly sorted, modern glass 50-60 cm Yellowish brown silty sand 10 YR 4/6 Boulder-sized rocks, no beach sands, still getting artifacts 60-70 cm Yellowish brown silty sand 10 YR 4/6 Blue transferware and modern glass, rocks poorly sorted 70-80 cm Dark brown sand 7.5 YR 3/1 Blue willow plate, artifacts in large pieces, rocks poorly sorted 80-90 cm Dark brown sand 7.5 YR 3/1 More blue willow plate fragments, modern glass fragments, rocks poorly sorted 90-100 cm Dark brown sand 7.5 YR 3/1 Still lots of artifacts, rocks poorly sorted Figure 4.41 Komber Unit 2 south wall profile and base of unit with boulders. 146 Unit 3 Unit 3 (Figure 4.42, Table 4.23) was located next to the stream, along the eastern wall of the perk. The unit was placed here in the hopes of discovering an area of intact stratigraphy that hadn’t been disturbed by construction. However, the colluvial nature of the depositional environment created a problematic excavation situation. Hard-packed cobbles made excavation time consuming and difficult. Sediment (Table 4.24, Figure 4.43, Figure 4.44) consisted of poorly sorted cobbles and some sandy silt. No earthenware was found in this unit. All artifacts were colonial-era or post-colonial. Few artifacts were found and, as my time on the islands was running short, I did not feel continuing to excavate this difficult unit would provide additional information. Table 4.23 Komber Unit 3 artifact summary. Level Earthenware Tradeware Bone Glass Metal 0-10 cm - 5 - 7 - 10-20 cm - 13 - 6 3 20-30 cm - 7 - - 1 30-40 cm - - - - - Figure 4.42 Komber Unit 3 artifact summary. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 20-30 cm 10-20 cm 0-10 cm Komber Unit 3 Earthenware Tradeware Bone Glass Metal 147 Table 4.24 Komber Unit 3 sediments summary. Level Sediments Comments 0-10 cm Dark brown silty sand 7.5 YR 2.5/2 Colluvium, unsorted gravels, very few artifacts, lots of modern trash. 10-20 cm Dark brown silty sand 7.5 YR 2.5/2 Lots of rocks, the floor is almost all rocks, very little dirt. 20-30 cm Dark brown silty sand 7.5 YR 2.5/2 Few artifacts, lots of rocks, colluvium 30-40 cm Dark brown silty sand 7.5 YR 2.5/2 No artifacts, all rocks. Decided to stop because too difficult to excavate and not productive. Figure 4.43 Komber Unit 3, plan view at 40 cm, top of photograph is north. 148 Figure 4.44 Komber Unit 3 North Wall Profile. Conclusions Of the three perken investigated, Komber was in the worst shape, preservation-wise. The construction of the school, while on the surface appearing somewhat limited in scope, did result in disturbance of the archaeological materials. The reverse stratigraphy and recent deposition in Unit 2 was also disappointing. While this site may yield little information regarding the colonial perk occupation, it should prove useful for comparative purposes. Discussion All three sites had somewhat different artifact assemblages (Figure 4.45, Table 4.25), indicating that the coastal location was not the only variable affecting access to resources. Ordatang had much more earthenware than the other two sites and Komber had more tradeware. Groot Waling had little evidence of occupation below 60 cm and much of that was water-worn and re-deposited. So, while the historic literature often treats the perken as a homogenous whole, each site did have a different history and shows differential access to resources. When looking at the averages of artifacts per auger probe (Table 4.26), Komber produces slightly more porcelain/ tradeware, metal, glass, and bone, but slightly less earthenware than the other sites. At a very gross level, this would suggest a more recent occupation of the area with the increased number of recent artifact classes and lower levels of earthenware, which was more prevalent in pre-colonial times. However, the village of Komber was definitely occupied in pre- 149 Figure 4.45 Comparison of auger probe artifacts at all three sites. Table 4.25 Summary of auger probe artifacts, all sites. Site # auger probes Total volume m3 Earthen- ware Trade- ware Bone Glass Metal Total Total artifacts/ volume OR 103 979.21 769 103 237 76 46 1801 1.84 GW 127 3447.25 1120 102 200 88 44 1554 0.45 KB 61 462.37 343 66 387 98 35 929 2.01 Table 4.26 Averages of artifacts per auger probe. Averages Earthenware Tradeware Bone Glass Metal OR 7.466019 1 2.300971 0.737864 0.446602 GW 8.818898 0.80315 1.574803 0.692913 0.330709 KB 5.622951 1.081967 6.344262 1.606557 0.57377 colonial times. The pre-colonial and colonial occupation may not be reflected in the fill that was used for the beach anti-erosion measures. Interestingly, the density of artifacts is higher at Komber (Table 4.25), but this can be attributed to the smaller amount of soil excavated in the auger probes. Each site had evidence of mixed deposits or disturbed stratigraphy. The large number of earthenware sherds at Ordatang may be the result of leveling a natural terrace during perk construction. Refits between earthenware and bones in Unit 1 and 1.5 at Groot Waling suggest subsurface mixing. The construction of the school and anti-erosion measures at the beach at Komber also resulted in significant mixing of archaeological deposits. Ordatang and Groot Waling also had some evidence of destruction/ construction in the units. The Banda Islands are tectonically active and this debris may be the result of the 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% OR GW KB Auger probe artifacts, all sites Earthenware Tradeware Bone Glass Metal 150 earthquake damage or generalized repair of the perk. The modern construction disturbance at Komber makes the identification of any colonial repair or destruction difficult to identify. There were no obvious areas of midden deposition at any of the perken. Modern residents dig holes, place trash in, and burn it. It’s possible that trash disposal in the past followed different patterns, such as ocean disposal. Alternatively, the majority of debris would have been organic and could have been removed by dogs, cats, pigs, rats, and other scavengers leaving a low density scatter across habitation areas. Regardless, the lack of high density artifact scatter suggests a low density permanent population at the perken. I should note that tradeware sherds can be easily found in the remains of the forts and in the villages today. In this case, the absence of evidence at the perken should be interpreted as evidence of absence. The mixed stratigraphy at all sites does negatively impact the ability to interpret human behavior in the colonial period as it is difficult to separate the colonial period from earlier deposits. However, in the following chapters, I hope to show that some relevant information can still be gleaned from these mixed deposits. Earthenware ceramics are discussed first, followed by tradeware, faunal, and finally, the starch grain analysis. 151 Chapter 5 Earthenware Analysis Low-fired earthenware pottery sherds are the most numerous class of artifacts excavated from the plantation sites in the Banda Islands. Thus, the bulk of the artifact analysis undertaken in this study was based on this class. Earthenware pottery can be a very informative artifact class. For example, these low-fired ceramics have been used to track migrating peoples based on clay sources or decorative designs, residue analysis on earthenware pots can be used to recreate diet, and sherds can be directly dated by means of luminescence dating (e.g., Rice 1987, Walker 2005). However, without a large corpus of data from a wide area of study and an established chronological sequence, much of the utility of earthenware studies is lost. The study of earthenware ceramics in Maluku is in its infancy. Few studies on the history and development of earthenware have been conducted in the Maluku region; the majority of information comes from a few surface surveys and small excavations (e.g., Bellwood et al. 1993, Bellwood et al. 1998, Ellen and Glover 1974, Latinis and Stark 2003, Mahirta 2000, Spriggs 1990, Spriggs and Miller 1979). The paucity of data and lack of chronological control can lead to only the most general conclusions. In the following pages, I will describe the state of our current understanding of earthenware in the Maluku region, describe the earthenware assemblages from my excavations, and discuss how the information that can be gleaned from these assemblages fit into the historical models used in this study. Previous Earthenware Studies in the Maluku Region The study of earthenware ceramics in Island Southeast Asia is often focused on the ‘Neolithic package’ of pottery and domesticates associated with the assumed expansion of Austronesian speakers (e.g., Bellwood 1997) or ethnoarchaeological studies on manufacture of contemporary ceramics (e.g., Ellen and Glover 1974, Soegondho 1995, Veth et al. 2005) although there have been some reviews of excavated materials (e.g., Latinis and Stark 2003). Earthenware ceramic production was still regularly practiced in the 1970s when much of the ethnoarchaeological research was done, but the tradition has tapered off due to the easy access to cheap plastic containers. Veth et al. (2005) describe practicing potters in the Aru Islands, but note that this tradition is not common. The lack of cultural continuity could hamper any modern attempts to locate clay or temper sources; the identification of clay or temper sources would be useful for any attempt to retrace trading networks. While this information would be useful to me, it is not currently available. 152 Neolithic Ceramics (c. 4500-2300 BP) The earliest earthenware in the Maluku region dates to around 3400 BP (Bellwood et al. 1993), found in Halmahera. The earliest earthenware in the Banda Islands is broadly contemporaneous at 3550 BP (Lape 2000, Peterson 2015). The dates of the earliest appearance of pottery in the Maluku region is often associated with the spread of the Austronesian language group and the spread of a “Neolithic package” including domesticated plants and animals in addition to pottery. These, in turn, are assumed to be part of the story of the spread of the Lapita pottery complex and the peopling of the Pacific. What role, if any, the Maluku region played in the later “Conquest of the Pacific” (Bellwood 1979) is beyond the scope of this study. While the simplistic story of Austronesian speakers with a material culture of domesticates and pottery spreading quickly throughout Island Southeast Asia has been called into question recently (e.g., Anderson and O’Connor 2008, Donohue and Denham 2010), it should be noted that the appearance of earthenware pottery in the Maluku region around 3400 BP is not unsurprising, given dates of pottery in the surrounding areas. Lape (2000) found both pottery and pig bone in archaeological layers dating to 3500 BP, suggesting pottery and domesticates were present with the earliest occupation in the Banda Islands. Subsequent excavations pushed this date of both initial occupation of and the appearance of pottery in the Banda Islands back to 8000 BP and 3550 BP respectively (Peterson 2015) The original Bandanese language still exists in enclaves in the Kei Islands (Collins and Kaartinen 1998) and does fall into the Austronesian family (Monk et al. 1997). Thus, the co- existence of pottery and domesticated pigs on an island with a historically recorded Austronesian language does support the idea that there was some sort of overlap amongst these three things. However, as Denham (2004) notes, the adoption of the new artifact types and the Austronesian languages may have occurred at different times and for different reasons amongst populations in Island Southeast Asia. The Neolithic pottery in Island Southeast Asia is not homogenous, but is generally red-slipped, regardless of form, temper, decoration, etc (Spriggs 2011). Unfortunately, red slip is not limited to the early Neolithic pottery in Island Southeast Asia, but can be found from the Neolithic to recent times. Thus, red slip is not a terribly useful chronological marker. No in-depth study of temper, decoration, or forms has been done on Neolithic pottery across the Maluku region at this time. Until more work on temper, form, and decoration is done on Neolithic earthenware in Island Southeast Asia, it will be hard to contextualize the Banda Islands material into the regional context. Metal-Age Archaeological Investigations (2300-500BP) Because the focus of earthenware research in Maluku has been on the Austronesian connection and because of the paucity of excavated material with associated dates, little information is available for the development of earthenware in the Metal Age. Since few excavations have been conducted in Maluku and much of the earthenware studied comes from surface assemblages, the attribution of Metal Age to sites is generally based on associated Chinese tradeware, which generally shows up around the Second 153 Millennium AD. However, archaeologically, the Metal Age begins long prior to that, so the evolution of earthenware between the Neolithic and the development of trade with China is largely unknown. Around AD 1200, long distance trade increased in Island Southeast Asia, largely due to increasing desire for exotic goods from the Indian, Chinese, and Muslim spheres (Kathirithamby-Wells 1990). Ceramic assemblages around this time see the addition of high-fired porcelains and other tradewares from the Chinese and Southeast Asian Mainland (e.g., Ellen and Glover 1974, Latinis and Stark 2003). But, like Neolithic pottery, above, no in depth study on regional Malukan Metal Age wares has been conducted. On Ambon, Metal Age earthenware remains are described as “extensive surface scatters of red and brown earthenware, a good portion of which is incised, red-slipped, burnished, and sometimes painted,” with approximately 1-2% of Chinese, Thai, and Vietnamese stoneware and porcelain (Latinis and Stark 2005:127). Latinis and Stark (1991) conducted EDXRF (energy dispersive X-Ray florescence, which measures trace elements present in clay and temper and can be used to identify sources [Miksic and Yap 1992]) studies on a small number of sherds from Maluku sites and they show “considerable overlap in their EDXRF signatures, probably reflecting trade and interaction” (Latinis and Stark 2005:126). Few securely dated studies on earthenware pottery from this era have been conducted in the Maluku region. Based on ethnographic evidence, it does appear that pottery production in this era is centered on the Ambon-Lease region, including the islands of Seram, Saparua, and Ambon (Spriggs 1990). I should note that historic records rarely mention or describe earthenware production or use, but earthenware was being produced in Maluku up until the 1970s and even today in some areas (such as the Aru Islands [Veth et al. 2005]). It is parsimonious, then, to assume that earthenware production continued from the Metal Age, throughout the Colonial Period and up until modern times. However, without more information on the dating of Malukan earthenware, little can be said about the change that must have occurred in the production and use of earthenware between the beginning of the Metal Age and the ethnographic period. Comparative Ethnographic Studies Many authors (e.g., Ellen and Glover 1974, Soegondho 1995, Spriggs and Miller 1979, Mahirta 2000) take an ethnographic or ethnoarchaeological approach to the study of Malukan earthenware. The aforementioned ethnographic studies of modern earthenware production suggest that women make the pots and male relatives trade them. In addition, Spriggs and Miller (1979) note that pottery is made in resource-poor areas (specifically poor in sago) and traded to resource- rich areas (in exchange for food or harvest rights). The Banda Islands are certainly resource poor in terms of sago, but rich in other resources. Earthenware from other islands may have been traded into the Banda Islands in exchange for nutmeg, mace, dried fish, or other items. Collins and Kaartinen (1998) note that the Bandanese refugees who settled on the Kei Islands after the VOC conquest of the Banda Islands maintained an earthenware production tradition into the late 20th Century and the Kei Islands population engage in trade with the Banda Islands long after 1621. It is possible that earthenware was part of this trade. Meilink-Roelofsz 154 (1962:172, 329) mentions that earthenware vessels were carried on vessels but were primarily used by the traders themselves and were not necessarily traded. Miller (1980) describes trade goods in use around the Banda Sea, but this is no specific mention earthenware. Cloth dominated the trade goods according to an English Commercial Resident stationed in the Banda Islands in 1797 (Miller 1980). In their 1969-1971 ethnographic study of potters in Maluku, Ellen and Glover (1974) describe pottery manufacture techniques used in Central Maluku, including Ambon, Haruku, and Saparua. Pottery making is “exclusively the domain of women” (Ellen and Glover 1974:356) although male relatives generally engage in the trade of the earthenwares, pottery making is only practiced by women. Clay and appropriate temper are gathered in baskets from the forest. In the pottery making village of Ouw (Ouh) on Saparua, calcareous sand made up of foraminiferous marl is generally used for temper. The foraminiferous marl is a common marker of the Plio-Pleistocene boundary in Eastern Indonesia, but its use as temper is restricted to Ouw based on currently available evidence (Ellen and Glover 1974:375). Due to the availability of the foraminiferous marl throughout Eastern Indonesia, it is possible that the use of this temper is more wide-spread, but more work would need to be done to confirm this. Once the clay and temper is gathered and processed, the pot is formed by placing the ball of prepared clay on a “thin wooden board…which is turned on a smoothed section of a tree trunk” (Ellen and Glover 1974:356) and forming with hands as it is turned on the board. Coiling can also be used to build up the pot from the original base. The paddle and anvil technique is also used to create spherical pots. Burnishing may be done or a red slip applied. Pots are fired in small batches over an open fire, usually using bamboo as a heat source. Dammar tree resin is applied to pots that need to be water-proof immediately after firing. Veth et al. (2005) describe historic and ethnographic pottery making at the village of Wangil on the Aru Islands. The Aru Islands are within the modern Indonesian province of Maluku and there is evidence of long-standing trade relations with the Banda Islands (Spyer 2000). The historic description of pottery manufacture in Wangil from Merton (1910:115) is similar to that on Ouw, with female potters shaping a lump of clay by hand, some paddle and anvil forming, and open firing. Merton (1910) also describes the manufacture of sago ovens which were common in Aru. Veth et al. (2005) witnessed a modern pottery-making demonstration in Wangil and noted it was similar to that described by Merton (1910). The recent demonstration had the addition of red and white painted decorations added to the pots prior to firing. Soegondho (1995:47-48) also describes Malukan earthenware as a paddle-and-anvil formed, low-fired earthenware water-proofed with resin made by women in his review of Indonesian earthenware. In general, then, the creation of earthenware ceramics seems to be a rather low-investment technology. Women gather the necessary materials, use basic hand-shaping and paddle-and-anvil forming techniques (instead of the higher technological investment of wheel-throwing the pottery), and use open firing instead of kiln firing. Basic decoration techniques such as burnishing, incising, and the application of a slip or paint are used. The use of a resin for water-proofing suggests that at least some of the pots are intended for storing liquids. While the formation of pots have been studied, the 155 ethnoarchaeological studies do not then go into detail regarding what the pots are then used for. Cooking and water-storage have been observed, however, by the authors (Ellen and Glover 1974, Veth et al. 2005). Interestingly, both Latinis and Stark (2003) and Ellen and Glover (1974) note the lack of mention of earthenware trade in European historic records at the time of first contact with the Maluku region. This could be due to the quotidian nature of earthenware, as it is rarely mentioned in historic records, in general. Based on one of the few sourcing studies available (Dickenson 2004), earthenware was traded among the islands of Maluku, but it may have been so common as to not be regarded as important. Galvao (Jacobs 1971) does state that bamboo tubes, not pottery, were used for cooking. Earthenware, then, occupies an interesting state in Malukan archaeology: it is ubiquitous yet little is known about its functions. Discussion The amount of earthenware found in the Maluku region is in contrast with the number of studies about this class of artifact. Knowing what is expected in terms of chronological markers or markers of trade is useful in interpreting the material culture recovered from excavations. However, earthenware is a ubiquitous artifact class in Malukan sites, but little is currently known about it. Unlike many other regions in the world, earthenware in Maluku is not a useful chronological tool. Red slipping is common from the earliest production of earthenware in the region until modern times (Mahita 2000). Temper, aside from foraminifera temper which is assumed to be from Ambon-Lease, is not discussed in detail in most publications, likely due to its heterogeneity (e.g., Spriggs 1990:52). Decoration is also not discussed in detail or described beyond “incised” or “curvilinear.” While Lapita decoration in Oceania is discussed in detail in many places (e.g., Spriggs 1990b, Clark et al. 2001), its predecessors and their antecedents in Maluku lack its complexity and therefore receive little note. It is a frustrating state of affairs for any researcher. Earthenware Studies in the Banda Islands As mentioned in Chapter 3, three previous archaeological studies have been conducted in the Banda Islands. Lape (2000b) did not do an intensive study of collected earthenware as it was not applicable to his research questions. However, Shiung (2012) and Peterson (2015) used Lape’s (2000b) earthenware collections as the basis for their studies. Despite not doing an extensive study of earthenware, Lape (2000b) does discuss general trends and interesting forms. The site of BN1 which corresponds to the Labatecca village (discussed in above in Chapter 3 and below in Chapter 6 in more detail) had an assortment of “sculpted” earthenware, defined as earthenware pottery that is greater than 1 cm thing in the shape of animals (generally birds’ heads) or other abstract shapes (Lape 2000b:141). This sculpted earthenware likely dates to AD 500-1500 (Lape 2000b:170). No other site produced sculpted 156 earthenware. The site of PA1 on Pulau Ay produced the earliest dated earthenware, with associated radiocarbon dates of around 3500 BP. Shiung (2012:75) focused only on rim sherds, decorated sherds, and “sherds of characteristics parts” that had been excavated during Lape’s (2000b) field work. Shiung (2012) measured the formal and technological attributes of the selected sherds, including surface treatment, temper, paste, decorating techniques, and lip thickness. Shiung (2012:400) sees a technological innovation between 3400-3000 BP with better firing technology allowing for higher firing temperatures and gradual changes in rim forms, lip design, temper, pastes, and surface treatments. There is a change in ceramics around 2000 years ago and this ceramic tradition continues until the colonial period. Shiung (2012:401) notes that the BN1 site, the village of Labatecca, has enormous amounts of earthenware, much of it decorated, and posits it is a center for economic, ritual, ceremonial or political activities. Shiung (2012:401) notes that the foraminifera-tempered (Shiung calls this “lime” temper) sherds probably from the Ambon-Lease region, appear in the Banda Islands around 1000 years ago, but beyond temper the forms of these rims are not statistically different from the other tempers. Shiung (2012:414) does note that the foraminifera- tempered sherds are not found at the Labatecca village site of BN1 and suggests that this site was not engaged in the same trading patterns as found at the other sites on Banda Neira and Banda Besar that did have the foraminifera-temper. Unfortunately, Shiung did not complete his dissertation until after I had already begun my earthenware analysis and I did not have access to his typology. I was unable to use his categories for temper and decoration so our studies are not directly comparable. I did, however, borrow his rim typology so those analyses should be comparable for future scholars if they chose to continue research on this topic. Peterson (2015) conducted ICP-MS analysis in order to identify the number of clay sources, and therefore trade partners, available during the Neolithic based on some sherds excavated during Lape’s (2000b) excavations and subsequent excavations in 2007 and 2009. Peterson (2015) did not conduct an analysis of shapes, forms, technological attributes, or decoration but focused on elemental analysis. Peterson also limited analysis to Neolithic sherds and selected sherds from dated levels or levels lacking “significant quantities of tradeware” (Peterson 2015:85). Peterson (2015) identified three major source groups with multiple sub-groups. At least one of these groups was consistent with Banda Islands geology and was interpreted as a local source. Another macrogroup was consistent with foraminifera-temper from Ouw. The final group did not have a potential geological source identified. Similar to Shiung, Peterson had not completed her study prior to me beginning my analysis or writing my conclusions. Unfortunately, I was unable to incorporate the majority of Peterson’s findings into my work. 3 Peterson (2015: 91-94) has determined that the foraminifera-tempered sherds from the Banda sites share a probable source with clay samples from Ouw, suggesting it is the same as the foraminifer temper described by Ellen and Glover (1974). 157 Expectations from Models As discussed in Chapter 2, certain distributions of earthenware ceramics are expected based on the three models. For energetic efficiency, locally produced (produced either in the greater Maluku region or Banda) earthenwares are expected in the workers’ contexts. As elites would not be constrained by the same energy requirements and would want to signal access to resources, imported tradewares are expected in elite contexts for both the energetic efficiency model and the power/ resistance model. A mixture of imported and indigenous wares are expected for the Creolization model. However, these wares do indicate local trade routes and might show change in trade routes due to colonialization. Ceramic Analyses Thermoluminesce Dating No organic material was sampled in the field for radiocarbon dating because perk occupation was assumed to be post-1621 and radiocarbon dates are not extremely reliable for the last 500 years for a variety of reasons (Walker 2005). After excavation, it became apparent that this post-1500 occupation assumption was not necessarily warranted. However, the potential mixing of deposits and destruction of organics due to acidic tropical soil made dating deposits with bone, the only organic material that was extant and collected, problematic. Since thermoluminescence (TL) dating can date the earthenware ceramics directly without the need for a bridging argument, TL dating seemed most useful. Luminescence dating is based on the simple notion that certain commonly occurring minerals, such as quartz or feldspar, emit a certain amount of light as result of releasing trapped ions when stimulated by light or heat; this emitted light is proportional to the amount of time that has passed since the object’s last heating event. The equation for this proportion is: Age (ka)= equivalent dose (Gy)/ dose rate (Gy/ ka); where the equivalent dose (De) is the amount of absorbed radiation that is needed to account for the measured luminescence signal and dose rate is the average amount of radiation absorbed through unit of time, in this case Gy per 1000 years. Luminescence dating has the advantage over other popular dating techniques in that it dates the artifact directly and does not require the demonstration of association. Luminescence dating has the added benefit of using ubiquitously occurring material (the above mentioned quartz and feldspars) and does not require special circumstances, such as excellent preservation of organic material or volcanic eruptions. Ceramics, sediments, and heat-treated lithic material can all be dated using luminescence techniques. (Walker 2005). The preparation for the sherd consists of a series of chemical and mechanical separating procedures to isolate the proper sized fraction. The moisture content of the sherd was measured before processing for later corrections; this is necessary due to the fact that water absorbs radiation at a different rate than the sherd. The sample for analysis was drilled from the interior of the sherd using a tungsten carbide drill bit. Material from the outer 2mm of the sherd was avoided to ensure that only the natural radiation signal, and not external beta radiation, was measured. The collected sample was lightly ground 158 in a mortar and pestle to disaggregate the grains and what remained of the sherd (including the outer 2 mm) was set aside for radiation testing. The collected sample was washed with hydrochloric acid to remove carbonates, which can produce a spurious signal (Feathers and Rhode 1998:290). The hydrochloric acid was rinsed from the sample with water to avoid reaction with acetone in the next step. The sample was suspended in acetone and subject to a series of two minute and 20 minute settling cycles. This procedure isolates the grains measuring 1-8μm that are used for the analysis. The 1-8μm fraction is optimal for TL because this size fraction is abundant and small enough to be fully exposed to alpha particles, whereas the dating calculations of larger fractions are more reliant on external dose rate, which can be difficult to estimate. Once the 1-8μm fraction was again suspended in acetone, 2ml of the solution was dispensed onto stainless steel discs in test tubes, the platform for the luminescence readings. The volume of the sample placed onto the discs is normalized by the above process so that difference in volume will not affect the luminescence measurement. Once the acetone has been evaporated from the discs, the sample is ready for luminescence measurement. Optimally, at least 50 discs are needed for measurement. Different measurements were performed on the discs for the calculation of a variety of variables. Some of the discs are measured for the natural thermoluminescence signal and these are given 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 seconds of beta irradiation to determine the regenerative curve. The remaining discs are given 40,80,120,160, or 200 seconds of beta irradiation (90Sr) for calculations for the additive dose of 30, 60, 90, 120, or 150 minutes of exposure to the alpha irradiation source (241Am) for calculation of alpha efficiency, using the b-value system. Prior to luminescence measurement, all discs were preheated to 70°C for one week to avoid the unstable signals skewing the curves. The above procedure is a combination of the additive dose and regeneration procedures for determining the De (also known as the paleodose, accrued dose, or accumulated dose [Aitken 1990:149]), or the amount of radiation that the object under question has received since the last heating event. The additive dose technique exposes aliquots to different increments of beta irradiation and measures the luminescence output. The data is then plotted in a growth curve with dose in Gy as the x-axis and luminescence counts as the y-axis. The relationship is assumed to be linear and the De is extrapolated from this data and assumed to be the intercept at the x- axis. Growth curves are not always linear and this method has large errors for rather young and rather old samples. The regeneration method zeros the sample by exposure to light or heat, then adds increments of irradiation to the reset aliquots. The luminescence is measured and the growth curve is constructed with the intercept at zero. The De is determined by the intercept of the natural signal on the y-axis. However, the act of zeroing the aliquots can create a sensitivity change so the slope of the regenerated curve does not match that of the natural signal. Any interpolation of the natural signal on a regenerated curve that has undergone sensitivity change will be in error. However, if the regenerated curve differs from the natural curve by proportion, “one of the curves can be adjusted to the other…the regeneration curve can be scaled and shifted to fit within the error terms of the additive dose curve” (Feathers and 159 Rhode 1998:292). The UW Luminescence Laboratory uses a computer program written by David Huntley at Simon Fraser University to shift and scale the data. The ceramic sample was subject to TL, OSL, and IRSL measurements by the UW Luminescence Laboratory staff members (see Feathers and Rhode 1998:292 for details). The external dose rate (Dr) for the sample needs to be calculated in addition to the De. The Dr for pottery samples is combination of alpha, beta, gamma, and cosmic radiation: “For most pottery the latent TL is produced in roughly equal proportions by the nuclear radiations from potassium [K], thorium [Th], and uranium [U] (Aitken 1990:150).” The moisture content of the sherd, the elevation of collection, and surrounding soil radiation all significantly affect the calculation of the Dr. Aitken (1990:153-154) notes that surface collected pottery sherds are not optimally suited to TL dating as they have not been surrounded by 30cm of homogeneous soil, which would ensure an homogenous external dose. Three of the sherds were from 0-10 cm and no cosmic radiation samples were taken; this likely resulted in the unreliable dates for some of the sherds. Alpha, beta, gamma, and cosmic dose rates were calculated by the UW Luminescence Laboratory staff. Six sherds from the 2011 Banda excavations were subjected to TL dating (Table 5.1), one from each site at 0-10 cm and 90-100 cm. The only determining quality of the sherd was that it be thick in order to acquire non-bleached material. No attempt was made to select a representative sample of temper as the temper analysis had not yet been conducted. The sherds from 0-10 cm and 90-100 cm were selected to roughly determine the date range for the occupation at each site and to check whether the stratigraphy was mixed. During the initial planning stages of this research project, it was assumed that dating could be Table 5.1 Luminescence dates. Sample Site/ level Temper Age (ka) % error Basis for age Calendar date (years BC/AD) UW2643 OR Unit 1 0-10-cm Grit 3.56±0.62 17.5 OSL/IRSL BC 1550 ± 620 (4170-2930 BP) UW2644 OR Unit 1 90-100-cm Grit 3.79±0.34 8.9 Uncorrected TL BC 1780 ± 340 (4120-3440 BP) UW2645 GW Unit 2 0-10 cm Grit 0.80±0.06* 7.6 IRSL AD 1220 ± 60 (AD 1160-1280) 0.12±0.02* 20.8 Uncorrected TL AD 1900 ± 20 (AD 1880-1920) UW2646 GW Unit 2 90-100 cm Grit 7.66±1.26** 16.5 OSL/ uncorrected TL BC 5650 ± 1260 (8910-6930 BP) UW2647 KB Unit 2 0-10 cm Grit 9.91±1.14** 11.5 OSL/ uncorrected TL BC 7900 ± 1140 (11040-8760 BP) UW2648 KB Unit 2 90-100 cm Shell (foraminifera) 1.14±0.21 18.4 OSL AD 870 ± 210 (AD 660-1080) Italicized and bolded dates are unproblematic. *Likely under-estimated. **Likely over-estimated. 160 based on tradewares and no money had been set aside for absolute dating methods. Therefore, only a few sherds could be dated at this time due to financial restrictions. Previous attempts to date Bandanese sherds with TL have not been successful (P. Lape, personal communication 2010). The six sherds submitted for TL dating yielded a 50% success rate. The difficulty arises, in part, from the volcanic nature of both the buried sediments and the clay parent material and also due to the lack of background measurements of the sediments (J. Feathers, personal communication 2015). However, it appears that TL dating can be relatively successful given a large enough sample size of sherds. Of the sherds that yielded unproblematic dates, two were grit-tempered sherds from Ordatang and one was a shell- tempered sherd from Komber. The dynamic beach environment of Komber and Groot Waling may be affecting the background radiation and ruining the measureable TL signal. Both of the grit-tempered sherds from Ordatang fall within the range of the Neolithic. The shell-tempered sherd from Komber dates to AD 660-1080, which is slightly earlier than dates usually associated with the beginning of the spice trade. This suggests, then, that increase in trade between the Ambon-Lease region and the Banda Islands, presumably involving spices among other goods, may have begun prior to its recognition in the historical record. Unfortunately, none of the dated sherds date to the colonial period, but this is not unexpected with a small sample size. Both shell-tempered and grit-tempered sherds are known to exist into the colonial period and into the late 20th century (Ellen and Glover 1974) so it cannot be assumed based on the TL dates that the entire assemblages pre-date the colonial period. Analysis of Ceramic Formal Characteristics An analysis of formal characteristics of the earthen sherd assemblage was undertaken to establish the basic characteristics of the assemblage. The broad goal of this project was to identify the potential differences between groups of people at the perken sites. Despite the mixed stratigraphy, a secondary goal of the analysis of formal characteristics was to determine if any difference existed that might be used to disentangle the deposits. A basic description of sherd characteristics within the assemblage was needed prior to being able to identify differences. There is currently no formal typology that exists for the Banda Islands or Maluku in general, so I needed to start from scratch with the descriptive characteristics. The basic information embedded in the formal characteristics of temper, thickness, hardness, and other characteristics can also yield information on performance characteristics, use, or taphonomy (Rice 1987). The discussion of formal characteristics of sherds is somewhat hampered by the lack of a formal typology for the region, creating a situation where there are many unknowns regarding the expected whole vessel forms and functions. A discussion of the predicted vessel forms expected based on other Malukan sites follows below, but it should be noted that Latinis and Stark (2003) do not think that the Banda earthenware assemblages are the same as that they studied in Central Maluku. 161 Methodology A variety of measurements and data were recorded for each sherd, regardless of immediate planned analytical use. All sherds were weighed in grams to two decimal places. Thickness was measured twice, at the thinnest and thickest points and an average was taken, in millimeters. Minimum and maximum length was also taken, also in millimeters. The part of the vessel from which the sherd had originated (e.g., body, neck, base, rim, etc.) was identified. Interior and exterior slip and decoration was noted. The colors of the interior, exterior, and core were identified using Munsell values. Hardness was recorded using Mohs’ hardness scale. Temper was identified macroscopically. As Spriggs (1990) noted, temper in Malukan earthenware assemblages is extremely heterogeneous. While I attempted to identify multiple components of the temper (e.g., sand, lava, mica) during the initial analysis, the discussion, below, uses only the macrogroups of “grit” and “shell” for ease of discussion. Shiung (2012) did identify multiple different temper inclusions, but did not identify any statistically significant patterns, so I decided to group all the non-foraminifera temper together. Original data can be found in Appendix B. Temper Temper is “the coarse components in a paste, usually assumed to have been added by potters to modify the properties of the clay” (Rice 1987:406). Temper is often used by archaeologists to determine different “types” of pottery in the archaeological record as it is believed that “the choice of tempering materials is assumed to represent a consistent or normative pattern and thus the regular covariation of particular tempering agents with particular vessel forms or styles is seen as culturally specific” (Rice 1987:409). The temper of earthenware sherds in the Maluku region has been described as, “too heterogeneous to be described here in detail” by Spriggs (1990:52) and subsequent authors (including me) tend to agree with him. Shiung (2012) has macroscopically described the tempers of some Bandanese sherds and Peterson (2015) has investigated clay and temper groupings of Bandanese sherds via ICP-MS. However, those studies were not available to me when I began my analysis and I was unable to use their work in my initial temper determinations. While few Malukan studies have focused on temper in any way, Dickenson (2005) performed a petrographic analysis of sherds from Aru Island. For comparative purposes, Dickenson also looked at 10 sherds from Lape’s (2000) excavations. Thus, there is actually more detailed information about Banda Islands temper than many other Malukan islands. Dickinson (2005:124) describes the temper from the Banda sherds as: A majority of the Banda sherds contain plagioclase-rich and pyroxene-bearing temper sands (hornblende-free) that are inferred to be indigenous to Banda, and are embedded in clay pastes that contain a significant component of vitroclastic volcanic ash presumably derived from ash blankets that mantle Banda. In thin section, the indigenous sherds are visually indistinguishable from exotic sherds previously recovered on Gorom and Aru, and comparison of the indigenous Banda temper type with tempers in the exotic Gorom- Aru sherds shows the three temper suites to be statistically indistinguishable. Ceramic 162 transfer from Banda to both Gorom and Aru accordingly seems a robust inference. Subordinate Banda sherds containing hornblende-rich placer tempers are unlikely to derive from Banda, but apparently reflect ceramic transfer to Banda from elsewhere, either another volcanic island along the Banda chain or farther afield within Indonesia. Shiung (2012) also described tempers from a selection of Lape’s (2000) excavated earthenware, based on macroscopic analysis. However, both the Dickenson and Shiung study have focused on the pre- colonial period and they use somewhat different techniques and terminology. Because a petrographic analysis of earthenware would not shed light on whether or not plantation occupants were using food to signal social identity during the colonial period, I did not feel this analysis was necessary for this project. Peterson (2015) used ICP-MS to identify source groups of Banda sherds from Lape’s excavations. This will be a welcome addition to the available information regarding ceramic technology in the Island Southeast Asia Neolithic, but the analysis was not available at the time of writing. I identified temper macroscopically, as this was the most efficient technique. For the three plantation sites I investigated, there are two major groups of temper: foramifera-based temper (“shell”) (Figure 5.1) and non-foraminfera heterogeneous temper (”grit”) (Figure 5.2). The shell/ foraminifera temper generally corresponds to Shiung’s (2012) “lime” temper. I used the term “shell” to describe the temper in my initial analyses and use it in graphs and tables, but it does represent foraminifera temper. The non-foraminifera temper has its roots in the Neolithic, but its use continued into the historic/ modern period based on Lape’s (2000b) and Shiung’s (2012) research. Much of the “grit”-tempered assemblage could be local (e.g., Peterson 2015), but additional analysis is required for positive identification as the temper is very heterogeneous. The foraminifera temper from Saparua (and possibly surrounding areas in Ambon-Lease or wider) has a more recent origin, estimated to be around AD 1400 (Spriggs 1990). A luminescence date on one of the foraminifera tempered sherds (UW2648, from Komber, Unit 2, 90-100 cm) yielded at date of AD 870 +/- 210, which is quite a bit earlier than Spriggs’ (1990) initial estimate of a relatively modern development (<500 years). Generally, the incorporation of the Maluku region into a Eurasian trade network is dated to the second millennium AD (e.g., Kathirithamby-Wells 1990). The Saparuan pottery from the potting village of Ouw made ethnographically used a planktonic foraminifera temper, described as sand [that is] almost entirely composed of planktonic foraminifera characteristic of the Plio-Pleistocene boundary in Eastern Indonesia. The foraminifera are not cemented, which suggests that they have been washed out of a marl by the women potters rather than obtained in a concentrated form from a calcareous sand…Such marls are common in Indonesia but this is the only instance so far known to us where a filler of this nature has been regularly used. [Ellen and Glover 1974:375] This planktonic foraminifera tempers sets the Ambon-Lease earthenware apart from the other mineral tempered wares of Maluku. This foraminifera- tempered ware can also be red-slipped, like the Neolithic wares, and could be water-proofed with the resin from the dammar tree (Agathis alba) (Ellen and Glover 1974). Spriggs (1990) does note that the older the sites on Saparua, the less foraminifera temper earthenware sherds they contained. Ouw was a popular pottery-making village when Ellen and 163 Figure 5.1 Shell/ foraminifera temper, clockwise from top left: GW.1.70-80.3, GW.3.0-10.13 (note holes due to decomposing temper), KB.2.70-80.2, KB.2.70-80.21. Figure 5.2 Grit temper, clockwise from top left, OR.1.60-70.1, OR.60-70.17, OR.1.60-70.41, GW.3.10- 20.9 164 Glover visited in the 1970s, having almost a monopoly on pottery manufacture. However, it is possible that archaeological sherds with foraminifera temper may have been made in a variety of villages in the past that have ceased pottery production in the modern era. The planktonic foraminifera sand that is used for temper is commonly found at the Plio-Pleistocene geological boundary in Maluku and is widely available, but as Ellen and Glover (1974) note above, they’ve only seen it used as temper in Ouw. Dickenson (2006:20) notes that beach sands with calcareous inclusions have also been used as temper in Vanuatu and the Mariana Islands. It is possible that the foraminifera temper was more wide-spread in the past, but until more work is done to demonstrate its use, I will assume the foramifera-tempered sherds in the Banda Islands were from the Ambon-Lease region. The earlier date of the foraminifera-tempered sherd in the Banda islands may suggest an increase in local inter-island trade or a change in trading partners, prior to incorporation into a wider sphere. These early dates for foraminifera temper do suggest more work needs to be done in this region to establish a reliable earthenware chronology. Other Sherd Characteristics According to Temper Class The function of the entire vessel can sometimes be reflected in the physical characteristics of the sherd. For instance, much has been written about what may have caused the transition from grit and grog tempered pots to shell temper in in the Mississippian region of North America (see Feathers 2006 for a review). Research into the performance characteristics of shell-tempered pottery suggests that shell- tempered sherds can have thinner walls than grit-tempered sherds, allowing for better heat transfer to the internal contents and resulting in fewer boil-overs (Feathers 2006). Shell temper is also more resistant to thermal shock and, despite the thinner walls, is actually stronger and more resistant to breakage than grit and grog temper. Knowing that shell-temper has beneficial performance characteristics in comparison to grit temper, at least for cooking vessels, I was curious if the foraminifera-tempered pottery had similar characteristics that might be identified in the physical characteristics of the sherds. Foraminifera also have shells made from calcium carbonate, like mollusks, and I thought this temper may have similar performance characteristics to the more widely studied shell temper. To investigate if temper can be associated with different characteristics of the original vessel, I measured a variety of different characteristics. Length I chose the average size of sherds as a proxy for breakage. Length is a very rough measure of breakage. That is, the smaller the sherds, all things being equal, the more the original vessel broke up during the destruction event. Temper type, wall thickness, forming techniques, firing temperature, manner of destruction (thermal shock, gravity, etc.) among other variables can all affect the size of sherds after a vessel is broken. An additional problem is the differential existence of certain sherds in the archaeological record. That is, some types of pots break more often, break into smaller pieces, or are less durable than others and certain types of pots break at higher rates than others and may be over 165 represented in the archaeological record. This would be a major problem if vessel size and vessel shape varied radically across the expected assemblage, but no earthenware studies of Malukan earthenware suggest any radical variation in size or shape (e.g., Latinis and Stark 2003, Shiung 2012, Spriggs 1990a, Spriggs and Dickenson 2010). Size can also be a product of taphonomic processes, that is, if a sherd is deposited in a dynamic environment, the more likely it will continue to break and the smaller it is likely to become. Differences in size of sherd based on temper are expected to represent differences in original vessel form or function if other characteristics (e.g., wall thickness) also vary according to temper or if there are differences in taphonomic processes at the sites. If taphonomic processes create the size difference, if any, then there should be not corresponding variation with other characteristics. The measurements for sherd lengths at all sites can be found in Figure 5.3 and Table 5.2. At Ordatang, the mean of the grit tempered sherds is larger than the shell tempered sherds at a statistically significant level (p<0.01). However, this may be a result of sample size as the grit-tempered sherds have a sample size that is an order of magnitude larger than the shell tempered sherds. At Groot Waling, the mean length of both shell- and grit-tempered sherds was around 25-26 mm and is not significantly different (p=0.73). At Komber, the mean length of grit-tempered sherds was 29.852 mm and shell- tempered sherds was 36.298 mm and the difference was statistically significant (p <0.01). The sherds from Komber Unit 2 were fairly obviously larger during analysis. Many of the sherds at Groot Waling were water-worn (discussed above in Chapter 4 and below) and this would impact their excavated size. If the sherds at Ordatang were also used as fill, it is possible that they, too, had additional post-depositional damage. The mean of the grit-tempered sherds from Ordatang is a little larger than that of the shell- tempered sherds, but the opposite is true at Komber where shell-tempered sherds have a larger mean. This discrepancy is probably due to differences in sample size as the larger mean is associated with the larger sample of temper at both sites. Wall Thickness As noted above, previous research suggests that shell-tempered pottery can have thinner walls than grit tempered pottery. The thinness of walls is a result of the shell fragments aligning when the shell temper is being worked into the clay (Feathers 2006). This characteristic would not necessarily occur with the foraminifera temper as the foraminifera shells resulted in more granular shapes (Ellen and Glover 1974) than the plate-like shapes that the mollusk shells create when processed for temper. However, it is possible the foraminifera temper may be able to create thinner walls. Thinner walls would reduce the weight of the pot which would likely be beneficial to pots that were being traded, as the foraminifera- tempered pots were. Thinner walls would also improve heat-transfer for cooking pots, but may be less important for water storage pots. I measured the minimum and maximum thickness of each sherd and averaged the two measurements to get an average thickness for each sherd. For all sites, the minimum thickness of the grit temper was smaller than the shell-tempered sherds and the maximum thickness of the shell-tempered sherds was greater than the grit-tempered 166 Figure 5.3 Maximum length of sherds by temper and site. Table 5.2 Length (mm) by temper and by site. Site N Minimum Maximum Mean Standard Deviation Confidence Interval ± p= Grit Shell Grit Shell Grit Shell Grit Shell Grit Shell Grit Shell OR 1531 152 9.35 11.12 94.24 62.15 26.756 23.841 10.804 8.255 0.54 1.31 <.01 GW 483 748 5.22 9.38 91.02 101.94 25.826 25.598 11.421 11.053 1.02 0.79 .73 KB 141 533 11.45 12.42 90.45 116.33 29.852 36.298 13.645 18.724 2.25 1.59 <.01 167 sherds (Figure 5.4, Table 5.3). The standard deviation for the shell-tempered sherds ranges from 1.75- 3.37 at the three sites, showing a higher range of deviation than the grit- tempered sherds. The mean for both tempers at all sites ranges from 4.69 mm to 5.81 mm with p-values greater than 0.50 at all sites. There is no indication, then, that the foraminifera tempered vessels had thinner walls or, likely, the associated performance characteristics. The choice to use the foraminifera-tempered pottery does not appear to be related performance characteristics that can be identified by these, admittedly rudimentary, measures. Figure 5.4 Average sherd thickness by temper and site. 168 Table 5.3 Grit Temper average thickness (mm) descriptive statistics. Site N Minimum Maximum Mean Standard Deviation Confidence Interval ± p= Grit Shell Grit Shell Grit Shell Grit Shell Grit Shell Grit Shell OR 1531 152 1.575 2.56 26.885 33.25 5.72 5.81 2.30 3.37 0.12 0.54 .75 GW 489 749 1.205 1.78 17.210 21.53 4.76 4.69 2.51 1.75 0.22 0.13 .59 KB 144 532 1.785 2.04 17.965 21.46 5.44 5.26 2.76 2.09 0.45 0.18 .46 Mohs’ Hardness The durability of the original pot may also be identified via its “hardness,” or its “resistance to mechanical deformation,” specifically surface deformation (Rice 1973:354). The Mohs’ mineral hardness scale is commonly used by archaeologists to determine the hardness of the sherd (Rice 1973:355). I identified the Mohs’ hardness for each sherds via a traditional Mohs’ scale. Unfortunately, the vast majority of the sherds (98.7%, N=3557) were a 3 on the Mohs’ scale. Two sherds each had a Mohs’ hardness of 4 or 5 and 28 sherds had a hardness rating of 2. A further 12 assigned catalog numbers were not measured as they were not complete sherds but small bits of the ceramics that had been broken off during transit or processing. Rice (1973:356) notes that non-kiln fired pottery usually scores between 3 and 5 on the hardness scale, so the earthenware in Banda falls on the expected scale for non-kiln fired earthenware. Due to the similarity of hardness throughout the entire assemblage, no significant patterns can be identified by temper type or site. The low score on the Mohs’ scale does suggest that the earthenware pottery, regardless of temper, in the region was low-fired. This is in no way unexpected due to ethnographic descriptions of open firing pottery and previous research by Shiung (2012). Discussion of Formal Characteristics There appears to be no statistically significance in size, thickness, or hardness of the sherds based on temper type. Regionally, this suggests a low investment in ceramic technology in general; that is, no island group’s earthenware was functionally better, on the measures identified here, than any other. While it is likely that the different tempers had performance characteristics that have not been identified in this study that influenced consumer choice, it is parsimonious at this time to assume that temper differences are merely the result of locally available material. Until more information is available regarding forms and use of the earthenware, it is difficult to determine what performance characteristics were most attractive for the users or how temper affected them. The clustering of mean thickness and the similarity of the Mohs’ hardness suggests a regularity of form which may suggest earthenware had a generalized use and there were not many specialized uses for the ceramics. That is, there is no indication that the shell-tempered sherds were more useful for cooking starchy gruels whereas the grit-tempered sherds were not, as can be seen in the Mississippian region discussed above. While the similarity of characteristics between the two temper types could theoretically be due not to generic use as I postulate 169 but because all ceramics were used for the same specialized use, this is not a parsimonious explanation. Multiple different forms (discussed below) do exist for the earthenware suggesting that individual pots may have had specialized use, there is no indication at an assemblage level that there was a difference in performance characteristic and therefore, presumably, use based on temper type. Temper by Site As noted above, shell tempered sherds tend to be more recent than grit tempered sherds and tend to be more plentiful in younger sites in Central Maluku (Spriggs 1990:53) and the Banda Islands (Shiung 2012) although grit tempered sherds do continue to exist alongside shell tempered sherds into the modern period. I had hoped that the tendency of younger sites to produce more shell-tempered sherds would help to relatively date the perken occupation. Theoretically, the sites should all date to the colonial period and have similar temper distributions. Deviation from this expectation could indicate a pre- colonial occupation. Of the three sites, only Komber has a known pre-colonial occupation. While variants of the Ordatang name do exist as that of a pre-colonial coastal village, the location does not match the location of the perk. Hanna (1978) notes that habitation in the interior was difficult and Lape (2000a, 2000b) notes a lack of interior village sites on colonial maps. This suggests that the perk location of Ordatang does not correspond to the pre-colonial village site. Based on this, Komber should have the highest amount of grit-tempered earthenware with lower amounts found at Groot Waling and Ordatang. However, this is not the case as Ordatang produces significantly more grit tempered sherds than any of the other sites (1531 sherds at Ordatang versus 489 sherds at Groot Waling and 144 sherds at Komber). Ordatang Unit 1 The shell temper is not common at Ordatang Unit 1, making up less than 20% of the assemblage of any given level and it generally decreases with depth (Figure 5.5). Unit 2 Shell tempered sherds are more common in Ordatang Unit 2, but also show a decrease with depth and do not occur below 50 cm (Figure 5.6). Unit 3 The distribution of shell temper is somewhat different for Ordatang Unit 3 and shows no pattern of decrease (Figure 5.7). This unit had bedrock at 50 cm whereas the two units did not encounter bedrock. Significantly fewer sherds were found in this unit than the other two units. 170 Figure 5.5. Ordatang Unit 1 temper distribution. Figure 5.6. Ordatang Unit 2 temper distribution. 23 7 2 6 2 1 1 1 6 163 91 83 80 95 93 94 94 74 46 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% surface 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm 50-60 cm 60-70 cm 70-80 cm 80-90 cm 90-100 cm Ordatang Unit 1 Foraminifera Grit 6 33 30 11 4 1 8 61 57 83 94 92 116 45 10 1 1 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% surface 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm 50-60 cm 60-70 cm 70-80 cm 80-90 cm 90-100 cm Ordatang Unit 2 Foraminifera Grit 171 Figure 5.7. Ordatang Unit 3 temper distribution. Discussion Earthenware ceramics were the only artifact class found at Ordatang past 50 cm in depth. I hypothesized in Chapter 4 that this distribution was the result of earthenware being used as fill to level out the natural platform prior to the erection of the perk buildings. Unit 3 was located in an area with higher bedrock and did not require fill to build up that area to be level with the remainder of the perk. The fewer shell tempered sherds found below 50 cm supports Spriggs (1990) contention that the older the site, the fewer of what he called foraminifera tempered sherds are found. Additionally, the sparse number of shell tempered sherds below 50 cm (N=3) does support their more recent development. However, their existence below 50 cm may be the result of mixed deposits. Two grit-tempered sherds from Unit 1, at 0- 10 cm and 90-100 cm, yielded TL dates of 1550 BC +/- 620 (4170-2930 BP) and 1780 BC +/- 340 (4120- 3440 BP), respectively. These dates are within the expected range of a Neolithic occupation. It is also possible that Ordatang was not fully engaged with the Ambon-Lease trade and was not receiving the foraminifera-tempered sherds in large numbers. The large number of grit-tempered sherds at Ordatang is unexpected. No evidence of a pre- colonial occupation is expected at this spot. Furthermore, the number of sherds found at Ordatang was much higher than the other two perk sites. This suggests that this site was somewhat anomalous both in terms of age of deposit and amount of recovered material. Based on the uneven bedrock at Ordatang, I believe the Neolithic sherds were brought in to Ordatang as fill and are not associated with the colonial 3 15 1 16 28 9 4 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm Ordatang Unit 3 Foraminifera Grit 172 era perk occupation. It is possible that only the upper 50 cm of Unit 2 and all of Unit 3 can be associated with the colonial-era perk occupation. Groot Waling Unit 1, 1.5 There is a fairly clear decrease in foraminifera-tempered sherds with depth in this unit (Figure 5.8). Water worn ceramics also increase, generally, with depth (Figure 5.9). However, as noted in Chapter 4, there was a refit between two bone pieces found at 10-20 cm and 80-90 cm and between two sherds at 40-50 cm and 70-80 cm, suggesting somewhat mixed deposits. A large tree was next to the unit and the roots could have pushed around some of the material while still maintaining some stratigraphic integrity. The general decrease in foraminifera temper and increase in water worn ceramics does suggest that some integrity of deposit exists, despite mixing. This pattern of increasing grit-tempered sherds with depth is not present at Komber which also contains mixed deposits. A brick was found at 90-100 cm, suggesting the entire deposit falls after the European colonization or was deposited prior to the erection of the perk, similar to Ordatang. The higher percent of foraminifera-tempered sherds in this assemblage suggests a more recent occupation than that seen at Ordatang or a stronger relationship with Ambon-Lease, assuming this is the origin of the foraminifera temper. Although grit-tempered sherds were still being used after European colonization, the higher percent of foraminifera-tempered sherds throughout the deposit and the presences of water worn sherds in the deeper levels suggest that there was little to no pre- colonial occupation at Groot Waling and sherds that exist are likely redeposited. Unit 2 Unit 2 shows a distribution of temper similar to Ordatang with foraminifera temper almost disappearing after 50 cm (Figure 5.10). However, 100% of sherds exhibit evidence of water erosion after 30 cm (Figure 5.9). The number of sherds also significantly decreases after 30 cm, although the number does start to increase again at 80-90 cm. The upper 30 cm probably represents the recent perk habitation whereas the water-worn sherds below 30 cm may represent a paleoshoreline. Sherds could have been washed up on the Groot Waling paleoshore prior to the building of the perk. These sherds likely would have been redeposited from one of the many villages along the northern shore of Banda Besar, such as Lonthor or Komber. Unit 3 Unit 3 also shows a similar distribution to Units 1 and 2, with a decrease in foraminifera tempered sherds with depth (Figure 5.12). The amount of water-worn sherds increase at 50-60 cm (Figure 5.13). There is a decrease in sherds in Unit 2 up to 50 cm and then they begin to increase although they are water-worn. Unit 3 also sees a decrease in sherds and then an increase in water-worn sherds, although at a slightly different depth. The erratic distribution of foraminifera sherds in the upper 50 cm may be due 173 Figure 5.8. Groot Waling Unit 1, 1.5 temper distribution. Figure 5.9 Groot Waling Unit 1 water-worn earthenware sherds. 2 55 69 84 47 35 20 12 6 5 0 16 12 20 19 20 21 29 24 32 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm 50-60 cm 60-70 cm 70-80 cm 80-90 cm 90-100 cm Groot Waling Unit 1, 1.5 Foraminifera Grit 4 5 10 14 35 45 66 96 87 70 25 30 21 20 7 12 4 5 2 6 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 90-100 cm 80-90 cm 70-80 cm 60-70 cm 50-60 cm 40-50 cm 30-40 cm 20-30 cm 10-20 cm 0-10 cm Groot Waling Unit 1, 1.5 Water-worn Earthenware not water-worn water worn 174 Figure 5.10. Groot Waling Unit 2 temper distribution. Figure 5.11 Groot Waling Unit 2, water-worn earthenware sherds. 84 76 15 1 1 1 10 23 12 3 2 4 6 12 64 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm 60-70 cm 70-80 cm 80-90 cm 90-100 cm Groot Waling Unit 2 Foraminifera Grit 7 1 119 236 196 65 12 6 4 3 4 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 90-100 cm 80-90 cm 70-80 cm 60-70 cm 40-50 cm 30-40 cm 20-30 cm 10-20 cm 0-10 cm Groot Waling Unit 2 Water-worn Earthernware not water-worn water worn 175 Figure 5.12 Groot Waling Unit 3 temper distribution. Figure 5.13 Groot Waling Unit 3 water-worn earthenware. 13 22 68 14 5 24 20 17 8 12 12 7 5 5 17 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm 50-60 cm 60-70 cm 70-80 cm 80-90 cm 90-100 cm Groot Waling Unit 3 Foraminifera Grit 3 1 11 19 23 143 48 38 17 5 5 5 6 0 1 1 1 1 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 90-100 cm 80-90 cm 70-80 cm 60-70 cm 50-60 cm 40-50 cm 30-40 cm 20-30 cm 10-20 cm 0-10 cm Groot Waling Unit 3 Water-worn Earthenware not water-worn water-worn 176 to the location of Unit 3 in an area outside the perk walls used for modern gardens. The upper 50 cm may be mixed due to farming practices. Similar to Unit 2, the upper 50 cm probably represent a colonial- modern era occupation and the lower 50 cm a paleoshoreline. Unit 4 Unit 4 shows a completely different distribution of temper with no discernible pattern with depth (Figure 5.14). The lack of water-wear on the sherds suggests that Unit 4 is not part of the same paleoshoreline that exists in the other units (Figure 5.15). This unit was located near a well and had construction debris throughout, so it, too, is probably a mixed or disturbed context. Discussion Despite problems with mixed deposits, it appears that the shell temper almost completely replaces the grit temper at Groot Waling. Because there was likely no pre-colonial village at Groot Waling (see Lape 2002 for a discussion of pre-colonial village sites), it can comfortably be surmised that the shell temper can be associated with the Colonial or early pre-Colonial period. Assuming the 50 cm depth in Unit 2 and 3 represent pre-colonial colonial deposits, there is a significant number of water-worn sherds, indicating secondary deposit in that location. Shiung (2012) notes that the Labatecca village site(BN1) on Banda Neira has a colonial- era village but no shell tempered sherds (what Shiung calls lime temper), suggesting differential access to material culture. The higher percent of shell tempered sherds at Groot Waling compared to Ordatang may represent a chronological difference in the sites or a difference in access to resources. Groot Waling’s beachside location may have given it greater access to trade goods than the interior and highland Ordatang. Komber Unit 1 Unit 1 at Komber is also a disturbed context, probably a result of building the school within the perk walls (Figure 5.16). Thus, there is no discernible pattern in the temper in this unit. There are few sherds in general in this unit and they show a mix of foraminifera and grit temper throughout. Unit 2 Unit 2 is also a mixed deposit (Figure 5.17). This unit was located on the beach, outside the perk but this area yielded a significant number of tradeware sherds during the auger probes. It was only after this unit was excavated that I realized the beach had been built up recently as an anti-erosion measure and the earthenware and tradeware in this location were in secondary context. Due to the mixed context, it cannot be determined if foraminifera tempered sherds increased over time at Komber. However, one of the foraminifera-tempered sherds from 90-100 cm was TL dated to AD 870 +/- 210, suggesting Komber 177 Figure 5.14 Groot Waling Unit 4 temper distribution. Figure 5.15 Groot Waling Unit 4 water-worn earthenware sherds. 4 3 3 9 10 2 4 2 6 21 9 11 4 7 7 1 9 0 4 9 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm 50-60 cm 60-70 cm 70-80 cm 80-90 cm 90-100 cm Groot Waling Unit 4 Foraminifera Grit 34 8 3 8 4 22 19 8 21 14 1 2 0 4 0 0 2 0 0 1 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 90-100 cm 80-90 cm 70-80 cm 60-70 cm 50-60 cm 40-50 cm 30-40 cm 20-30 cm 10-20 cm 0-10 cm Groot Waling Unit 4 Water-worn Earthenware not water-worn water worn 178 Figure 5.16 Komber Unit 1 temper distribution. had early trading ties to the Ambon-Lease region (assuming that was the only location of foraminifera tempered-sherds). Unit 3 No earthenware was identified in Unit 3. Unit 3 only went to 30 cm due to difficulty digging. A few pieces of porcelain were found and are discussed below. Discussion The earthenware assemblage at Komber probably represents a mixed deposit coming from multiple households from the surrounding village. However, this allows for an interesting, if unintended, comparison. The mixed deposit cannot be unmixed, but Komber has a similar assemblage of both foraminifera and grit tempered pots as Groot Waling. Which is to say that Komber has more shell tempered sherds than grit tempered sherds as opposed to having significantly more grit tempered sherds. 3 2 3 4 3 6 2 5 2 1 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm 50-60 cm 60-70 cm KB Unit 1 Foraminifera Grit 179 Figure 5.17 Komber Unit 2 temper distribution. than shell as is seen at Ordatang. The existence of more shell tempered sherds at Komber and Groot Waling suggest that these two sites had access to the similar kinds of goods but that Ordatang did not have access to these goods. Site Comparisons The three plantation sites did have different temper distributions. Ordatang had very little foraminifera temper which was unexpected for a site that did not have an identifiable pre-colonial village. Groot Waling, at least in Unit 1, 1.5 and Unit 2, showed grit temper in the lower depths being replaced by foraminifera temper in the upper levels. Komber had a mix of grit and foraminifera temper throughout, probably due to mixed deposits. The different temper distributions do suggest that the perken had different occupation histories. This is not addressed in historic records which tend to treat the perken as homogenous. The different temper distributions also suggest that the perken may have differential access to the regional trade routes. Vessel Forms The form of the pot, if it can be identified, can be used to determine the use of the pot (Rice 1987). Unlike temper, there has been some description of vessel forms in the Maluku region. Ethnographically, earthenware pots in Maluku have been used for water storage, storage of valuables, and cooking (Ellen and Glover 1974, Latinis and Stark 2003). Ellen and Glover (1974:357-361) describe ethnographic pottery forms as: 1.) vessels with restricted forms (water jars, various cooking pots, serving vessels, spouted pitcher) and 2.) vessels with unrestricted forms (e.g., bowls, plates, mortars) which “may 16 79 114 73 41 18 33 42 21 5 8 30 49 27 20 3 20 33 10 9 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm 50-60 cm 60-70 cm 70-80 cm 80-90 cm 90-100 cm KB Unit 2 Foraminifera Grit 180 be used for preparing food, for eating from, but seldom for storing food or liquids, or for cooking.” Latinis and Stark (2003:118-125) provide a comprehensive review of the Central Malukan earthenware ceramics archaeological studies yet available. They describe eleven forms of earthenware found in Central Malukan sites on Ambon, Seram, and Buru: 1.) globular, cylindrical, or conical jars with restricted necks, 2.) unrestricted jars and deep bowls, 3.) unrestricted bowls, shallow jars, dishes, plates, and possible lids, 4.) unrestricted bowls or jars with inverted rims, 5.) shallow bowls, dishes, or plates on ring-stands/ feet, 6.) ring-stands/ feet, 7.) molds (mainly sago molds), 8.) anglo or tungku, 9.) knobs, 10.) oil lamps, and 11.) mystery pieces. However, Latinis and Stark (2006:126) do note that “the Banda assemblages, although showing some similarities, seem different enough to merit their exclusion from the Tomu and Hatusua tradition.” Due to the higher level of detail, I relied on Latinis and Stark’s vessel typology, despite their note that the assemblages are not directly comparable. Of the 3601 analyzed sherds, only 138 could be identified to form; these primarily comprise of globular jars with restricted necks (L&S #1), unrestricted bowls, shallow jars, dishes, plates, and lids (L&S #3), ring-stand/ feet (L&S #6), molds (L&S #7), and anglo/ tungko (L&S #8), discussed below. At Ordatang and Groot Waling, sherds were generally too small to determine vessel form with any confidence. The larger sherds at Komber indicated a prevalence of globular jars with restricted necks and some carinated jars. It is possible that other forms Latinis and Stark described are present but are not identifiable as such based on their fragmented condition. L&S #1 Globular Jars Sherds from globular jars (Figure 5.18) are the most numerous identified pieces, making up 95 (70%) of the 136 sherds that could be placed into a form category. The majority of these, 88 (92%) sherds are from Komber; of the remaining, 3 sherds were found at Ordatang and 4 sherds at Groot Waling (Table 5.4). The three sherds from Ordatang were grit-tempered as was one sherd from Groot Waling. The larger size of the sherds found at Komber made the identification of globular jars easier, whereas the smaller sizes of sherds at the other perken sites made identification of form rather difficult. Many of the sherds at Komber refit, also allowing for identification (Figure 5.18). No macroscopic residue, like charring, could be seen on the globular jar sherds suggesting that they were not used for cooking starchy foods that may leave a residue. These jars may have been used for water storage as the restricted neck would inhibit evaporation (Rice 1987:237-240). L&S #3 Unrestricted vessels Latinis and Stark (2003) describe unrestricted vessels as unrestricted bowls, shallow jars, dishes, plates, and possible lids. Of these forms, 24 bowl sherds were identified, in addition to three lid fragments, and two plate fragments (Figure 5.19). Similar to the globular jar, most of the bowl fragments (20 sherds) were identified at Komber (Table 5.5). The remaining 4 bowl sherds were found at Ordatang. 181 Table 5.4 Globular Jar sherds. Site Unit Level (cm) Number Temper Site Unit Level (cm) Number Temper OR 1 60-70 31 grit KB 2 30-40 29 shell OR 1 60-70 67 grit KB 2 30-40 30 shell OR 1 90-100 45 grit KB 2 30-40 31 shell GW 2 10-20 1 shell KB 2 30-40 32 shell GW 2 10-20 2 shell KB 2 30-40 33 shell GW 2 20-30 1 shell KB 2 30-40 34 shell GW 2 70-80 1 grit KB 2 30-40 35 shell GW 3 20-30 26 shell KB 2 30-40 37 shell GW 4 40-50 1 shell KB 2 30-40 38 shell KB 1 60-70 3 shell KB 2 40-50 1 shell KB 1 60-70 4 shell KB 2 40-50 2 shell KB 2 10-20 2 shell KB 2 40-50 3 shell KB 2 10-20 3 shell KB 2 40-50 4 shell KB 2 20-30 6 shell KB 2 60-70 1 shell KB 2 20-30 9 shell KB 2 60-70 2 shell KB 2 20-30 10 shell KB 2 60-70 3 shell KB 2 30-40 3 shell KB 2 60-70 4 shell KB 2 30-40 4 shell KB 2 60-70 5 shell KB 2 30-40 5 shell KB 2 60-70 6 shell KB 2 30-40 6 shell KB 2 60-70 7 shell KB 2 30-40 7 shell KB 2 60-70 8 shell KB 2 30-40 8 shell KB 2 60-70 9 shell KB 2 30-40 12 shell KB 2 60-70 10 shell KB 2 30-40 14 shell KB 2 60-70 11 shell KB 2 30-40 19 shell KB 2 60-70 12 shell KB 2 30-40 20 shell KB 2 60-70 14 shell KB 2 30-40 21 shell KB 2 60-70 15 shell KB 2 30-40 22 shell KB 2 60-70 17 shell KB 2 30-40 23 shell KB 2 60-70 18 shell KB 2 30-40 24 shell KB 2 60-70 21 shell KB 2 30-40 25 shell KB 2 60-70 31 shell KB 2 30-40 26 shell KB 2 60-70 32 shell KB 2 30-40 27 shell KB 2 70-80 1 shell KB 2 30-40 28 shell KB 2 70-80 2 shell 182 Site Unit Level (cm) Number Temper KB 2 70-80 3 shell KB 2 70-80 4 shell KB 2 70-80 5 shell KB 2 70-80 6 shell KB 2 70-80 7 shell KB 2 70-80 8 shell KB 2 70-80 9 shell KB 2 70-80 10 shell KB 2 70-80 11 shell KB 2 70-80 12 shell KB 2 70-80 13 shell KB 2 70-80 14 shell KB 2 70-80 15 shell KB 2 70-80 16 shell KB 2 70-80 17 shell KB 2 70-80 40 shell KB 2 70-80 41 shell KB 2 70-80 42 shell KB 2 70-80 43 shell KB 2 70-80 44 shell KB 2 70-80 45 shell KB 2 80-90 2 shell KB 2 80-90 3 shell KB 2 80-90 4 shell KB 2 80-90 5 shell KB 2 80-90 6 shell KB 2 80-90 7 shell KB 2 80-90 8 shell KB 2 80-90 10 shell 183 Figure 5.18 Globular jars 184 Figure 5.19 Unrestricted vessel: Top- wok-like vessel, Middle- bowl fragments, Bottom- lid fragment. 185 Table 5.5 Unrestricted vessel sherds. Site Unit Level (cm) Number Temper OR 1 10-20 1 Grit OR 1 70-80 1 Grit OR 1 80-90 1 Grit OR 2 40-50 21 Grit KB 2 20-30 16 Shell KB 2 20-30 19 Shell KB 2 20-30 24 Shell KB 2 20-30 33 Shell KB 2 20-30 34 Shell KB 2 20-30 35 Shell KB 2 20-30 36 Shell KB 2 20-30 37 Shell KB 2 20-30 38 Shell KB 2 20-30 39 Shell KB 2 20-30 40 Shell KB 2 20-30 41 Shell KB 2 20-30 42 Shell KB 2 20-30 43 Shell KB 2 20-30 44 Shell KB 2 20-30 45 Shell KB 2 20-30 46 Shell KB 2 20-30 47 Shell KB 2 20-30 83 Shell KB 2 20-30 137 Shell The 20 sherds at Komber mostly refit with each other, forming the remains of a single wok-like vessel. This vessel had a red cruciform symbol painted on the bottom of the dish. No macroscopic evidence existed to suggest it had been used as a cooking vessel, but it is not impossible. The bottom of the vessel also had a circular area of wear at bottom, suggesting this vessel was regularly placed on or used on a circular object. The amount of sherds recovered from this vessel that refit suggest that it was either deposited as a complete vessel or that the complete vessel was broken shortly before deposition and the remains were deposited together. Many of the sherds in Komber Unit 2 refit, so this is not unusual for this unit. The cruciform design at the bottom of the vessel’s interior also suggests that it wasn’t used for cooking. It is tempting to assign the cross-nature of the design to a Christian belief system, however a 186 quadpartite cross is also commonly used in non-Christian populations in cosmological designs (e.g., Schele et al. 1986). Shiung (2012:371) shows the base of a possible forna with a quadritpartite design from BN 4 (BN 4 Unit 2 130-140 cm #8). Bellwood (1979) shows quadripartite designs on Neolithic and Metal Age ceramics from Island Southeast Asia and Latinis and Stark (2003) show quadpartite designs incised onto the bottom of vessels, so this symbol may have an antiquity in the region that is not associated with Christianity. Three lid fragments were identified, one at Groot Waling (Unit 1 30-40 cm #2), two at Komber (Unit 2 20-30 cm #17, 30-40 cm #72). Short of suggesting the presence of lidded vessels, little else can be said about this form. Two plate fragments were found at Ordatang (Unit 1, 40-50 cm #98 and 60-70 cm #86). Again, the small sample size precludes any interpretation other than the existence of plates as an earthenware form. The presence of plates at Ordatang in the deeper, probably pre-colonial deposits suggests that earthenware plates may be an older form that could have been replaced by tradeware plates or organic serving vessels like banana or palm leaves. L&S #6 Ring-feet/ bases Two bases with ring feet were identified (KB.2.70-80.69, GW.2.90-100.1) (Figure 5.20). The base from Groot Waling was water-worn but relatively large. The sherd from Komber had red paint that was wearing off. Both sherds had applique rings and were shell tempered. Figure 5.20 Ring feet bases. L&S #7 Molds Forna (sago molds) are described as molds used for cooking the hard, biscuit-like sagu lempeng…Most examples appear to have been rather informally crafted by a hand/ slab-building technique. Rectangular slot walls were apparently either applied to slabs, or slots were cut from a clay block…Almost 187 all examples were smoothed but not slipped, painted or decorated. [Latinis and Stark 2003:121] Forna are described in Latinis and Stark’s (2003) assemblages, but are not common. Forna are similarly rare in the Banda assemblages. Lape (2000b) excavated one forna at BN2 (Harmonie Club) and 6 forna fragments from BN 4 (Governor’s compound); 8 forna fragments were identified in this project. Three were found at Groot Waling and 5 at Komber (Table 5.6, Figure 5.21). The number of forna at the sites in Banda Neira and at the two coastal perken sites may be a result of the governor or other VOC administrators being in charge of doling out rations to the different perken; that is the molds were used to create the biscuits and the biscuits were provided to the workers. Today, in Banda Neira, the biscuits are not sold in the mold in the market, but individual biscuits are bundled together outside any ceramic form (Figure 5.22), so it is unlikely that the molds would have been given to the workers with the biscuits. If the molds are only needed to form, and not ship, the biscuits and sago is not processed in the Banda Islands, it is rather unexpected to find forna at all. This could suggest some sort of sago processing in the Banda Islands, which is unexpected. If the sagu lempeng biscuits were shipped in molds, however, their presence could be a sign of the VOC administrators skimming off the top of the workers’ rations as they were only found at the sites associated with the colonial elite. The lack of forna at Ordatang may be due to two factors: 1) distance, that is the site was too far from the market or VOC headquarters and the molds just never made it past the coastal sites and up the hill to Ordatang or 2) time depth, that is, the use of forna for sago may have occurred after the dating of the fill deposit that was used for leveling out the site. Some authors (e.g., Latinis and Stark 2003:122, Spriggs and Miller 1979:31) suggest that forna are a relatively recent development associated with European colonialism and the spice trade. Since few of the colonial-era foraminifera-tempered sherds are found at Ordatang, perhaps forna were just not a part of the original assemblage used for fill. Regardless, the low number of forna in the all of the Banda assemblages does suggest that sago molds were not useful material culture in the Banda Islands. Table 5.6 Forna/ sago mold fragments. Site Unit Level (cm) Number Temper GW 1.5 30-40 1 Grit GW 1.5 60-70 9 Grit GW 2 90-100 47 Grit KB 2 20-30 14 Grit KB 2 20-30 15 Grit KB 2 20-30 124 Grit KB 2 40-50 16 Grit KB 2 40-50 17 Grit 188 Figure 5.21. Forna/ sago mold fragments. 189 Figure 5.22 Sagu lempeng for sale in Banda Neira market. L&S #8 Anglo/ Tungku Anglo or tunku are cylindrical or shallow, anvil-shaped charcoal oven vessels with three knobs for resting another vessel atop the charcoal fire; these knobs are often called “pig’s tongue” due to similarity in form (Latinis and Stark 2003:122). Latinis and Stark (2003:122) speculate that these vessels would have been useful for cooking on wooden boats to contain the coals, to reduce wind, concentrate heat, or to rest other vessels for cooking. Two likely pig tongue style fragments and a possible anglo rim sherd were excavated at Ordatang, but are not found at the other two plantation sites (Figure 5.23). Both “pig’s tongue” knobs had punctate decoration. Similar to the above forms, the low number of anglo at the plantation sites suggest that this form of material culture was not necessary or valuable at the sites. Other Forms “Other forms” identified at the plantation sites include roofing tile fragments, a spout, a foot, a knob, a handle and two sherds with the remains of a drilled hole. The majority of the “other” forms are roofing tiles (Table 5.7). I identified 18 roofing tiles fragments, three at Ordatang, 11 at Groot Waling and 4 at Komber. If I identified roofing tiles in the field, I did not collect them as they were unlikely to provide much information beyond the existence of tile roofs, which were historically known. But there was not a lot of roofing tile remains, generally speaking, considering multiple episodes of destruction are 190 Figure 5.23 Anglo fragments. 191 Table 5.7 Roofing tiles. Site Unit Level (cm) Number Temper OR 1 60-70 17 Grit OR 1 60-70 19 Grit OR 1 80-90 74 Grit GW 1 30-40 1 Grit GW 1 40-50 1 Grit GW 1.5 70-80 1 Grit GW 3 10-20 13 Grit GW 4 0-10 2 Grit GW 4 10-20 1 Grit GW 4 10-20 9 Grit GW 4 20-30 7 Grit GW 4 30-40 1 Grit GW 4 30-40 5 Grit GW 4 60-70 12 Grit KB 2 0-10 7 Grit KB 2 0-10 8 Grit KB 2 50-60 2 Grit KB 2 50-60 4 Grit recorded for the perken. Some houses in Banda Neira still have the clay roofing tiles, so it is possible that any remaining useful tiles after perk abandonment were reused. Lack of obvious destruction layers at the perken from earthquakes, etc. could just be a result of cleaning up the site afterward and removing the rubble to out of the way places. Other forms include a possible spout, a foot, a knob, two sherds with a drilled hole all found at Ordatang and a handle found at Groot Waling (Figure 5.24). The multiple unique forms found at Ordatang suggest that the pre-colonial or pre-spice trade era may have had more uses for earthenware that the later period. Rice (1987:237) does note that earthenware is often used in display contexts for public ceremonies. Certainly, the highly decorated Lapita pottery found in the Oceania region is assumed to have played a public, ritualized function in society (Bellwood 1997). The older Neolithic dates of the Ordatang assemblage does suggest that Neolithic earthenware may have served a different function in the Banda Islands than the later forms seen in the period of reliance on the Spice Trade. Historic and ethnographic data suggest cloth, feathers, metals and other items unlikely to leave traces in the archaeological record (Spyer 2000) were the prestige items that were traded, possibly replacing earthenware. 192 Figure 5.24 Other forms. 193 Table 5.8 Other forms. Site Unit Level (cm) Num-ber Tem-per Form OR 1 10-20 36 Shell spout OR 1 10-20 99 Shell foot OR 1 40-50 89 Grit Other, knob OR 1 80-90 56 Grit Other, drilled hole OR 1 90-100 36 Grit Other, drilled hole GW 1 70-80 1 Grit handle Absence of forms The lack of general forms like the unrestricted deep bowls is likely a product of analyzer error or inexperience. The small size of the majority of sherds did not make for easy identification and without access to other collections for comparison, I tended to lean toward “unidentifiable” for all but the most obvious of sherds. However, the absence of some forms are noteworthy. Bowls with ring feet and the ring feet themselves are present in the Latinis and Stark collections, but not only two were identified in Banda perken collections. Latinis and Stark illustrate many examples of impressed designs on bases and lids, but these impressed bases were not identified in the Banda perken assemblages. Oil lamps were also not identified in the Banda perken assemblages. Latinis and Stark (2006) do note that the Banda assemblages from Lape’s (2000) excavations should not be included as part of the same pottery tradition that they identified in the Ambon-Lease region. Considering trade existed between the Ambon-Lease islands as evidenced by the foraminifera-tempered sherds and historical description, it is interesting that the forms are not more similar. However, the perken were somewhat specialized locations that probably did not represent the entire gamut of available material culture of the islands. More excavations of other locations and a more detailed ceramic analysis of Lape’s (2000b) and later collections may yield more information on form and function of earthenware throughout the occupational history of the Banda Islands. Site Comparison Of the identifiable forms, Ordatang has higher variability in forms and Komber has the highest number of identified sherds, but the identifiable forms at Komber are almost all globular jars. The higher variability in forms may be due to the older date of Ordatang’s assemblage (according to the luminescence dates) and possibly different social uses of earthenware pottery in the Neolithic compared to the later Metal Age. Based on the tradeware (discussed in Chapter 6) found with the earthenware at Komber, the Komber earthenware is likely more recent (late 19th/ early 20th century) than that at Ordatang and Groot Waling. It is possible, then that the high number of globular jars may represent a change in 194 consumption patterns in the late 19th/ early 20th century but it may also merely be that the result of the larger size of the sherds is affecting identification. In comparison to Latinis and Stark (2006), many of the basic categories of sherds are similar between the Ambon and Banda sites. That is, the majority of both collections are body sherds. Latinis and Stark (2006:127) note only two oil lamp sherds and two sago mold sherds at Hatusua and none at Tomu. Globular jars are common, but bowl sherds are more common at Hatusua than the Banda assemblages. Anglo existed in low numbers at both Hatusua and Tomu, similar to Ordatang; that is, anglo are present but uncommon. Again, little can be said without additional information on ceramic sourcing in Island Southeast Asia earthenware collections, tighter chronological control, and useful decorative typologies. However, the forms of the vessels in the Banda perken earthenware collections do not appear to be radically different in comparison to other Malukan earthenware assemblages, but the Banda perken sites are missing many forms that Latinis and Stark (2003) and Ellen and Glover (1974) did identify. Rim Forms Rim forms are often used to classify ceramics as they have more useful identifying characteristics than body sherds (Rice 1987). Some authors (e.g., Latinis and Stark 2003) have presented some basic descriptions on Malukan earthenware rim forms. Ridge rim forms are mentioned as common in Malukan sites (Latinis and Stark 2003), however, these were not identified in the Banda assemblages. Shiung (2012) identified rim types from Lape’s (2000) excavations as inverted-everted-straight and lips as rounded-flat-pointed (Figure 5.25, Figure 5.26). I followed Shiung’s (2012) methodology to maintain consistency with both Banda assemblages and because no other typology that matched the Banda assemblage was available. Rims from all sites were grouped into single assemblages largely because of the mixed deposits coupled with the low number of rim sherds (N=386, 10% of the assemblage). Everted rounded rims are the most common rim in the entire assemblage (Figure 5.27), but the higher number of sherds at Ordatang skews the data toward that site (Figure 5.28). Groot Waling (Figure 5.29) also has the highest number of everted rounded rims followed by straight rounded rims. Komber has a higher number of everted pointed rims than the other two sites (Figure 5.30). Everted rims are most common at all the sites, but Komber has a higher number of inverted rims compared to the other two sites. When rims are separated by temper, there is a noticeably different distribution (Figure 5.31, Figure 5.32). The distribution of rim types for the grit and foraminifera temper are different at each site. Groot Waling does have a high variety of rim types for both grit and foraminifera. The low variation in rim types at Komber and in foraminifera rims at Ordatang are probably the result of low numbers of rims in general. Everted rims are often associated with cooking vessels (Rice 1987:239-240) and the high number of everted rims could be interpreted as a large number of cooking vessels. However, only 70 (1.9%) of the sherds in the entire assemblage had evidence of charring. If the vessels were used for cooking, they weren’t used in a manner that left charred residues. Galvão (Jacobs 1970:141) does note that Malukans did not often use pots for cooking, but preferred to use natural containers, like bamboo or leaves for 195 cooking. The everted rims could also be useful for water storage vessels as the constricted opening would limit evaporation (Rice 1987:241). Storage of foodstuffs or other items could also be another use of earthenware in the Banda Islands. Figure 5.25 Rim forms, after Shiung (2012:211). Figure 5.26 Lip forms, after Shiung (2012:215). 196 Figure 5.27. Rim types, all sites. Figure 5.28 Ordatang rim types. 80 43 63 47 37 31 27 7 8 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Everted Inverted Straight Rim Types- all sites Rounded Flat Pointed 43 28 41 30 20 22 6 3 4 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Everted Inverted Straight Ordatang Rim Types Rounded Flat Pointed 197 Figure 5.29 Groot Waling rim types. Figure 5.30 Komber rim types. 26 7 19 10 6 5 5 3 3 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Everted Inverted Straight Groot Waling Rim Types Rounded Flat Pointed 11 8 5 14 11 3 16 1 1 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Everted Inverted Straight Komber Rim Types Rounded Flat Pointed 198 Figure 5.31 Rim types, all grit-tempered by site. Figure 5.32 Rim types, all foraminifera temper by site. 43 12 2 31 5 1 6 1 4 28 4 4 18 1 2 1 40 9 3 21 3 3 3 2 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% OR GW KB All Grit Rims by Site Evr-Rnd Evr-Flat Evr-Pnt Inv-Rnd Inv-Flat Inv-Pnt Str-Rnd Str-Flat Str-Pnt 199 Table 5.9 Rim types by Site. (Evr= Everted, Inv-Inverted, Str= Straight, Rnd= Rounded, Pnt= Pointed) Site Evr-Rnd, n=80 Evr-Flat, N=47 Evr-Pnt, N=27 Shell Grit Shell Grit Shell Grit OR 0 43 0 31 0 6 GW 14 12 5 5 4 1 KB 9 2 5 1 12 4 Sum 23 57 10 37 16 11 Site Inv-Rnd, N=43 Inv-Flat, N=37 Inv-Pnt, N=7 Shell Grit Shell Grit Shell Grit OR 0 28 2 18 1 2 GW 3 4 5 1 2 1 KB 4 4 11 0 1 0 Sum 7 36 18 19 4 3 Site Str-Rnd, N=63 Str-Flat, N=31 Str-Pnt, N=8 Shell Grit Shell Grit Shell Grit OR 1 40 2 21 1 3 GW 10 9 2 3 1 2 KB 0 3 0 3 1 0 Sum 11 52 4 27 3 5 Analysis of Ceramic Decoration Rice (1987:144) defines decoration as “embellishment of a vessel beyond the procedures used in forming the clay mass into the final vessel shape and finishing its overall surface.” Decoration can have both utilitarian and symbolic functions. For example, corrugation in Southwestern US pots is both decorative in that is modifies the original forming coils but it is also functional in that it makes the pot easier to grasp and evens out heat transfer (Pierce 2005). Other decoration, such as incising patterns onto the pottery, could help identify the owner/ creator of the vessel while also being symbolic (Rice 1987). Decoration tends to be either additive or subtractive; that is, clay is removed from the vessel, as is the case with incising, or clay or other material is added, as is the case with slip or applique (Rice 1987:144-152). As noted above, incising and red slip are the most common forms of earthenware decoration in the Maluku region (e.g., Ellen and Glover 1974, Latinis and Stark 2003). Dentate stamping is associated with Lapita pottery, but no dentate stamped pottery was found in the Banda perken assemblages. Lape 200 (2000:226) did recover a sherd that was described as “Lapita-like” (Reepmeyer et al. 2011, Spriggs 2011) (Figure 5.33) but similar sherds were not identified in the perken assemblages. The circular stamp motif Figure 5.33 "Lapita-like" (Spriggs 2011) sherd from Pulau Ay, after Lape 2000b. that Bellwood (2004:33) references as Lapita-like is found in the Banda perken assemblages, however, and is discussed below. Of the 3601 analyzed sherds, 601 (16.7%) had red slip, 461 (12.8%) had some form of decoration, and 95 (2.6%) had red slip and some form of decoration. Of the 601 red-slipped sherds, 199 (33.1%) are shell tempered and 402 (66.9%) are grit tempered. Of the 461 decorated sherds, 144 (31.2%) of the decorated sherds are shell tempered and 317 (68.8%) are grit tempered. Of the 3601 analyzed sherds, 1141 (31.6%) are shell tempered so the distribution of decorated sherds and red- slipped sherds across temper types approximates the general distribution of temper. Below I discuss the general categories of decoration that I identified at the perken sites. Methodology The creation of a decorative typology for ceramics is fraught with interpretive land mines. The assignation of design elements to one category to another is generally intuitive, especially when dealing with numerically small assemblages. The assignations may vary from researcher to researcher andthe categories developed by the modern researcher may not have any meaning to the people that originally created the vessel. That is, they reflect etic categories that are useful to the researcher, not emic categories that would reflect the values of the society that created the pot. Despite these problems, decorative typologies have proven very useful to archaeologists over the years, starting with Flinders Petrie in the late 19th century (Renfrew and Bahn 2012:125). Decorative typologies work best when there is good stratigraphic control in the excavations. Unfortunately, stratigraphic control is lacking in this project. However, stratigraphic control is also lacking in other Malukan excavations and surface collections of earthenware. There is a paucity of information regarding Malukan earthenware so I felt that 201 any discussion of decoration would be beneficial to future scholars. I was also hoping to determine if there were any decorative patterns that could be used to identify differences between the sites in terms of chronology or trade. To create the typology, I recorded if the sherd had any decoration (e.g., incising, paint, impress, etc.) during the initial ceramic analysis. I separated the sherds that had decoration into the different techniques used for decoration. I tried to identify any similar patterns in the incised designs, the impressed designs, etc. I created categories based on the similarities I saw in the designs. Due to the small size of most of the sherds, larger patterns where the design could be identified were rare. The majority of the sherds fell into heterogeneous design groups. Komber had larger sherds in general and therefore had a larger number of sherds that could be placed into categories with identifiable patterns. The smaller sized sherds from Ordatang and Groot Waling tended to fall into simple design categories (e.g., “Single Incise”). It appears, then, that Groot Waling and Ordatang have a more similar decorations to each other compared to Komber, but this very well may be an artifact of analysis. Despite my inability to create a necessarily meaningful typology, I feel that the descriptions and depictions of the decoration may be useful for future researcher. Red slip Slip is defined as “a fluid suspension of clay (and/ or other materials) in water that is applied before firing to form a thin coating” (Rice 1987:149). A slip is useful on vessels that store liquids as it reduces permeability (Rice 1987:231). Red slip is common throughout Island Southeast Asia, from the Neolithic to the ethnographic period. Of the three sites, Komber has a higher percentage of red slip than the other sites (Table 5.10) and compared to the assemblage as a whole (16.7%). Komber also had larger sherds and a potentially more recent deposit. It is possible that the higher percentage of slipped sherds at Komber is a result of taphonomic processes. Certainly, the higher number of water-worn sherds at Groot Waling would reduce the overall percentage of red slip still extant. Ordatang has the lowest percent of red-slipped sherds of the three sites. It is possible that the acidic tropical forest soil at Ordatang may have differentially affected the preservation of slip, but it is just as likely that the low percentage of red-slipped sherds can be attributed to cultural forces. For whatever reasons, red slip may not have been as desired in the older assemblage at Ordatang. The ubiquitous nature of red slip in Island Southeast Asia implies that pots are fired in an oxidizing atmosphere (open firing) using iron-rich raw material. This is not unsurprising based on what is known of pyrotechnology and available resources. Until more work is done on petrography and other mineral studies, little more can be said. 202 Incising Rice (1987:146) defines incising as “cutting lines into the surface of a vessel with a pointed implement.” Incising is the most common decorative technique, after red slipping, in the Banda Table 5.10 Red slipped sherds by site. Site N Total Site N Red Slip % Red Slip % Total Red slip Shell Grit Shell Grit Shell Grit OR 153 1533 11 221 7.2 14.4 13.7 GW 736 503 75 128 10.1 25.4 16.3 KB 533 143 113 53 21.2 37 24.5 assemblage with 235 (6.5% of the total assemblage, 50.9% of the decorated assemblage) sherds showing some form of incising. Incising is a simple technique requiring few specialized tools and can be accomplished with a fingernail or a stick. Incising, like red slip, can be found in Neolithic assemblages through modern assemblages. The act of incising itself cannot be used as a chronological marker. As mentioned above, there is no chronological typology currently available for Island Southeast Asia. I hope that the subsequent descriptions may one day alleviate the lack of typology. However, chronologically useful typologies will be hindered until more sites with reliable dating in the Maluku region are published. Single Incise I defined single incising as one single incised line on a sherd (Figure 5.34). Due to the small sizes of many the sherds, these incised lines could possibly be part of larger designs. Seventy-seven sherds were identified with single incise; more sherds with single incise were identified at Ordatang (Table 5.11), but this is likely due to sample size. Due to the small size of the sherds, “single incise” is an etic category, defined by the ceramic analyst, and not an emic category that has social meaning. Other than the fact that incising existed as a decorative technique throughout time and space, little else can be said. Diagonal Hatch I defined diagonal hatch as multiple diagonal lines on a sherd (Figure 5.35). These diagonal lines were often in the form of a chevron, but not always. Again, due to the small size of most sherds, it was difficult to determine whole patterns. Some of the larger sherds did have larger identifiable patterns. Shiung (2012:253) also notes chevron-like incising in the Banda Island collections he analyzed. Fifty-four sherds were determined to be diagonal hatch and Ordatang has the highest number of diagonal hatch sherds (Table 5.12), but this is likely due to sample size. Groot Waling and Komber also have a few diagonal hatch sherds. Following the general temper pattern at these sites, the sherds from Ordatang were grit tempered and those from Groot Waling and Komber were shell-tempered. 203 Parallel incise I defined parallel incise as at least two parallel lines on a sherd (Figure 5.36). If a rim was present or could be assumed based on the shape of the sherd, these lines were also parallel to the alignment of the rim (as opposed to perpendicular). Forty-two sherds were identified as parallel incise. Following the same distribution as other decorative patterns, parallel incise is most common at Ordatang with a few Figure 5.34 Single incise sherds. 204 Table 5.11 Single Incised sherds. Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Ves sel part Temper Type Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Vessel part Temper Type OR 1 0-10 59 body Shell OR 2 50-60 18 body Grit OR 1 0-10 102 body Grit OR 2 50-60 54 body grit OR 1 0-10 131 body grit OR 1 70-80 97 body grit OR 1 0-10 134 body Grit OR 1 80-90 21 body grit OR 1 10-20 27 body grit OR 1 80-90 58 body grit OR 1 10-20 69 body Grit OR 1 90-100 10 body grit OR 1 10-20 71 body Grit OR 1 90-100 25 body grit OR 1 10-20 80 body sand OR 1 90-100 39 rim grit OR 1 10-20 88 rim Grit OR 2 10-20 59 body grit OR 1 20-30 55 rim sand OR 2 20-30 8 rim grit OR 1 20-30 73 body Grit OR 2 20-30 9 body shell OR 1 30-40 63 body grit OR 2 20-30 69 body grit OR 1 30-40 75 body grit OR 2 30-40 15 rim grit OR 1 30-40 77 rim shell OR 2 30-40 52 body grit OR 1 30-40 84 body Grit OR 2 30-40 62 body grit OR 1 40-50 93 body grit OR 2 30-40 97 body grit OR 1 40-50 95 rim grit OR 2 40-50 59 body grit OR 1 50-60 59 rim grit OR 2 40-50 70 body Grit OR 1 50-60 74 neck sand OR 2 50-60 18 body grit OR 1 50-60 79 rim grit OR 2 50-60 54 body grit OR 1 50-60 85 body grit OR 2 50-60 81 body grit OR 1 60-70 76 body grit OR 2 50-60 112 body grit OR 1 60-70 78 body grit OR 2 60-70 9 shoulder grit OR 1 60-70 85 body grit GW 1 0-10 9 body shell OR 1 70-80 7 body grit GW 1 10-20 59 body shell OR 1 70-80 79 shoulder grit GW 1 30-40 33 body shell OR 1 70-80 88 neck grit GW 2 0-10 68 body shell OR 1 70-80 92 body grit GW 2 10-20 60 body shell OR 1 70-80 97 body grit GW 2 10-20 84 rim shell OR 1 80-90 21 body grit GW 3 40-50 9 body shell OR 1 80-90 58 body grit GW 3 40-50 9 body shell OR 1 90-100 10 body grit KB 2 10-20 48 body shell OR 1 90-100 25 body grit KB 2 20-30 79 body shell OR 1 90-100 39 rim grit KB 2 30-40 77 body shell OR 2 10-20 59 body grit KB 2 30-40 100 body shell OR 2 20-30 8 rim grit 205 Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Ves sel part Temper Type Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Vessel part Temper Type OR 2 20-30 9 body shell OR 2 30-40 52 body grit OR 2 30-40 62 body grit OR 2 30-40 97 body grit OR 2 40-50 59 body grit OR 2 40-50 70 body grit 206 Figure 5.35 Diagonal hatch. 207 Table 5.12 Diagonal hatch sherds. Site Unit Level (cm) Number Vessel Part Temper Site Unit Level (cm) Number Vessel Part Temper OR 1 10-20 11 body Grit OR 2 60-70 16 body grit OR 1 10-20 84 body Grit OR 2 60-70 17 body grit OR 1 30-40 85 body Grit OR 2 70-80 5 body grit OR 1 50-60 75 body Grit OR 2 70-80 8 body grit OR 1 60-70 87 body Grit GW 1 0-10 3 neck shell OR 1 70-80 67 body Grit GW 1 0-10 7 neck shell OR 1 70-80 69 body Grit GW 2 0-10 1 rim shell OR 1 70-80 73 body Grit GW 2 0-10 6 body shell OR 1 70-80 93 rim Grit GW 2 0-10 13 body shell OR 1 70-80 95 body Grit GW 2 10-20 2 rim shell OR 1 70-80 96 rim Grit GW 2 10-20 13 body shell OR 1 80-90 68 neck Grit GW 2 10-20 24 body shell OR 1 90-100 40 rim Grit GW 2 20-30 1 rim shell OR 1 90-100 43 body Grit GW 2 20-30 12 body shell OR 1 90-100 46 rim Grit GW 3 10-20 33 rim shell OR 2 0-10 34 rim Grit KB 1 40-50 1 rim shell OR 2 0-10 54 rim grit KB 1 50-60 1 neck shell OR 2 0-10 71 body shell KB 2 20-30 3 rim Shell OR 2 20-30 54 neck Grit KB 2 20-30 20 body shell OR 2 30-40 36 Rim Grit KB 2 20-30 21 body shell OR 2 30-40 93 body Grit KB 2 20-30 78 body shell OR 2 40-50 75 Rim grit KB 2 20-30 115 body shell OR 2 40-50 89 body Grit KB 2 20-30 115 body shell OR 2 40-50 90 body Grit OR 2 40-50 91 body Grit OR 2 40-50 92 body Grit OR 2 40-50 93 body Grit OR 2 50-60 11 body Grit OR 2 50-60 16 body Grit OR 2 50-60 19 body Grit OR 2 50-60 24 body Grit OR 2 50-60 91 body Grit 208 Figure 5.36 Parallel incise. sherds also found at Groot Waling and Komber (Table 5.13). Again, the temper generally adheres to the temper distribution of the sites. This is a relatively simple pattern and may be part of a larger decorative scheme that was not identifiable due to size of the sherd. Perpendicular incising I defined perpendicular incising as incised lines that ran perpendicular to the vessel’s rim (Figure 5.37). Eleven sherds were identified with perpendicular incising. Unlike most decorative elements, higher numbers of these sherds were found at Komber instead of Ordatang (Table 5.14). Those at Ordatang are quite different than those found at Komber and Groot Waling. At Komber and Groot Waling, double incised lines are found on large sherds of globular jars with or without carinated shoulders. The Table 209 5.13 Parallel incise sherds. Site Unit Level (cm) Number Vessel Part Temper Site Unit Level (cm) Number Vessel Part Temper OR 1 0-10 34 body grit OR 2 60-70 20 body grit OR 1 0-10 130 rim grit OR 2 60-70 27 body grit OR 1 0-10 136 rim grit OR 2 60-70 37 body grit OR 1 10-20 2 rim grit OR 3 20-30 8 body grit OR 1 10-20 6 shoulder grit GW 1 10-20 67 body grit OR 1 10-20 64 body grit GW 1 60-70 5 rim shell OR 1 30-40 68 rim grit GW 3 20-30 61 neck shell OR 1 30-40 69 body grit GW 3 20-30 72 body shell OR 1 40-50 81 rim grit KB 2 0-10 14 rim shell OR 1 40-50 82 rim grit KB 2 30-40 40 shoulder shell OR 1 40-50 83 body grit OR 1 40-50 84 body grit OR 1 40-50 86 rim grit OR 1 50-60 91 body grit OR 1 60-70 51 body grit OR 1 60-70 82 body grit OR 1 60-70 92 body grit OR 1 70-80 66 body grit OR 1 70-80 77 neck grit OR 1 70-80 91 rim grit OR 1 80-90 59 body grit OR 2 10-20 65 body grit OR 2 20-30 62 rim grit OR 2 30-40 92 body grit OR 2 30-40 95 rim grit OR 2 40-50 41 body grit OR 2 40-50 87 body grit OR 2 50-60 1 body grit OR 2 50-60 93 body grit OR 2 50-60 103 rim grit OR 2 60-70 5 body grit OR 2 60-70 8 body grit 210 perpendicular lines at Ordatang do not come specifically in pairs and the form cannot be determined to be a globular jar. The predominance of the perpendicular incising at the later sites coupled with the appearance on shell-tempered globular jars suggests this decorative element is associated with the Ambon-Lease pottery production and probably the spice trade. Parallel perpendicular I defined parallel perpendicular incise as an incised line or lines that ran parallel to the assumed rim with additional lines running perpendicular to the parallel line (Figure 5.38). Six of these sherds were identified and they were only found at Ordatang (Table 5.15). All but one is grit-tempered. Incised Links Only two sherds (KB. 2.20-30.13 and KB.2.30-40.2) had this decorative style, but it was distinct and recognizable so I included it as a separate category. I defined incised links as interconnected sideways S-shaped links. Both sherds are shell tempered and were found at Komber. KB.2.20-30.13 also has a possible incised diagonal hatch/ chevron shape above it. Both sherds are also carinated. Star The star design was only identified on one sherd that refit with 8 other sherds (Figure 5.40). This was a shell tempered globular jar found at Komber, mostly at the 70-80 cm level. Star is somewhat of a misnomer, but I was unable to think of a more accurate descriptor of the shape. The “star” is an upside down triangle formed of double lines with a double-lined V atop and a half-moon stamp at one of the side angles (the sherd with the other angle was not recovered). No other incising is found on any of the other sherds, suggesting that this design was to be the centerpiece of the original vessel. This is a rather unique motif and decorative style in the plantation assemblages. Generally, patterns appear to be repeated, often in bands, on the rim/ neck/ shoulder of the vessels. This singular design is unusual. Nested squares Nested squares were also only identified on two sherds (OR.1.90-100.45 and OR.2.50-60.85) but were distinctive enough to warrant their own category (Figure 5.41). Nested squares were only identified at Ordatang and are grit-tempered. OR.1.90-100.45 clearly has a series of incised rectangles of decreasing size. OR.2.50-60.85 is less clearly a series of nesting rectangles, but the angle of the existing lines suggested a similar design. Regardless, OR.1.90-100.45 is an obvious design on a carinated vessel. The extra effort put into the multiple squares in comparison to the more simplistic incising seen on other sherds at Ordatang is intriguing, but without additional information regarding source or function of the vessel, little else can be said. I suspect this sherd is imported from somewhere outside the usual trading routes, but from whence I cannot say. 211 Figure 5.37 Perpendicular incising. 212 Table 5.14 Perpendicular incising. Site Unit Level (cm) Number Vessel Part Temper OR 1 20-30 81 rim grit OR 1 90-100 15 rim grit OR 1 90-100 31 rim grit OR 3 10-20 1 neck shell GW 4 40-50 1 rim shell KB 2 20-30 6 rim shell KB 2 30-40 40 Body Shell KB 2 70-80 9 body shell KB 2 70-80 10 body shell KB 2 70-80 11 rim shell KB 2 70-80 13 body shell KB 2 70-80 14 rim shell Figure 5.38 Parallel perpendicular incising. 213 Table 5.15 Parallel perpendicular incising. Site Unit Level (cm) Number Vessel Part Temper OR 1 0-10 129 body shell OR 1 30-40 86 body grit OR 1 50-60 73 body grit OR 1 60-70 71 neck grit OR 1 90-100 32 body grit OR 1 90-100 34 neck grit Figure 5.39 Incised links. 214 Figure 5.40 Star incise. Figure 5.41 Nested Squares incising. Other incise I defined other incising as multiple incised lines that could be part of a larger design, but the nature of the design could not be determined or incising that could not be identified to any of the above groups (Figure 5.42). Other incise tends to have multiple lines that are part of a larger pattern but the sherd does not contain enough of the pattern to allow for a description. Similar to many of the other designs, the majority of the 33 identified sherds were found at Ordatang (Table 5.16). OR.1.60-70.90 and 215 OR.1.80-90.69 could be part of a diagonal hatch tradition. The design on OR.2.50-60.90 appears to be leaves. These designs are intriguing in their incompleteness. Impress Impress is defined by Rice (1987:144-145) as “the imprint of a tool on the clay surface create[ing] a pattern.” Similar to incising, impress is a relatively low investment decorative technique and can be completed with simple tools such as cord-wrapped paddles, fingernails, rope, etc. Cord-marked sherds are known from the region in the Neolithic period, possibly an influence from Taiwan (Bellwood 1997). Impress is less common than incising, being seen on only 73 of the sherds. Two different types of impress were identified, impress on body and impress on rim. Impress on body Twenty-eight sherds were identified as impress on body (Figure 5.43). Similar to other decorative techniques, the majority of impress sherds were found at Ordatang but this is likely due to sample size. The impress is often a simple line or series of short impressed lines, possibly caused by cord-marking (e.g., OR.1.60-70.88, OR.1.70-80.70). Only 7 of the 29 impress on body sherds (24%) were shell- tempered suggesting that the use of impress has a long history in the region and continued into the Metal Age from the Neolithic. Impress on rim I defined impress on rim as rim sherds that had impress directly on the edge of the rim (Figure 5.44). These sherds were slightly more plentiful than the impress on body sherds, totaling 36 sherds. No impress on rim sherds were found at Komber and, per usual, the largest number of impress on rim sherds (N= 30, 83%) were found at Ordatang (Figure 5.44). Only four of the sherds (11%) were shell tempered and these were all found at Groot Waling. Again, this suggests a long history of the impress on rim in the region. The lack of impress on rim at Komber is interesting as impress on body sherds were found at Komber. Again, this is a relatively simple and easy decorative technique, requiring little extra energy expenditure or specialized tools during the forming stage. 216 Figure 5.42 Other incised designs. 217 Table 5.16 Other incised designs. Site Unit Level (cm) Number Vessel Part Temper OR 1 0-10 44 body grit OR 1 0-10 96 body grit OR 1 10-20 10 Rim grit OR 1 10-20 78 Rim grit OR 1 20-30 82 Rim grit OR 1 20-30 78 body grit OR 1 20-30 82 Rim grit OR 1 50-60 7 Body grit OR 1 50-60 78 body grit OR 1 50-60 84 neck grit OR 1 50-60 88 body grit OR 1 60-70 90 body grit OR 1 70-80 68 neck grit OR 1 70-80 80 body grit OR 1 80-90 47 body grit OR 1 80-90 69 Neck grit OR 2 0-10 21 base grit OR 2 10-20 2 Rim grit OR 2 30-40 28 rim grit OR 2 30-40 54 body grit OR 2 30-40 68 body grit OR 2 30-40 94 body grit OR 2 40-50 49 base grit OR 2 50-60 90 body grit OR 2 60-70 7 body grit OR 2 60-70 28 body grit GW 1 30-40 19 body shell GW 1 50-60 14 body shell GW 1 50-60 24 rim shell GW 2 10-20 1 rim shell GW 4 20-30 6 body grit KB 2 10-20 72 body shell KB 2 20-30 3 rim shell 218 Figure 5.43 Impress on body. 219 Table 5.17 Impress on body. Site Unit Level (cm) Number Vessel Part Temper OR 1 0-10 56 body grit OR 1 0-10 122 body grit OR 1 10-20 70 rim grit OR 1 20-30 52 rim grit OR 1 20-30 64 rim grit OR 1 20-30 66 rim grit OR 1 20-30 69 body grit OR 1 20-30 85 body grit OR 1 30-40 73 neck shell OR 1 50-60 66 neck grit OR 1 50-60 92 body grit OR 1 60-70 69 rim grit OR 1 60-70 83 neck grit OR 1 60-70 84 neck grit OR 1 60-70 88 body grit OR 1 60-70 95 rim grit OR 1 70-80 65 body grit OR 1 70-80 70 neck grit OR 1 70-80 89 body grit OR 2 20-30 2 body grit OR 2 30-40 32 rim grit GW 1 30-40 21 body grit GW 1.5 20-30 6 neck shell GW 3 0-10 17 body shell GW 3 20-30 30 rim shell GW 3 30-40 1 rim grit GW 3 40-50 6 rim shell KB 2 20-30 11 rim shell 220 Figure 5.44 Impress on rim. 221 Table 5.18 Impress on Rim. Site Unit Level (cm) Num- ber Vessel Part Temper Site Uni t Level (cm) Num- ber Vesse l Part Temper OR 1 0-10 6 rim grit OR 2 surface 6 rim grit OR 1 10-20 10 rim grit OR 2 20-30 12 rim grit OR 1 10-20 5 rim grit OR 2 20-30 27 rim grit OR 1 10-20 79 rim grit OR 2 20-30 34 rim grit OR 1 10-20 86 rim grit OR 2 20-30 39 rim grit OR 1 10-20 95 rim grit OR 2 20-30 92 rim grit OR 1 30-40 62 rim grit OR 2 30-40 51 rim grit OR 1 30-40 65 rim grit OR 2 40-50 60 rim grit OR 1 30-40 70 rim grit OR 2 40-50 79 rim grit OR 1 30-40 87 rim grit GW 1 40-50 22 rim shell OR 1 40-50 78 rim grit GW 1.5 30-40 11 rim shell OR 1 50-60 70 rim grit GW 2 10-20 9 rim shell OR 1 50-60 81 rim grit GW 3 10-20 36 rim grit OR 1 60-70 31 rim grit GW 3 50-60 1 rim grit OR 1 60-70 49 rim grit GW 4 40-50 12 rim shell OR 1 60-70 93 rim grit KB 2 70-80 22 rim shell OR 1 60-70 97 rim grit OR 1 70-80 71 rim grit OR 1 70-80 74 rim grit OR 1 70-80 81 rim grit OR 1 70-80 83 rim grit OR 1 70-80 84 rim grit OR 1 80-90 72 rim grit OR 1 90-100 17 rim grit Punctate Punctuation is defined as “depressions are punched into wet clay, usually with a sharp or pointed instrument” (Rice 1987:145). Punctatation and impress can be similar, asking the analyst to determine which design is the imprint of a tool versus a depression created by a tool. To me, the difference is in the force used and the depth of the design. I placed the sherds with deeper depressions into the punctate category. 222 Plain punctate I defined plain punctate as amorphous depressions. In the plantation assemblages, these tended to be repetitive depressions that were similar on each individual sherd but did not appear to be regular across different sherds (Figure 5.45). The punctuations could have been made by a stick or other simple tool. Nine plain punctate sherds were identified; all but one were grit tempered (Table 5.19). Plain punctate sherds were found at Ordatang and Groot Waling, but not at Komber. Other punctate sherds were found at Komber, however, and are discussed below. Semi-circular stamp Rice (1987:145) defines stamping as a decorative technique where “a tool…is used as a die to impress a repeated pattern of identical motifs.” The semi-circular stamp motif was the only design that had a regular, repeating design and could be found at all three sites. Semi-circular stamp consists of a semi-circle stamped into the wet clay prior to firing, generally in a band immediately below the rim of a globular pot (Figure 5.46). A possible tool for this stamp would be half of a bamboo tube. This decorative style was identified at all three sites, but was most common at Komber (Table 5.20). Of the 19 sherds identified as semi-circular stamp, two were grit tempered and the remaining 17 were shell tempered. This design motif was very regular in execution and placement for the sherds found at Komber and Groot Waling. The shell/ foraminifera temper suggests that the majority of these pots were coming from the Ambon-Lease region (assuming that is the only source of the foraminifera temper), but the two grit tempered sherds at Ordatang indicate that this semi-circular stamp motif may have had wider regional importance. The Ambon-Lease temper also suggests an association with the Metal Age/ Spice Trade economy, but the grit-tempered sherds hint that this may be an older motif. Stamping was a common decorative for Lapita sherds (Bellwood 1997) and may have antiquity in the region, but it is also a simple technique that doesn’t require specialized tools. Multiple design elements I categorized sherds as “Multiple design elements” when multiple elements were present on the same sherd. Chevron and Stamp I defined chevron and stamp (Figure 5.47) as sherds with diagonal or chevron designs with small circular stamps. Three sherds were identified as chevron and stamp (OR.2.40-50.88, OR.2.60-70.13, and GW.2.10-20.08). The two sherds from Ordatang have a very similar pattern with incised diamonds (or 223 224 Figure 5.45 Plain punctate. Table 5.19 Plain punctate. Site Unit Level (cm) Number Vessel Part Temper OR 1 10-20 97 neck grit OR 1 10-20 98 rim grit OR 1 20-30 7 body grit OR 1 20-30 70 neck grit OR 1 20-30 75 neck grit OR 1 70-80 75 neck grit GW 1 50-60 15 body grit GW 2 10-20 3 rim shell GW 2 10-20 33 rim grit 225 Figure 5.46 Semi-circular stamp. 226 Table 5.20 Semi-circular stamp. Site Unit Level (cm) Number Vessel Part Temper OR 1 30-40 66 body grit OR 2 10-20 25 body grit OR 3 0-10 4 neck shell OR 3 10-20 1 Body shell GW 3 20-30 26 rim shell GW 4 0-10 6 body shell KB 1 60-70 3 rim shell KB 1 60-70 4 rim shell KB 2 10-20 2 rim shell KB 2 10-20 3 rim shell KB 2 20-30 2 rim shell KB 2 20-30 9 rim shell KB 2 20-30 10 neck shell KB 2 30-40 12 rim shell KB 2 30-40 14 rim shell KB 2 60-70 31 rim shell KB 2 60-70 32 body shell KB 2 70-80 15 rim shell KB 2 70-80 16 body shell KB 2 70-80 17 body shell 227 Figure 5.47 Chevron and stamp. chevrons) and a circular stamp within the diamond; and both are grit tempered. The sherd from Groot Waling is. foraminifera-tempered and has a slightly different pattern with diagonal incising but not diamonds/ chevrons. The circular stamp is common in Lapita pottery, but is generally associated with denticulate decoration. As Sprecht et al. (2014:94-95) note, Lapita “decoration was applied mainly with straight and curved dentate tools…often combined with plain circle stamps”. No denticulate stamping was found at the plantation sites. The circular stamp motif is found in the Philippines at Batungan Mountain site, possibly dating to around 900 BC (Bellwood 2007:221) and the chevron and stamp is similar to what Bellwood (1979:259-260) calls “Sohono style” pottery from the Solomon Islands dating to 500 BC - AD 800. Bellwood (1979) notes that the Sohono style pottery has rows of stamped circles or chevron designs with punctate and suggests that this is a possible borrowing from Lapita. The 500 BC-AD 800 date of the Sohono style are well-within the occupation period of the islands. While long distance trade between the Solomons and the Banda Islands is an intriguing prospect, there is nothing to suggest direct trade at the moment. The chevron and stamp from the Bandas and the Sohono style have similar motifs but are still quite different, it is more likely due to a common inheritance from Lapita or Lapita-like pottery styles. However, long distance sea trade was occurring in both the Banda Islands and the Solomon Islands so future research may prove my pessimism regarding trade contact incorrect. The chevron and stamp design is probably part of a larger regional decorative tradition that reaches back the Neolithic and possibly reflects Austronesian influence. 228 Impress/ Incise I defined impress/ incise as a combination of impress on rim and parallel incising (Figure 5.48). All eight sherds were found at Ordatang and are grit tempered (Table 5.21). OR.1.20-30.83 and OR.1.20- 30.84 are flat sherds, probably from a slab built vessel. While these may be forna sherds, no evidence for a connecting slab can be seen on either sherd so I was not comfortable attributing these sherds to a mold category. OR.1.20-30.83 does not have a right angle for its left edge making its original form somewhat difficult to determine. The combination of impress on rim and parallel incising suggests that these design elements may have been connected in the minds of the potters. Impress on rim, parallel incising, and impress/ incise are found in the highest numbers at Ordatang and have predominantly grit temper. This is partially due to the larger sample size at Ordatang, but one can surmise that these decorative elements have antiquity in the region due to the Neolithic dates at Ordatang and the antiquity of the grit temper in general. It would be interesting to conduct mineralogical studies of the temper and clay of these decorative elements to determine origin and dispersal patterns. Other Multiple Design Elements I defined “other multiple design elements” as sherds that contained multiple decorative techniques (i.e., incising and punctate) but that had no discernable pattern (Figure 5.49). A total of 7 sherds fell into this category, 5 from Ordatang and two from Komber (Table 5.22). OR.1.60-70.67 is a red slipped sherd with an incised line parallel to the rim and a small impressed or cord-marked line beneath the incising. OR.2.20-30.05 is a flat rim sherd with deep incise and punctuation. The punctuation is in a band around the incised design which has diagonal hatching visible. OR.2.30-40.11 also has deep incising and punctuation, with a straight incised line beneath a curvilinear line and the punctuation in a band beneath the straight line. KB.1.10-20.02 is a high fired carinated vessel with double red paint lines and double incised lines perpendicular to the rim. This vessel was likely wheel-thrown based on remnants of forming techniques still visible. KB.2.40-50.32 has an incised line parallel to the rim on the exterior and a thick band of red paint on the interior, also parallel to the rim. Other multiple design techniques is a heterogeneous and etic category so little meaningful can be said about this category. Other design elements Other design elements includes categories that do not well fit in any of the above categories and consist of applique, crenelated rims, and painted sherds. Again, these are etic categories that would not necessarily have any meaning for the people who created the original vessels. 229 Figure 5.48 Impress/ incise sherds. 230 Table 5.21 Impress/ incise sherds. Site Unit Level (cm) Number Vessel Part Temper OR 1 20-30 71 rim grit OR 1 20-30 83 rim grit OR 1 20-30 84 rim grit OR 1 60-70 70 rim grit OR 2 0-10 2 rim grit OR 2 0-10 38 rim grit OR 2 20-30 4 rim grit OR 3 10-20 2 rim grit Applique Rice (19887:148) defined applique as “small, shaped pieces of clay [applied] to the surface of the vessel.” Two sherds were identified with applique, although the ring foot of ring foot vessels are also applique. OR.3.0-10.01 is a large, thick, grit tempered rim sherd with a thick undulating applique that has also been incised that was applied to the exterior of the vessel (Figure 5.50). In addition to the applique, this sherd also appears to have pieces of clay cut out of the vessel body (see arrow in Figure 5.50). OR.3.0-10.01 also has an interior lip on the rim. The applique with incising and cut out are all unique decorative elements not seen on any other sherd in the plantation assemblages. The other sherd with applique is GW.4.90-100.04, a grit tempered sherd from Groot Waling. The two lines of applique on this sherd are superficially similar to that found on the ring foot vessels, but the applique lines are not quite parallel and would run into each other if they continue on the trajectory apparent on the extant sherd. This sherd could possibly be a variant of a ring foot vessel or a lid, but positive identification is limited by the small size of the sherd. Other OR.2.20-30.01 is a very large and thick rim sherd with deep incising or possible stamps that appear to read MX[I..] in Roman numerals with a serif font. This sherd is likely from a European-made vessel. It is the only earthenware sherd with any identifiable European characteristics. Crenellated Rim Crenellated rims are rim sherds that have either deep indentations or cut outs along the rim, similar to that of battlements of a castle. Four of these crenellated rim sherds were identified, all at Ordatang and all are grit tempered. The deep crenellations might not be beneficial to a cooking pot or storage vessel. These sherds may be from a slightly more decorative vessel or, potentially, an anglo/ 231 Figure 5.49 Other multiple design elements. Table 5.22 Other multiple design elements. Site Unit Level (cm) Number Vessel Part Exterior surface Treatment Temper OR 1 20-30 77 rim Punctate, incising grit OR 1 30-40 72 body Punctate, incising grit OR 1 60-70 67 rim Impress, incise grit OR 2 20-30 1 body incising grit OR 2 20-30 5 rim incising grit OR 2 30-40 11 body Punctate, incising grit KB 1 10-20 2 neck Paint, incising grit KB 2 40-50 32 rim incising shell 232 Figure 5.50. Other design elements. 233 tunkgo that required air flow. Shiung (2012) presents “notched rim” sherds from the PA1 site, dating to the Neolithic (radiocarbon dates ranging from 3350 to 2360 BP). The notched rim sherds show shallower notches than what I am calling crenellated. However, these modifications may be a continuum of behavior and Shiung’s notched rims and my crenellated rims may be variants of the same type of vessel. OR.3.10- 20.4 is more similar to Shiung’s notched rims than the other three sherds. If these crenellated rim sherds are of the same kind of vessel as Shiung’s notched rim sherds, then it suggests these are part of the Neolithic component of Ordatang’s assemblage. Painted sherds Paint is different from slip as slip is a fluid suspension of clay applied before firing where paint is pigment and binder (which may be clay but not necessarily) that can be applied before or after firing (Rice 1987:148-149). All painted sherds have some variation of red paint. The use of red paint may be an attempt at mimicking the common red slip, but it may also be coincidence based on available raw materials. Paint has a tendency to wear off easier than slip as it isn’t fused onto the clay body during the firing process. There is potential, then, that many more of the sherds had been painted but the paint is no longer extant. Red paint Remnants of red paint were identified on a total of 13 sherds (Figure 5.52): two at Ordatang, four at Groot Waling and the remaining at Komber (Table 5.23). The lack of paint at Ordatang despite the higher number of overall sherds may be a result of taphonomic processes. Red paint is found on both grit tempered and shell tempered sherds. Generally, the red paint is in parallel lines or small, amorphous patches where any overall design cannot be determined. However, KB.2.90-100.01 has painted chevrons around the rim of what looks like a plate or bowl Red and Black paint Three sherds were identified with red and black paint (Figure 5.53,Table 5.24). These sherds were small and the overall pattern could not be determined, but parallel lines are indicated on the existing sherds. The small sample size makes it difficult to make interpretations. Red and White Paint Red and white paint was identified on 11 sherds all from Komber Unit 2 level 70-80 cm (Table 5.25). The sherds were unable to be refit, but it does seem likely that these sherds are all part of a single vessel. Red chevron and curvilinear designs are painted in a series of bands on a white background (Figure 5.54). This red paint on white background is similar to the designs on vessels made in the Aru islands as described by Veth et al. (2005). The Aru Island pots have a sand temper, but shell or foraminifera could be mixed in with the sand (the Ambon-Lease temper is called “calcareous sand” by 234 Figure 5.51 Crenelated rims. 235 Figure 5.52 Red painted sherds. 236 Table 5.23. Red painted sherds. Site Unit Level (cm) Number Vessel Part Interior surface treatment Exterior surface treatment Temper OR 1 20-30 61 rim paint none grit OR 2 0-10 60 rim Paint Paint grit GW 2 10-20 17 rim paint paint grit GW 2 10-20 34 body paint none grit GW 2 10-20 51 rim none paint grit KB 2 10-20 50 body none paint grit KB 2 20-30 7 base none paint shell KB 2 20-30 57 rim paint none grit KB 2 40-50 18 body paint none grit KB 2 40-50 32 Rim Paint none shell KB 2 80-90 22 body none paint shell KB 2 80-90 23 body none paint shell KB 2 90-100 1 rim none paint shell b Figure 5.53 Red and black painted sherds. Table 5.24 Red and black painted sherds. Site Unit Level (cm) Number Vessel Part Interior surface treatment Exterior surface treatment Temper GW 2 90-100 49 body n paint grit KB 2 20-30 139 body n paint shell KB 2 20-30 141 rim paint n grit 237 Table 5.25 Red and white painted sherds. Site Unite Level (cm) Number Vessel Part Temper KB 2 70-80 51 body shell KB 2 70-80 65 shoulder shell KB 2 70-80 66 body shell KB 2 70-80 67 body shell KB 2 70-80 68 shoulder shell KB 2 70-80 69 shoulder shell KB 2 70-80 70 body shell KB 2 70-80 71 body shell KB 2 70-80 72 body shell KB 2 70-80 73 body shell KB 2 70-80 74 body shell Figure 5.54 Red and white painted sherds. 238 Ellen and Glover 1974) allowing for the determination of “shell” temper for these sherds. Alternatively, the red on white painting tradition could have had a wider distribution than what is currently recorded ethnographically. Certainly trade between the Aru Islands and the Banda Islands is known historically, as is trade between the Banda Islands and Ambon. This confusion of temper and style geographic distribution just underscores the need for more detailed description of earthenware in Maluku. Coating In their description of ethnographic potting techniques in Ambon-Lease (Ellen and Glover 1974) and Aru (Veth et al. 2005) describe water-proofing techniques. In Aru, pots are rubbed with mangrove fruit or soap, but in Ambon-Lease, dammar resin is used. Dammar resin is made from the dammar tree (Agathis alba) and results in a white or clear resinous coating and is placed on the vessel immediately subsequent to firing (Ellen and Glover 1974). A total of 29 sherds were recorded with some sort of coating (Table 5.26, see KB.2.40-50.32 in Figure 5.49 above and Figure 5.55). All sherds were found in the beach deposits at Groot Waling and Komber and may represent some sort of caliche or leaching taphonomic process, but it may also reflect a water-proof coating applied to the original vessel. If the coating is a result of water-proofing, it would suggest these vessels were used for water-storage or cooking soups or stews. Figure 5.55 Coated sherd example. 239 Table 5.26 Coated sherds. Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Vessel part Temper Type GW 1 30-40 28 body shell GW 3 20-30 61 neck shell GW 4 30-40 10 body shell KB 1 10-20 2 neck grit KB 1 10-20 7 body grit KB 1 20-30 1 body grit KB 2 10-20 46 body shell KB 2 10-20 62 body grit KB 2 20-30 53 body shell KB 2 20-30 54 body shell KB 2 20-30 125 body shell KB 2 20-30 131 body shell KB 2 20-30 147 body shell KB 2 30-40 13 rim shell KB 2 40-50 40 body shell KB 2 60-70 1 body shell KB 2 60-70 2 body shell KB 2 60-70 3 body shell KB 2 60-70 4 body shell KB 2 60-70 5 body shell KB 2 60-70 6 body shell KB 2 60-70 7 body shell KB 2 60-70 8 body shell KB 2 60-70 9 body shell KB 2 60-70 10 body shell KB 2 70-80 35 body shell KB 2 70-80 36 body shell KB 2 70-80 37 body shell 240 Discussion Decorated sherds consisted of about 10% of the total 3601 sherd total. Sherds from Ordatang dominate most of the categories as Ordatang had the highest number of sherds. Some styles, such as Incised Links and Incised Star are only found in very low numbers at Komber. Komber also has the highest number of the Semi-Circular Stamp style. Otherwise, motifs overlapped primarily at Ordatang and Groot Waling. Komber’s earthenware assemblage is somewhat different from Ordatang and Groot Waling, likely representing a village assemblage and/ or a late 19th/ early 20th century deposit instead of solely a perk assemblage. The decorative styles do not appear to be restricted to temper types, however, this may be a result of the small size of the sherds and an inability to identify the entirety of the motif. That is, with larger sherds, differentiations in the motifs could be distinguished. Nor do design motifs appear to be restricted in stratigraphic levels at the three sites, suggesting mixed deposits or long-term retention of design motifs. The different styles at Komber may also be the result of having trading relationships that were different from those of Ordatang and Groot Waling. As Rice (1987:267) notes, “Styles send messages of social, political, and economic group affiliation that are known and recognized by the person displaying the message and by the person intended to receive it.“ On the other hand, as Rice also notes (1987:269) “pottery may symbolize affiliation and maintain boundaries, but it also may not.” Alternatively, the designs may have been meaningful where the pots were created, but not necessarily where they ended up. The fact that Komber existed as a pre-colonial village but the other two sites did not may mean that Komber had traditional trading patterns that the colonial occupation did not or could not disrupt. The red and white painted sherds found only at Komber may represent connections to the Aru Islands that are not seen at the other sites, alternatively the painted designs could have worn off due to taphonomic issues at the other two sites or the sherds represent a heretofore undescribed decorative technique from Ambon- Lease. The simple incised and impressed designs suggest low investment in decorating the earthenware in general, unlike the highly decorated fine Lapita ware that is the focus of much research. Rice (1987:267-268) notes that the highly decorated forms are often used for public display. Thus, it can be assumed that the earthenware assemblages at the perks represent private, utilitarian use. The low investment in this trade good is somewhat interesting. Earthenware is traded throughout Maluku, but it is not mentioned in historic descriptions of trade (Ellen and Glover 1974, Latinis and Stark 2003). The ubiquitous nature of the deposits coupled with a lack of importance of the trade is somewhat incongruous. If pots were not important, why were they traded? And if they were important, why are they not mentioned? It is difficult to determine which model the earthenware supports with the currently available information largely due to the mixed deposits. The low investment in decoration could support the energetic efficiency model throughout the Maluku region, at least for the initial formation process. However, due to the fact that much of the earthenware was probably traded into the Banda Islands, this 241 may not be the best fit for the model for the sites of interest. However, other sites excavated on the Banda Islands show a similar distribution of a mix of the shell tempered and grit tempered sherds both in the pre-Colonial Period and into the Colonial Period (Lape 2000b, Shiung 2012). In addition, the imposition of colonial occupation was not able to disrupt traditional trading patterns (e.g., Ellen 2003, Hanna 1973). Despite the eradication of much of the indigenous Bandanese population, extra-local traders still existed on the islands and the trading partners on other islands continued to take advantage of the trade winds and Banda’s location as they had prior to colonial occupation. The VOC was only able to place themselves at the top of a functional trading network, they were not able to destroy it in their attempts to control the nutmeg monopoly. Despite the mixed deposits, I believe that the lack of discernable change in earthenware assemblages represents a resistance to colonialism based on the greater contextual evidence of trade in the region. However, a better understanding of the function of the vessels and a better understanding of the source of the vessels would certainly elucidate how these objects functioned in the social realm during the Colonial Period. 241 Chapter 6 Tradeware Tradeware is another form of ceramics. Tradeware, for the purposes of this project, is defined as high-fired (i.e., non-earthenware) ceramics. These ceramics were all imported to the Banda Islands. The ceramics in the tradeware category fall into a number of classes that archaeologists have variously called porcelain, stoneware, ironstone-ware, improved whiteware, refined earthenware, among others (Majewski and O’Brien 1987). In a non-technical way, these ceramics could be called “porcelain” but they are not all true porcelains. True porcelain is defined as a thin, white translucent vitrified ceramic that is customarily fired at temperatures of 1280- 1400 ⁰ C or higher. Porcelains are made of a white-firing, highly refractory kaolin clay…relatively free of impurities, mixed with quartz and with ground, partially decomposed feldspathic rock…When fired to high temperatures the feldspar melts, giving the product its characteristic translucency, hardness, and melodious ring when tapped….When Chinese porcelains…reached Europe, potters there trued a variety of experiments to achieve the same hardness and translucency…but they met with little success. [Rice 1987:6] Whereas stoneware is defined as ceramics that are fired at temperatures of roughly 1200 to 1350 ⁰ C. high enough to achieve at least partial fusion or vitrification of the clay body, depending on its composition. The body is medium coarse and opaque rather than translucent and often is gray or light brown. It is usually composed of “stoneware clays,” which are typically sedimentary deposits such as ball clays…[which are] highly plastic and low in iron. [Rice 1987:6] The inhabitants of both the Banda Islands and the Maluku region did not have the raw material or pyrotechnology to produce either stoneware or true porcelains, therefore all these objects were imported from some distance away, either the Asian mainland or, later, Europe. Below, I discuss the history of tradewares in the Maluku region, the expected distribution based on previously discussed models, and the results of the analysis. Background Tradewares, both porcelains and stonewares, could have been traded to the Banda Islands from either Europe or the Asian mainland during the colonial period. High-fired stoneware had been produced in China since around the thirteenth century BC and true porcelain developed around AD 600 (Madsen and White 2011:31). High-fired stonewares were also being produced in areas of Mainland Southeast Asia at least 2000 years ago (Brown 1977:9). Stoneware production had been established in Europe since the 16th Century AD (Jordan 2014) and both the English and Dutch attempted to replicate the true porcelain, succeeding in the late 18th Century (Madsen and White 2011:23). Dutch- and English- made 242 stonewares were imported into their respective colonies in North America and Africa, as were the more highly valued Chinese porcelain (e.g., Bradley 2007, Deetz 1977, Noel Hume 2001, and Schrire 2014). Archaeological excavations in Island Southeast Asia and shipwrecks have also yielded porcelain and stoneware from China and Mainland Southeast Asia (e.g., Ellen and Glover 1974, Lape 2000b, van der Pijl-Ketel 1982). Tradeware, then, was expected in the Banda Island plantation sites. Tradeware and porcelain are of interest not only to archaeologists, but also collectors of antiques and fine art. Due to this fact, the amount of information available is somewhat overwhelming and often not entirely useful to archaeologists studying small, broken pieces of vessels instead of whole, museum- quality pieces. I will not, therefore, provide an exhaustive review of the information currently available. Interested readers can find discussion of porcelain production in China in Madsen and White (2011), Hobsen (1948); stoneware produced in Mainland Southeast Asia and China can be found in Brown (1977, 2004); and reviews of English and Dutch porcelain and stoneware can be found Schaefer (1998) and Noël Hume (2001b). English tradeware is included because England had taken control over the islands during the Napoleonic Wars and trade relations did exist between the two nations during the Colonial Period. For the purposes of this study, identification of origin and date was the most useful information. Unfortunately, the small size of many of the pieces precluded identifying even this basic information. Based on previously excavated colonial-era Dutch sites, a mix of kraak-style Chinese export porcelain and European-made stoneware and porcelain are expected (e.g., Bradeley 2007, Schrire 2014). Kraak porcelain, possibly named after the Portuguese carrack ships that original imported the porcelain to Europe, is somewhat hard to define, but is generally accepted to be the mass-produced underglaze blue-and-white porcelain made for the export market at the Jingdezhen kilns during the late 16th-early 17th Century (van der Pijl-Ketel 1982). Kraak porcelain was followed by Kangxi ware, which was similarly mass produced blue and white underglaze porcelain made at the Jingdezhen kilns during and after the reign of Emperor Kangxi (c. 1680-1750) (Madsen and White 2011:59). The decorative style is different for kraak and Kangxi porcelain, but the small size of the sherds often precludes differentiating between the two. Swatow-style porcelain is a contemporaneous ware made for export to the Southeast Asian market, as opposed to the European market, and is a similar blue and white underglaze porcelain but of poorer quality (van der Pijl-Ketel 1982). For this study, it has been difficult to differentiate between the kraak, Kangxi, and Swatow underglaze blue-and-white porcelain due to the small size of sherds and inability to discern larger, chronologically distinct patterns. In addition to Chinese made porcelains, other stoneware from Mainland Southeast Asia can be expected to be found in Bandanese sites based on their presence in 2nd Millennium AD shipwrecks in Southeast Asia (Brown 2004), indicating widespread trade throughout the Mainland and Island Southeast Asian regions. Mainland Southeast Asian tradeware is of lower quality than the true porcelain from China, often with a pink core instead of white, and the stoneware often consists of thick sherds covered in a brown glaze (Brown 2004). 243 European tobacco pipes form a special class of tradeware. These pipes were made from a kaolin clay and were manufactured by both English and Dutch factories (Davey and Pogue 1979, Walker 1971). Kaolin pipe fragments are a useful chronological marker as they could not exist in the Banda Islands prior to the colonial period which saw the discovery of the New World and tobacco and the subsequent popularization of smoking in European populations. In addition to a chronological marker, pipe fragments can also be seen an ethnic/ class marker of “European-ness.” Thus, the presence of pipe fragments in an archaeological assemblage should also indicate the presence of Europeans or European-affiliated populations. Both pipe stem fragments and pipe bowl fragments appear in the archaeological record, but due to their fragile nature, pipe stems break more easily and are more common (e.g., Mallios 2005:90, Noel Hume 2001: 302). The pipe bowl often displayed a maker’s mark which can be used to date the pipe and determine its origin (e.g., Noël Hume 2001: 302-312), if they are available. Expectations from Models Due to the exotic nature of the imported tradeware, it should be considered a luxury or high status object. For the energetic efficiency model, no tradeware or porcelain should be found in worker’s contexts as workers are not expected to be able to afford luxury goods. As the perkeniers are not expected to be limited by energetic costs, tradeware should exist in their contexts. For the power/ resistance model, tradeware is expected in elite contexts but it is expected that the elites limit the worker’s access to prestige goods therefore little to no tradeware should be found in worker’s contexts. There should also be more European-made ware in elite contexts for the power/ resistance model and if tradeware is found in worker’s contexts, it should be coming from the more familiar, pre-colonial Chinese or Mainland Asian sources For the creolization model, workers are expected to have some access to tradeware but it may be used in slightly different ways than originally intended. For creolization, it is expected that European wares would be valuable for workers to signal either access to the goods or alliance with the ruling class. Methodology Similar to the earthenware analysis described above, tradeware sherds were measured, weighed, and vessel part was identified. In addition, any decoration was noted and the sherd was identified as European, Chinese, or “Other” (presumably Mainland Asian) tradeware, if possible. Due the lower quality of European porcelains, if a plain white sherd showed evidence of cracking or “crazing,” (Rhodes 1973:170-171) the sherd was identified as European. Majewski and O’Brien (1987:112) note, “the higher the firing temperature at which a (white) ceramic body matures, the less distinguishable the interface between the clay body and the glaze will be…The more absorbent the ware, the more subject the glazed surface will be to crazing and discoloration.” Some of the Chinese-made porcelain and Mainland Asian stoneware does exhibit crazing. However, the Chinese potters had long been making porcelain prior to the Europeans and had an assembly line-like system (Madsen and White 2011) allowing for regularity in production. The high firing temperatures creating a vitrified surface in Chinese porcelains is different than that of the European-made wares, allowing for distinguishing the two places of origins even if crazing was 244 present. Mainland Asian stoneware often has a pink core (or non-white) and can thus be distinguished (Brown 2004). There is still an element of subjectivity in the assignation of origin, however. If I was unable to identify the origin due to small size or lack of distinguishing characteristics, I placed it into the “Unknown” category. For the graphs and tables below, I condensed the “Other” and “Unknown” categories. Sites The tradeware assemblages for each unit are presented as a whole, as opposed to dividing by level. This is due to both the relatively small number of recovered sherds and the assumed mixing of stratigraphic levels at all sites. Tradeware makes up less than 20% of the ceramic assemblage for all three sites. Tradeware makes up 3% of Ordatang’s assemblage, 9% of Groot Walling’s assemblage, and 19% of Komber’s assemblage (Figure 6.1). Ordatang Ordatang had a total of 104 tradeware sherds, all found in the upper 40 cm of the excavated units. Tradeware made up 3% of the ceramics at this site, compared to earthenware which produced 3793 sherds. Figure 6.1 Earthenware vs Tradeware by Site. Unit 1 In Unit 1, 29 tradeware sherds were found (Figure 6.2). All tradeware sherds were found in the upper 40 cm of the unit. This unit probably experienced some stratigraphic mixing due to the Neolithic luminesce date at 0-10 cm but the lack of tradeware with depth but continuing existence of numerous 1544 338 457 147 699 225 104 151 169 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% OR GW KB Earthenware and Tradeware by Site Grit EW Foram EW Tradeware 245 Figure 6.2 Ordatang Unit 1 Tradeware. 246 Figure 6.3 Ordatang Unit 1 tradeware by origin. earthenware sherds does suggest the tradeware is likely associated with the perk occupation. Of the 29 sherds found in this unit, 15 (50%) of true Chinese porcelain, 5 (17%) European porcelain, and the remaining 9 (31%) were not true porcelain but were tradeware from undetermined places (“other”), possibly Mainland Southeast Asia or China. In this unit, more tradeware came from China than Europe, but European tradeware, including English-made pearlware is present. The Chinese porcelain is lower quality, kraak-or Swatow-style for export market. A possible rouge-de-fer red overglaze enamel-ware was found at 30-40 cm. This red enamelware is less common than the blue underglaze porcelain (Madsen and White 2011). The datable material ranges from c.1700-post-1830.The small size of most of the sherds precludes me from identifying the overall design which could be used to further narrow the date range. The small size also inhibits the identification of form, but 4 plate fragments, 5 bowl fragments, and 2 jar fragments were identified, but I could not identifying the original form of the remaining 18 sherds. Unit 2 I found 38 sherds of tradeware in Unit 2 (Figure 6.4). All tradeware sherds were found above 40 cm and are likely associated with the perk occupation. Of the 38 sherds, 20 sherds (52%) of true Chinese porcelain, 13 sherds (34%) of European porcelain or stoneware, and the remaining 5 sherds (13%) of indeterminate origin (Figure 6.5). Similar to Unit 1, the Chinese porcelain was the lower-quality kraak export ware. Also similar to Unit 1, about half the assemblage was of Chinese origin, but the percent of European and Other are reversed in Unit 2. The small size, again, made dating difficult, but one sherd did have the manufacturing date (1836) and location (Maastricht) conveniently stamped on the base. In addition, the red transferware can be dated to post-1830 (Samford 1997). Of the 38 sherds, only 4 could be identified to form: a bowl fragment and 3 plate fragments. 1 2 2 2 5 5 3 1 1 4 2 1 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Surface 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 Ordatang Unit 1 European China Other 247 Figure 6.4 Ordatang Unit 2 tradeware. 248 Figure 6.5 Ordatang Unit 2 tradeware by origin. Unit 3 I identified 35 tradeware sherds in Unit 3 (Figure 6.6). Unit 3 was only excavated to 50 cm, all sherds were found above 30 cm and are likely associated with the perk occupation. Of the 35 sherds, 13 sherds (37%) are Chinese porcelain, 18 sherds (51%) are European porcelain or stoneware, and 7 sherds (20%) are of indeterminate origin (Figure 6.7). Unlike the previous two units, about half of the sherds in this unit were identified as of European origin, not Chinese. Many of the sherds (27 or 77%) were plain or undecorated sherds. This also hampered identification. One sherd had a hole drilled through that appears to have been created during the formation process, as opposed to after production. The date range based on decorative patterns suggest late 18th Century to early- or mid-20th Century. Again, few sherds could be identified to form, among them 3 bowl fragments, 2 plate fragments and 2 cup fragments. 1 2 8 2 3 11 4 1 1 4 1 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Surface 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 Ordatang Unit 2 European China Other 249 Figure 6.6 Ordatang Unit 3 tradeware. 250 Figure 6.7 Ordatang Unit 3 tradeware by origin. Discussion The existence of tradeware at this site suggests a certain element of displaying wealth or access to higher status items than earthenware, but the material is not particularly fine. Furthermore, tradeware sherds are common along the forest paths in the Banda Islands, so the tradeware present at Ordatang may be part of an island-wide sheet midden. Overall, Chinese porcelain makes up a little less than 50% of the assemblage at Ordatang (Figure 6.8). This may be due to the use of older material to build up the site prior to the erection of the perk or it may reflect a closer trade relationship to supplies of Chinese porcelain. Unlike the other two sites, no pipe stems or bowls were found in the units (although one pipe stem was found in the auger probes), suggesting that there was less European presence at this site. 5 10 3 1 7 4 1 4 1 2 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Surface 0-10 10-20 20-30 OR Unit 3 European China Other 251 Figure 6.8 Ordatang tradeware by origin. Groot Waling Groot Waling had a total of 160 tradeware sherds. Unlike Ordatang, tradeware was found at depths up to 100 cm, albeit few. Tradeware makes up 9% of the ceramic assemblage at Groot Walling, Unit 1, 1.5 I identified 31 tradeware sherds in the combined Units 1 and 1.5 at Groot Waling (Figure 6.9). Unit 1, 1.5 had refits between two bone fragments at 10-20 cm and 80-90 cm and an earthenware sherd at 40-50 cm and 70-80 cm, suggesting mixed deposits. Of the 31 sherds found, 14 sherds (45%) are Chinese porcelain, 4 sherds (13%) are European porcelain or stoneware, and 13 sherds (42%) are of indeterminate origin (Figure 6.10). Similar to Units 1 and 2 at Ordatang, Chinese porcelain dominates this assemblage. The lack of transferware pushes this assemblage’s dates back into the late 18th century, but this is likely due to absence of evidence, not evidence of absence. Only one plate fragment and one cup fragment could be definitively identified to form. 34% 46% 20% Ordatang Tradeware by Origin Euro China Other 252 253 Figure 6.9 Groot Waling Units 1 and 1.5 tradeware. 254 Figure 6.10 Groot Waling Units 1 and 1.5 tradeware by origin. Unit 2 Unit 2 produced 41 tradeware sherds (Figure 6.11). Unit 2 may have intact stratigraphy with sherds below 30 cm representing a pre-colonial occupation, based on the evidence of water-wear on both tradeware and earthenware sherds. Only two tradeware sherds are found below 30 cm in Unit 2 and they should not significantly impact the analysis. OF the 41 sherds found, 8 sherds (20%) are Chinese porcelain, 20 sherds (49%) are European porcelain or stoneware, and 13 sherds (31%) are of indeterminate origin (Figure 6.12). When decoration is present, there is a mix of Chinese kraak designs and European transferware, leading to estimated dates of late 17th century to mid-19th century. Unlike Unit 1, European made sherds dominate this assemblage. Three sherds with a pinkish core and one thick brown glazed sherd suggest a possible Thai origin for these items (Brown 1977). Few items could be identified to form, but those include two bowl fragments, three plate fragments and one cup fragment. 3 1 5 3 2 1 1 1 3 3 4 1 1 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 50-60 70-80 80-90 GW Unit 1, 1.5 Tradeware European China Other 255 Figure 6.11 Groot Waling Unit 2 tradeware. 256 Figure 6.12 Groot Waling Unit 2 tradeware by origin. Unit 3 Unit 3 produced 64 tradeware sherds (Figure 6.13). Unit 3 may also have intact stratigraphy with a pre-colonial level below 60 cm, again, based on the presence of water-worn earthenware and tradeware sherds. Only one sherd was found below 60 cm and should not significantly impact conclusions. Of the 64 sherds, 21 sherds (32%) are Chinese porcelain, 16 sherds are(25%) European porcelain or stoneware, and 27 sherds (42%) are of indeterminate origin (Figure 6.14). Unlike previous units, sherds of an indeterminate origin were the majority. Kraak-style porcelain was common in this unit but transferware was not identified. A stoneware bottle neck and two pipe stems were found in this unit; this items are rare in the assemblage as a whole. The presence of kraak porcelain and lack of transferware dates this assemblage to mid-17th to mid-19th century, but as the site is still occupied, this date range is likely an artifact of analysis. Few forms could be identified, but those include two bowl fragments, two cup fragments, one bottle fragment, and two pipe stem fragments. I should note that Unit 3 was located outside the perk walls in an area that showed signs of gardening. Four pipe stem or bowl fragments were identified in the auger probes at Groot Walling and three of them were located outside of the walls of the perk. As 80% of these artifacts are found outside the walls of the perk, this seems to reflect some sort of patterning in behavior but there isn’t enough evidence at the moment to determine if the location represents primary or secondary deposits. But the patterning is somewhat intriguing. The mixture of Chinese, European and indeterminate origin items in this assemblage suggests occupants had 5 13 2 5 3 4 6 1 1 1 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 90-100 Groot Waling Unit 2 European China Other 257 Figure 6.13 Groot Waling Unit 3 tradeware. 258 Figure 6.14 Groot Waling Unit 3 tradeware by origin. access to a wider trade network than Ordatang. Also, the mixture of artifacts suggests more of a creolization of material culture, but this may also be influenced by the exterior location of the unit and possible mixing of multiple household deposits. Unit 4 The final unit at Groot Waling produced 24 sherds (Figure 6.15). Unit 4 was a mixed deposit, however, based on the predominance of tradeware sherds in the other units at this site dating to the colonial occupation. I am comfortable assuming that the sherds in this unit are associated with the colonial occupation of this site. Of the 24 sherds found, 4 are Chinese porcelain sherds (16%), 4 sherds (16%) are European porcelain or stoneware, and 16 (67%) sherds are of indeterminate origin (Figure 6.16). At least one sherd from 90-100 cm was likely of Mainland Southeast Asia origin based on the pink core. The lack of decoration on many of the sherds hampered identification of origin and dating. I was unable to date any of the pieces. Few of the forms could be identified excepting two plate fragments, one bowl fragment and one cup fragment. Another sherd with a pink core and a thick brown-glazed sherd are likely from Mainland Southeast Asia, but not China. 6 2 4 3 1 1 2 13 3 2 0 4 4 14 1 1 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 Groot Waling Unit 3 European China Other 259 Figure 6.15 Groot Waling Unit 4 tradeware. 260 Figure 6.16 Groot Waling Unit 4 tradeware by origin. Discussion Groot Waling has more porcelain than Ordatang, but less than Komber. For the sherds that could be dated, the dates are similar to the other perk sites and fall within the colonial period. The distribution of origin is about equal between the Chinese, European and indeterminate sherds (Figure 6.17). This equitable distribution may be a result of access to a wider trade network than the other sites. Similar to Ordatang, the tradeware is not particularly fine, but of export quality from China and the mass produced material from Europe. Komber A total of 175 tradeware sherds were found at Komber, at depths up to 100 cm. Tradeware sherds at Komber did not have evidence of water-wear, suggesting that these sherds had not been deposited in a dynamic beach environment. However, all units at Komber had mixed stratigraphy. The tradeware that could be dated does date to the colonial period. Unit 1 Few tradeware sherds were identified in Unit 1 totaling only 8 sherds (Figure 6.18). Of these 8 sherds, half were Chinese porcelain and the other half were of European origin. The small size precluded dating the sherds more narrowly than post-17th Century. One sherd was able to be identified as a handled vessel fragment, but the remainder were unidentified. Unit 1 at Komber appeared to be a mixed 1 2 1 6 3 3 2 1 1 2 2 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 70-80 90-100 Groot Waling Unit 4 European China Other 261 Figure 6.17 Groot Waling Tradeware by Origin. 28% 37% 35% Groot Waling Tradeware by Origin Euro China Other 262 Figure 6.18 Komber Unit 1 tradeware. 263 Figure 6.19 Komber Unit 1 tradeware by origin. Unit 2 Unit 2 was placed between auger probes that had produced large amounts of tradeware sherds. Unit 2 was by far the most productive unit in terms of tradeware, yielding 142 sherds (Figure 6.20). Of these 142 sherds, 25 sherds (18%) were Chinese porcelain, 83 sherds (58%) were European porcelain or stoneware, and the remaining 34 sherds (24%) were of indeterminate origin (Figure 6.21). The transferware, pearlware, and kraak-style porcelain suggest a date range of mid-18th Century to mid-19th Century. The unit yielded red, purple, and blue transferware suggesting this site had a wide variety of trade options available. Both Dutch-made (evidenced by the Maastricht maker’s mark) and English-made pearlware were present. A pipe bowl and pipe stem fragments and stoneware bottle fragment show additional available European wares. Chinese porcelain, Japanese Imari (or Chinese made Imari- influenced), and a possible Celadon green sherd from Mainland Southeast Asia show a similar variety of available Asian wares. The larger sherd size allowed for slightly more forms to be identified including 17 bowl fragments, one teacup handle, 1 lid fragment, 20 plate fragments, two jar fragments, four pipe fragments, and two tile fragments. This unit, as has been previously discussed, is likely the result of a modern fill event to build up the beach as an anti-erosion measure. As such, it likely does not represent the perk habitation but more likely recent village habitation. That being said, the variation in tradeware in this unit suggests that inhabitants of the village or surrounding area did have access to the wider trading network and were not inhibited from acquiring goods. 1 1 1 1 2 2 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 10-20 40-50 50-60 60-70 Komber Unit 1 European China Other 264 265 266 Figure 6.20 Komber Unit 2 tradeware. 267 Figure 6.21 Komber Unit 2 tradeware by origin. secondary deposit that had been created during the recent construction of the school within the perk compound. Unit 3 Unit 3 was located outside the perk walls and only excavated to a depth of 40 cm due to difficult conditions. The only artifact class that was recovered from this unit was tradeware; 25 tradeware sherds were recovered (Figure 6.22). The majority of the tradeware was of European origin with 20 sherds (80%). The remaining 5 sherds (20%) were Chinese porcelain. Ten of the sherds could be identified as plate fragments. European transferware suggests mid- to late-19th Century date for the assemblage. One blue willow pattern plate had a maker’s mark from Maastricht and the green pearlware (level 10-20 cm) is likely from England. 10 25 17 8 7 2 6 1 5 2 5 2 5 4 2 1 2 4 1 6 4 3 5 5 2 2 1 3 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 Komber Unit 2 European China Other 268 Figure 6.22 Komber Unit 3 tradeware. 269 Figure 6.23 Komber Unit 3 tradeware by origin. Discussion Unit 2 from Komber is unique in the amount of porcelain produced. While I don’t think that it can necessarily be associated with the perk occupation, it does show that a variety of tradeware was available in the location and the lack of variation in material in the other units could reflect a lack of tradeware at the perken sites. The amount of European transferware at Komber in comparison to the other sites is interesting. This may be a result of the coagulated village deposit and may reflect the ability of inhabitants of the village to purchase tradeware during the 19th Century. Alternatively, the deposit may be the result of recent inhabitants rejecting the old material culture that represented colonial powers by using it effectively as trash to build up the beach. Certainly, local residents could have provided information that could elucidate these matters, but due to time constraints, I was unable to quiz local inhabitants about the timing and nature of the erection of the school and the construction of the beach. 2 13 5 3 1 1 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0-10 10-20 20-30 Komber Unit 3 European China Other 270 Figure 6.24 Komber Tradeware by Origin All Sites Comparison When comparing the distribution of tradeware origin across the three sites, there are differences (Figure 6.25). About half of Ordatang’s assemblage is from China, Groot Walling has about equal distribution of Euro-China-Other tradeware, and Komber has mostly European tradeware. It is interesting that the contemporaneous perken have different distributions of tradeware given that they were supposedly part of the same trading network. Considering that the Chinese-origin tradeware would likely have been the oldest, associated with the beginning of the Spice Trade and that the European tradeware would be more prevalent with the later colonial period (after the Europeans developed the technology to create porcelain and after a desire for European-made porcelain had been created in consumers), the distribution of tradeware matches the general age distribution of the earthenware with Ordatang having the oldest assemblage, Komber the most recent and Groot Walling falling in between the other two. The tradeware does seem to hover between the mid-17th Century and mid-19th Century, despite the fact that the three sites are known to have been occupied well into the 20th Century (and 21st Century). This is very likely an artifact of analysis in that it was easiest for me to date the European transferware and Chinese kraak porcelain, but other plainware pieces could be dated later by someone with more experience in dating tradeware. However, this date range might also reflect the height of the Bandanese nutmeg export economy. After the elimination of slavery in 1856 and the increase in competition from other areas that had started nutmeg plantations, the perkeniers abandoned, sold, or lost their plantations to their debtors Euro 62% China 20% Other 18% Komber Tradeware by Origin Euro China Other 271 Figure 6.25 Tradeware distribution by site. (Hanna 1978). The lack of late 19th- early 20th century tradeware might be a result of this material no longer being imported or no longer affordable for many of the residents. Alternatively, the lack of later tradeware could be the result of the changing nature of perken use after the eradication of slavery. There was also significant political upheaval in early-to-mid 20th century China which impacted porcelain production and export. This date distribution is intriguing and could be further investigated in the future. Another intriguing pattern in the tradeware is the origin of the European tradeware. There are three pieces of tradeware with intact maker’s marks and all are from Maastricht. There were other porcelain/ stoneware factories in the Netherlands, but the factory from Maastricht seems to have been favored for importation to the Banda Islands. Three is a very small sample size from which to draw any conclusions, but it is interesting that all the maker’s marks are from the same location, despite the fact that the sherds were all found at different sites. There is also evidence for English pearlware dating to the late 18th- early 19th century. This broadly overlaps with the English occupation under Sir Stamford Raffles during the Napoleonic Wars and shows that the Banda Islands were still part of the global trade network during this period. English made porcelain and stoneware was becoming less expensive at this point in time (Miller 1980:6) and the presence may also reflect the lower cost of these ceramics. As far as can be identified, the tradeware present at the perken sites are generally export quality or mass produced tableware as opposed to special orders or decorative items. This suggests a relatively 36 44 107 48 57 34 21 54 31 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% OR GW KB Tradeware by Site Euro China Other 272 lower economic status than the people who were able to acquire large serving platters, special order personalized items, or non-function figurines or other decorative items. The perken, then, were probably not the location of elite gatherings that used the display of exotic porcelains as a form of social signaling. Forms As noted above, the small size of most of the sherds precluded the identification of the original form of the vessels. Of the 440 sherds, only 102 could be identified to form. Of those 102, there were 33 bowl fragments, 8 cup fragments, 47 plate fragments, 8 jar/jug/bottle fragments, and 6 pipe fragments (Figure 6.26). This suggests individual settings for food service. However, this likely also represents what was available for purchase. While larger communal serving platters and vessels were made and may have been used for elite dinner parties, this likely occurred at elite residences in Banda Neira and not the perken, based on historical descriptions (e.g., Bosma and Raben 2008:150-161). The use of European-style serving vessels by workers was predicted by the creolization model. There is evidence in North American enslaved workers contexts that the workers were either reusing the higher status stoneware or porcelain (after it had been abandoned by the elites) or were purchasing the items themselves (e.g., Neiman et al. 2000, Otto 9184). This has been interpreted as workers consciously adopting the symbols of the dominant class as a signal that the workers, too, can afford the symbols of power, despite their enslaved or lower economic status (e.g., Galle 2010). I should note that I have seen China cabinets in modern households in Banda Neira displaying porcelain sets. The use of porcelain as a specific display item exists in the modern Banda Islands. The furniture used for display are European- style large cabinets with glass doors. The use of European furniture to display the treasured items does suggest a creolization occurred at some time in the past. Comparison to Previously Excavated Sites I had expected to find more tradeware in the perk sites as they were associated with elite occupants. In order to determine if the lack of tradeware was evidence of absence or absence of evidence, I compared the earthenware/ tradeware distribution to Lape’s (2000b) previously excavated sites on Banda Neira and Pulau Ay. Otto (1997:91-92) states To predict status differences accurately from the differences in ceramic types or shapes, one would have to excavate a number of sites and demonstrate a pattern. Another approach, however, involves the use of documents to establish the status of site inhabitants before comparing the ceramics. If ceramics from sites that were occupied by “historically known affluent people at one point in time” can be compared with ceramics from sites occupied by ‘historically known non-affluent individuals at the same period of time,” the difference in ceramic types and shapes could be explained by differences in known status and access to material resources (South 1972:100). Luckily, prior to this project, archaeological sites of known affluence were excavated. Lape (2000b) excavated the house compound occupied by the VOC Governor of the Banda Islands until 1824 on Banda Neira, this site was designated BN4. Lape (2000b) also excavated near the subsequent home of the governor, a location that was also near the Harmonie Club, a gathering place for the local elite; this 273 Figure 6.26 Tradeware forms by site. site was designated BN2. A village site associated with the pre-colonial village known as Labatecca was also excavated, this site was designated BN1. Lape (2015, personal communication) notes that the BN1/ Labatecca village site was located near a perk called Lautaka (the units were not located within the perk compound or within 5 m of the compound walls and cannot therefore be considered at the same level of association as the units excavated for this study). The sites of PA2 and PA3 were located on Pulau Ay, just outside the Dutch Fort Revenge and likely the location of a pre-colonial village (Lape 2000b: 230). Lape distinguished between the pre-colonial and colonial levels of these sites based on radiocarbon dates or tradeware. These sites were selected for comparison because they had a known colonial occupation and excavated artifacts had been quantified by Lape (2000b). Figure 6.27 shows the location of these sites in relation to the plantation sites. I used Lape’s original level record sheets to acquire the raw number of sherds in his excavations. The data were included from BN1 Units 1-4, BN2 Units 1 and 2, BN4 Units 1 and 2, PA2 Unit 2 and PA3 Unit 1. Lape used different artifact classes than I did. In order to compare the different assemblages, I combined all of Lape’s earthenware categories and all of Lape’s stoneware categories with his true porcelain. Lape (2000) did not distinguish between Asian and European tradeware, so I was unable to separate that artifact class by origin. Lape’s pipestems were maintained as a separate category. The pre- colonial and colonial levels were separated (if applicable) and then all units at the individual Lape (2000) sites were also collapsed into one category, as were all units at the perk excavations. Percentages were 11 5 17 2 5 1 9 8 30 2 1 5 2 4 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% OR GW KB Forms by Site bowl cup plate jar/jug/bottle pipe 274 Figure 6.27 Lape (2000) sites and plantation sites. used for comparison because not all sites had the same number of exaction units or the same sized units. For example, Lape excavated 1 m x 1 m units at BN1 and BN2, but 2 m x 2 m units at BN4. In addition, Lape’s units ranged in depth from 160-320 cm. Both raw numbers and percentages are provided in Table 6.1. Only BN1 (Labatecca) and PA2 had recognizable pre-colonial levels. BN4 (Governor’s house) and BN2 (Harmonie Club) are known European elite residences. BN1 represents a pre-colonial and colonial village site. It should be noted that Lape (2000b) interprets BN1 as being on the losing side of a battle with Banda Neira over the control of trade in the islands. Thus, the artifact assemblage at BN1 probably represents a lower status village. Shiung (2011) notes that BN1 lacked the foraminifera temper assumed to be from Ambon-Lease in the sherds he analyzed suggesting that BN1 did not have access to the same trading networks as Banda Neira or other excavated sites. The two Pulau Ay sites are both located next to Fort Revenge which was occupied by VOC forces, but likely lower ranking soldiers and not elites. Bosma and Raben (2008:152) note that the garrisons at the forts were regularly refilled with Europeans, indigenous troops were recruited by both the VOC and Netherlands East Indies government (e.g., Ricklefs (2001), so it should not be assumed that Fort Revenge was a predominantly “European” site in terms of its population or material culture. 275 Table 6.1 and Figure 6.28 below show the number and percent of earthenware, tradeware, and pipe stems at the sites excavated by Lape (2000b) and the perks excavated for this study. Kaolin pipes are an accurate indicator of European settlement both chronologically and culturally. Tobacco is a New World crop and was unavailable until after European colonization. Kaolin clay pipes were made in Europe and used by Europeans (and those who wanted to affiliate with Europeans) and can therefore be used as a marker of European affiliation. The known European elite residences (BN2 and BN4) show a relatively high number of pipe stems compared to the other sites. While the pipe stems at BN4 only represent 3% of the ceramics assemblage, they do number in the hundreds. Pipe stems make up 15% of the ceramic assemblage at the Harmonie Social Club, suggesting inhabitants engaged in smoking on a regular basis. Only two pipe stems were found at BN1, the village of Labatecca. Similarly, 10 or fewer pipe stems were found at the Fort Revenge sites. In comparison, fewer than ten pipe fragments were found at the plantation sites. I should note that the pipe fragments used in this table include those found in the auger probes and the excavated units, so the number is slightly different than that reported above. The extreme paucity of pipe stems at the perk sites compared to the known European elite habitation sites can be interpreted as the lack of a European presence at the perken (and possibly Fort Revenge!). In addition to the difference in the number of pipe stems present, the ratio of earthenware to tradeware is also different at the known elite residences compared to the village and perk sites. Tradeware represents less than 20% (more commonly less than 10%) of the assemblages at BN1 and the perk sites, but more than 20% at the known elite residences of BN2 and BN4. Surprisingly, tradeware makes up a little over 40% of the assemblage at PA3. The percent of tradeware at the Fort Revenge sites more closely matches that of the European elite habitation sites, but the lack of pipe stems suggests that either a different population than that at the Banda Neira elite sites lived at Fort Revenge, albeit one that had access to the same trade 276 Table 6.1 Ceramic distribution at plantation and other sites. (*=Colonial period elite sites, †=perk sites. PC= pre-colonial, Col= Colonial). Site Earthenware Earthenware % Tradeware Tradeware % Pipe Pipe % BN1_AllUnits_PC 7365 97% 245 3% 0 0% BN1_AllUnits_Col 1438 95% 72 5% 2 0% BN2_AllUnits_Col* 1832 58% 872 27% 472 15% BN4_AllUnits_Col* 4286 68% 1259 29% 202 3% PA2_AllUnits_PC 63 90% 7 10% 0 0% PA2_AllUnits_Col 613 77% 177 22% 10 1% PA3 Unit 1 Col 287 58% 204 41% 4 1% OR_AllUnits† 3793 97% 105 3% 1 0% GW_AllUnits† 1707 91% 153 9% 6 0% KB_AllUnits† 732 83% 168 16% 4 0% Figure 6.28 Ceramic distribution at plantation and other sites (Elite sites outlined in red/ top rectangle, perk sites outlined in blue at bottom. PC= pre-colonial, Col= Colonial). networks, or that smoking tobacco was not available at the more remote Pulau Ay. However, if porcelain was able to be transported to Pulau Ay, it is likely that tobacco would also have been transportable. It is more parsimonious to assume that smoking tobacco was not valued at Fort Revenge. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% BN1_AllUnits_PC BN1_AllUnits_Col BN2_AllUnits_Col BN4_AllUnits_Col PA2_AllUnits_PC PA2_AllUnits_Col PA-3 Unit 1 Col OR_AllUnits GW_AllUnits KB_AllUnits % Ceramics Per Site Earthenware Tradeware Pipe 277 In terms of ratios of earthenware, tradeware, and pipe stems, the perk sites most closely resemble the village site of Labatecca (BN1) and the pre-colonial village occupation of PA 2 and not the elite residences of BN2 and BN4. This is interesting for a variety of reasons. The perk sites and the sites on Banda Neira were are close enough to the main port that differential transport costs are unlikely. The lack of tradeware more likely represents an inability of residents to afford or lack of desire to possess these elite goods. The lack of pipe stems indicates that the European elite did not spend much time at the perks. While the perkeniers may have visited their properties regularly, it appears that the visits were short in duration and did not result in the deposition of many broken pipes, unlike the situation at the known elite residences in Banda Neira. The similarity to Labatecca (BN1) to the perk sites is interesting for the lower status that the village of Labatecca had and likely different trading partners, according to Lape (2000b). The amount of tradeware at the perk sites more closely resembles the pre-colonial village site assemblages. Low-value imported or locally made earthenware dominates the assemblages at the perks and Labatecca. It seems likely, then, that the perkeniers actively limited the kinds of goods that were available at the perken or that perken did not see the same kind of residence patterns as the villages did. Excavations in the modern villages surrounding Groot Waling and Komber might elucidate the question of limited access to elite goods. It should be noted, however, that Komber had the highest percentage of tradeware of the perk sites. The unit producing the most tradeware was the result of a somewhat recent fill episode and appears to have been a multi-household dump of ceramics and tradeware as an anti-erosion measure for the beach in front of the perk. If this unit does represent a village deposition and is not related to activity at the perk, this would support the hypothesis that the perken had different residential patterns than the surrounding villages. Conclusions The different distribution of tradeware at the three plantation sites suggests differential consumption of tradeware although all three sites do show access to European and Asian, both Chinese and other, wares. European ware is represented by both Dutch and English porcelain and stoneware. Chinese porcelain and Mainland Asian stonewares are also present at all sites. The date range of the tradeware hovers around the late 17th to mid-19th century. This may be due to analyst bias, but it might also represent a lack of access to or an inability to afford imported elite goods after the islands lost their monopoly on the nutmeg trade. The amount of tradeware at the plantation sites in comparison to earthenware more closely matches the distribution at a contemporaneous village site as opposed to the known elite residences on Banda Neira. This suggests that the plantations were not elite residences or, at least, not frequented by the elites. Because the three plantation sites have a different distribution of tradeware, it is hard to come to a generalized conclusion about which model can explain the distribution. The lack low percentage of tradeware at Ordatang suggests energetic efficiency in that this elite good was not taken in great numbers to this somewhat remote site. The approximately equal distribution of European, Chinese, and 278 Indeterminate origin suggests creolization. The dominance of tradeware of European origin could be seen as local inhabitants adopting elite symbols of power (when they could afford it). Even within the same artifact class, different models can be used to explain the distribution at different sites. In general, however, the distribution of tradeware at the different sites suggests that the plantations were not the theatre of social negotiation in the Banda Islands. 279 Chapter 7 Faunal Analysis Background As noted in previous chapters, terrestrial animal protein was somewhat limited in the Banda Islands. Due to the small size of the islands, domesticated animal herds could not be large and wild terrestrial animals useful for human dietary needs were limited to relatively small bodied birds, bats, cuscus, rats and lizards. However, marine resources were abundant and most authors (e.g., Ellen 2003, Hanna 1973, Loth 1998) assume that inhabitants were primarily dependent on marine resources. Lape (2000) notes the presence of fish, shellfish, bird, and large mammal remains in his excavated sites, but does not present detailed discussion of the material. Lape (2000) primarily focused on identifying pig remains in order to date the adoption of Islamic religious practices on the islands and found pig remains in pre-colonial deposits on Banda Neira and Pulau Ay; Peterson (2015) provided a more detailed analysis of these materials. Historically, pigs, cows, chickens, deer, goats, and fish are mentioned in records. Hanna (1973:66) describes the foodstuffs imported by the VOC as recorded by Johan Wurffbain c. 1638 as “rice, salt meat and bacon, oil, vinegar, and wine.” Loth (1998:83) also notes that perkeniers were allowed to keep a cow for milk at the perk location, but most of the cattle was relegated to the uninhabited Gunung Api to protect nutmeg seedlings. Pigs and goats were also allowed to roam, which caused problems when they destroyed neighbors’ gardens and nutmeg seedlings (Loth 1998:83). Chickens were probably imported with the Neolithic period colonizers or soon after and Peterson (2015) did find chicken remains in Neolithic layers on Pulau Ay. Loth (1998:84) notes the VOC attempted to introduce rabbits, deer, and turkey for subsistence; some Southeast Asian deer are still observed on the island today, but there is no evidence for the existence of rabbits or turkey. Geese and ducks have been observed in Banda Neira today (see Figure 3.8). Domesticated cats are common on the islands today, dogs less so. Dogs exist on Banda Besar, but I did not observe them on the other islands. The lack of dogs may be due to Islamic prohibitions associated with the animals and the dispersal of the Christian population in the late 1990s. The existence of dogs on Banda Besar may be due to their usefulness in keeping the only extant population of pigs on the islands away from the garden; that is, dogs are a lesser evil than the pigs. Sea birds, snakes, rats, bats, cuscus, and iguanas also exist on the islands (Loth 1998). As noted in Chapter 2, certain distributions are expected based on the operating models. For the energetic efficiency model, small or reef fish are expected in worker’s contexts due to their low search and handling costs and because perkeniers would select the better fish from their slaves’ morning catch for their own consumption (Loth 1998:82). Domesticated chickens would also be a relatively low cost 280 protein; eggs might have been more common in daily diet but would be harder to detect archaeologically. Large mammal remains are expected to be found in elite contexts, but not worker’s contexts, as it is assumed elites limited workers access to this higher status food source. If large mammal remains are found in worker’s contexts, it is expected to be the lower value cuts of meat. Some small wild game may be expected in worker’s contexts as a way to supplement diet (e.g., Turner 1995), but there is little wild terrestrial game on the Banda Islands so fish remains would be more likely as a supplemental protein. A similar distribution of faunal remains may be expected in the power/ resistance model as workers would be resisting a dependence on imported European foods in favor of traditional food sources and the European elites would reject the unfamiliar fish and wild game in favor if their traditional domesticates. For the creolization model, a mixture of all ingredients is expected. However, as noted in previous chapters, I do not expect to recover elite or perkenier dietary signals at the perken. Based on the economic similarity of the perk tradeware deposits to village assemblages excavated by Lape (2000), it is more likely that the faunal remains reflect solely the workers diet, if they do, in fact, reflect perk habitation. Based on previous excavations by Lape (2000b), I had expected to find faunal remains throughout the deposits. However, there was a paucity of recovered faunal remains, totaling just under a kilogram (0.959 kg or a little over 2 pounds), and what was recovered tended to be highly fragmented. The fragmentation inhibited identification and the low volume of recovered material further inhibited significant interpretation. The lack of faunal remains may be due to a combination of destructive taphonomic processes, either chemical or scavenger destruction, or a disposal pattern that avoided the areas within the perk walls or immediately outside. Due to the low numbers of remains and the inability to securely identify the material, only general conclusions can be made. Methodology Methodology for the faunal analysis followed Reitz and Wing (1999). Faunal remains were sorted according to class (bird, fish, mammal, or other/ unidentifiable). Individual fragments were weighed and identified to element, when possible. If possible, mammal bone was identified to size class of small, medium, and large. The size classes were based on assumed mammal population on the islands with large mammals being cow, pig, deer, and horse; medium mammal being dog, cat, and goat; and small mammal being rat, bat, cuscus, mouse, etc. Attempts were made to identify species of domesticated mammal, if comparative collections were available. While comparative collections for domesticated chicken were available, no comparative collections for native waterfowl was available No comparative collections for local fish were available, either. Thus, for avian and fish remains, no attempt to identify species was made. Due to the religious taboo against eating pork for Muslims, an attempt was made to differentiate between pig, cow, deer, and goat amongst the mammal remains, but due to the fragmented nature of the assemblage, this was rarely possible. See Appendix D for detailed faunal catalog. As Grayson (1981:78) notes, the point of a faunal analysis in an archaeological assemblage is to either identify human subsistence patterns or to identify the local environment based on animals present. 281 For the purposes of this study, I want to identify the subsistence patterns of the inhabitants of the perken. Archaeologists have to assume that the faunal assemblage recovered is a representative sample of what was deposited by humans, however various human behaviors and taphonomic processes can affect archaeological recovery. Behaviorally, humans may not bring the entire animal carcass to the habitation site (the schlepp effect [Perkins and Daly 1968]), or certain skeletal elements may be used to create tools, certain skeletal elements may have a ritual disposal pattern, etc., all of which precludes the recovery of these elements in a recognized subsistence deposit, like a midden. Taphonomically, scavengers may destroy or remove faunal remains from the site, acidic or alkaline soil may destroy bone (Gordon and Buikstra 1981), and certain portions of bone preserve better than others (i.e., hard, cortical bone preserves better than spongy, cancellous bone [Lyman 1984]). Because of differential preservation, one may end up measuring not human dietary preference, but merely the bones that resisted taphonomic destruction and that were big enough not to fall through the archaeologists screen. The larger the sample size of recovered faunal remains, the easier it is for the archaeologist to mitigate issues of preservation bias by statistical analysis (Grayson 1981). However, in the case of this study, the recovered assemblage was so small, I did not feel that statistical analyses would yield any significant results. Even in the most productive units, the number of identified remains was less than 100, excepting domesticated commensals (e.g., cat and dog). When minimum number of individuals (MNI) could be calculated, it was either one or, in the case of a dog burial at Groot Waling, two. Thus, only the number of identified specimens (NISP) is presented along with weight. As noted in previous chapters, extensive mixing occurred at all the sites. The Neolithic luminescence dates on earthenware from Ordatang Unit 1 at 0-10 cm and 90-100 cm suggests this unit is mixed. However, faunal remains are not found at Ordatang at all below 50 cm; the lack of remains suggests differential preservation, likely due to acidic tropical soils (Gordon and Buikstra 1981). Bone refits at Groot Waling’s Unit 1 and 1.5 at 10-20 cm and 80-90 cm also suggest mixing. Units 2 and 3 at Groot Waling may have intact stratigraphy, but very few faunal remains were recovered from this units. Both units with faunal remains at Komber were also hopelessly mixed due to the construction of the school within the perk and the building up of the beach with fill. Because of these issues with mixing and the low number of recovered remains, each unit is discussed as an entire assemblage. Results Ordatang Unit 1 A total of 15 pieces of bone were found in Unit 1 (see Ordatang site map, Figure 4.8, for location of units). A total of 5.8 g of faunal material was recovered from Unit 1. Unit 1 (Table 7.1) only produced faunal remains in the upper 50 cm, similar to porcelain/ tradeware (which tapered off at 30-40 cm). The 282 upper 50 cm also comprise a darker soil horizon. A meaningful interpretation from this small amount of faunal remains is unlikely. However, the presence of fish bone at this island-top site suggests human transport from the beach. Fish maxilla and cranium fragments suggests transport of the whole fish. Modern populations in the Banda Islands often cook whole fish, especially the smaller species. Ordatang has modern gardens in close proximity and modern inhabitants will cook a fish for lunch prior to making the climb to their gardens for tending. It is possible that the fish bones may represent the remains of a modern meal. Little can be gleaned from the presence of large/ medium mammal long bone and rib fragments except for the existence of large or medium mammals in the vicinity of the perk. The small size of the fragments precluded identification. As noted in previous chapters, the post-50 cm levels are likely fill associated with the building of the perk. Since a sherd found at 0-10 cm was dated to the Neolithic, it is likely some mixing occurred in this unit. The faunal remains found in this unit are likely recent, that is, colonial-era or modern and not Neolithic. Due to the lack of faunal remains below 50 cm, I am inclined to believe that chemical taphonomic processes are destroying the buried bone, as is expected in acidic tropical soil (although the volcanic bedrock of Banda Besar may, in fact, create alkaline soil [Monk et al. 1997:101-106], neither acidic nor alkaline soils preserve bone well). It is likely, then, that the faunal remains are 20th century and not associated with the perk at all. Table 7.1 Faunal Remains at Ordatang Unit 1. 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm Specimen NISP Weight (g) NISP Weight (g) NISP Weight (g) NISP Weight (g) Fish (Total NISP=10, Total Weight=3.2g) Cranium (fragment) 1 0.25 1 0.64 Maxilla 1 0.61 Vertebrae 2 1.03 Fin 1 0.14 Unidentified 3 0.45 1 0.08 Total 7 2.34 2 0.72 1 0.14 Mammal (Total NISP=5, Total Weight= 2.6g) Large mammal Long Bone Fragment 1 0.76 Medium mammal Long Bone Fragment 3 0.19 Rib 1 0.89 Total 5 2.6 Level Total 7 2.34 5 2.6 2 0.72 1 0.14 Unit 2 A total of 5 pieces of bone (1.63 g total) were found in Unit 2, all at 0-30 cm. No non-earthenware ceramic artifacts were found in Unit 2 after 50 cm. While a similar soil change occurred around 50 cm as found in Unit 1, the lack of artifacts suggests that the earthenware found at 40-100 cm is likely fill 283 associated with the construction of the perk. Like Unit 1, little can be discerned from the small amount of faunal material in Unit 2. Avian rib and pelvis fragments were identified, but species could not be determined due to the fragmented nature of the bones. The one fish bone was a cranium fragment (at 10- 20 cm), again suggesting whole fish were being transported to the site. The one large mammal long bone fragment had been subject to enough direct heat to turn it black. There was, however, no indication of a fire or hearth in the unit, suggesting some sort of transport from the area of burning to the find location. The shallow depth of the faunal material does suggest recent deposition and the paucity of faunal remains at this site in general coupled with the assumed acidic soil of tropical forests also suggests a relatively modern deposition of this material. Table 7.2 Faunal remains at Ordatang Unit 2. 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm Specimen NISP Weight (g) NISP Weight (g) NISP Weight (g) Avian (Total NISP= 3, Total Weight=1.3g) Rib 1 0.07 1 1.01 Pelvis 1 0.22 Total: 1 0.07 2 1.23 Fish (Total NISP= 1, Total Weight= 0.33g) Cranium (fragment) 1 0.33 Total 1 0.33 Mammal, Large (Total NISP= 1, Total Weight= 0.38g) Long Bone Fragment 1 0.38 Total 1 0.38 Level total: 1 0.07 2 0.71 2 1.23 Unit 3 Significantly more faunal material was identified in Unit 3 with a total of 138 specimens, plus various unidentified bits less than 1/8” (68.43 g total). Unit 3 was only excavated to 50 cm but produced relatively copious amounts of bone (Table 7.3). The majority (89.7%, by weight) of the faunal remains at Ordatang were found in this excavation unit. The auger probe placed near this unit produced a large amount of bone, in addition to metal and a coin. The “relatively” copious amounts of faunal remains still do not yield an entire ounce of material per class per level, however, so the amounts are still rather uninformative beyond presence/ absence. Throughout the unit, fish bones generally consist of vertebra, fins, and some cranial fragments. This is consistent with the other two units and the other sites excavated. Long bones, phalanges, and metatarsals/ metacarpals from a juvenile domestic dog were found. The whole long bones and the existence of the small metatarsal/ carpals and phalanges suggest that the medium-sized mammal was intact when interred. There are no cut-marks evident and it is unlikely to represent dietary intake of the inhabitants. Twelve goat teeth at 30-40 cm, consisting of molar fragments and an incisor, were also identified. The goat teeth are interesting as goat teeth were also found at Komber. However, no other goat remains were identified in the unit, but goats are common on 284 Banda Besar. Goats are relatively easy to care for and are favored for some Muslim holidays, so they could be associated either with a lower economic cost or religious value. Teeth are also more likely to survive burial (Reitz and Wing 1999:117) and their presence may be a taphonomic effect. Cut marks, indicating human modification, were found on a large mammal rib (Figure 7.1). Five unidentified bone fragments were found that could possibly belong to a sea turtle carapace (Figure 7.2). Sea turtle was not mentioned as a food source in historic records of the Banda Islands, but they are noted as a favored food of sailors during global sailings (e.g., Roberts 2010). Monk et al. (1997: 584-587), note that turtle hunting is practiced in Maluku, but the demand comes from Bali and other non-local islands, but I did notice a turtle carapace in a yard in Banda Besar on the way to Ordatang. Sea turtle carapaces are large and may serve a function beyond that of subsistence, such as water storage, or as raw material for tools or other items. Table 7.3 Faunal Remains at Ordatang Unit 3. 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm Specimen NISP Weight (g) NISP Weight (g) NISP Weight (g) NISP Weight (g) NISP Weight (g) Avian (Total NISP= 4, Total Weight=4.52g) Cranium 1 0.88 Humerus 1 2.78 Tibia/ Filbula 1 0.37 Long bone fragment 1 0.48 Total: 3 4.03 1 0.48 Fish (Total NISP= 64, Total Weight= 15.25 g) Cranium (fragment) 4 1.19 Maxilla/ mandible 2 0.35 Vertebrae 2 0.85 47 10.76 1 0.21 2 0.69 Rib 1 0.14 Fin 1 0.13 3 0.59 3 0.92 Total 4 1.08 56 12.89 4 1.13 2 0.69 Mammal, Large (Total NISP= 5, Total Weight= 7.06g) Rib 2 5.6 Vertebra 1 0.19 Long Bone Fragment 2 1.27 Total 2 5.6 3 1.46 Mammal, Medium (Total NISP= 71, Total Weight= 36.22g) Capra spp. 12 2.35 Teeth Canis familiaris Cranium 2 0.91 Scapula 1 0.48 1 0.21 Humerus 2 3.43 Ulna 1 0.28 Rib 5 1.17 2 0.04 285 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm Specimen NISP Weight (g) NISP Weight (g) NISP Weight (g) NISP Weight (g) NISP Weight (g) Vertebrae 1 0.38 2 0.26 Pelvis 2 1.83 2 0.24 1 0.13 Femur 3 4.11 Tibia 1 1.49 2 3.73 Fibula 3 1.92 Astragalus 2 3.57 Tarsal/ Carpal 4 0.93 Metatarsal/ metacarpal 9 3.25 Phalanx 6 0.77 Long Bone Fragment 3 3.94 Flat bone fragment 3 0.8 Total 18 11.44 50 24.44 2 0.34 Mammal, Small (Total NISP=1 , Total Weight= 0.26 g) Mandible 1 0.26 Unidentified (Total NISP=5+, Total Weight= 5.12 g) Possible turtle carapace 5 4.57 <1/8” 0.41 1.54 3.17 Level Total 6 7.09 82 29.9 9 3.33 52 28.3 2 0.34 *possible turtle carapace fragments Figure 7.1 Ordatang Unit 1 cut marks. 286 Figure 7.2 Ordatang Unit 3 possible turtle carapace. Discussion Fish remains (75 or 44%), followed by the domestic dog (59 or 35%), dominate the faunal assemblage by NISP (Figure 7.3). The remaining classes make up 4% of the total (6 or 7 specimens each), excepting unidentified medium mammal which consists of 16 specimens and is 9% of the total. The majority (33.87 g or 45%) of the Ordatang sample by weight is domestic dog remains, followed by fish (18.78 g or 25%), then bird (5.82 g or 8%) and other/ unidentifiable (5.38 g or 7%) (Figure 7.4) However, little should be made of the percentages since so very little material remains. What little that can be said of the assemblage rests mainly on presence or absence of material. The presence of cranial, maxilla/ mandible, vertebrae, and fin elements suggests the transport of whole fish to the site as all the elements are represented. The size of the material suggests small, reef fish and not larger pelagic or oceanic fish. The presence of dogs at the site presents the possibility that the lack of faunal remains may be due to scavenging by these domesticates, or other domesticated scavenging animals such as pigs or goats. Acidic soil may also explain the lack of faunal remains. As noted in previous chapters, while no pH reading was taken in the field, the tropical forest environment suggests acidic soils. The similar stratigraphic distribution of faunal remains and porcelain/ tradeware in opposition to the earthenware suggests the earthenware below 50 cm may not be associated with the colonial occupation of the perk. The faunal remains at Ordatang may, in fact, reflect more recent use of the site and not the colonial era occupation at all. 287 Figure 7.3 Ordatang faunal by NISP, all units. Figure 7.4 Ordatang faunal by weight (g), all units.. 7 75 7 16 59 6 Ordatang, All Units, Faunal by NISP Avian Fish Mammal, lrg Mammal, med (Dog) Other 5.82 18.78 3.43 33.87 5.38 Ordatang, All Units, Faunal by Weight Avian Fish Mammal, lrg Mammal, med (Dog) Other 288 Groot Waling Units 1, 1.5 The faunal remains from Unit 1 and Unit 1.5 (Table 7.4) (see Groot Waling site map, Figure 4.18, for unit locations) have been combined as they were assumed to represent a homogenous deposit after refits were identified between the units. A total of 94 specimens weighing 97.76 g was recovered. The dominant class in Units 1 and 1.5 is mammal at 92.61 g; fish (5.66 g) and bird (1.82 g) make up a small fraction of this unit. Large and medium mammal ribs, teeth, metatarsal/ carpals, long bone fragments, caudal vertebrae, cranial fragments and scapula fragments were all identified. There was some evidence of human modification of these remains including burning on some of the large mammal and fish bones (N=11, 7.5 g). Some of the large mammal remains did have evidence of cut marks (Figure 7.5). One of the rib bones at 70-80 cm showed pitting (Figure 7.6), the pitting suggesting gnawing or other dental modification, likely by a dog (Binford 1978). A burnt Capra spp. scapula fragment in Unit 1 at 80-90 cm refit with a fragment in Unit 1.5 at 10-20 cm (Figure 7.7) and a large mammal metatarsal in Unit 1 at 90-100 cm refit with another fragment in Unit 1.5 at 70-80 cm. The “long-distance” refit from 10-20 cm and 80-90 cm suggests these units represent a mixed deposit from at least 10-90 cm, if not the entire excavated meter depth. An area of ash at 30-40 cm in the northeast corner of the units may be the locus of burning of the bones, but no modern trash was found in this area suggesting it is not a modern trash burn pit. The shallow depth coupled with the modern practice of digging a shallow hole and burning garbage suggests this might be a recent garbage disposal area at this level. A large giant clam shell (Tridacna gigas) was also found at 50-70 cm (see Figure 4.23), but I do not assume that they represent dietary intake as the exploitation of these clams were not mentioned in historic records and giant clams are not commonly eaten on the islands today. While absence of evidence of giant clam dietary exploitation in the historical record cannot be assumed to be evidence of absence, the lack of modern exploitation coupled with lack of historic mention suggests to me that there is avoidance of this large and relatively easy to obtain meat package for some reason. Interestingly, the mammal bone in these units outweigh the entire faunal sample from the Ordatang site. Long bone fragments and metatarsal/ carpal elements are most common in these units, but skull fragments, scapula fragments, and a caudal vertebra are also present. Again, few meaningful conclusions can be made from the small sample beyond presence/ absence. However, the presence of head and foot elements has often been used to suggest either a “kill” site (Binford 1978) or the low value elements resulting from scavenging (e.g., Binford 1985, Blumenschine 1986, Mellars 1996). Alternative explanations for the predominance of head-foot elements and long bone fragments is differential preservation, that is the harder cortical bone preserves better than spongy bone (Lyman 1984), and analyst bias, that is, cranial and foot elements are easier to identify (Pickering et al. 2003). The presence of pitting is often associated with the scavenging of dogs at habitation sites (Binford 1981), although pigs 289 Table 7.4 Faunal Remains at Groot Waling, Units1 and 1.5, by weight.*refit. Groot Waling Unit 1, 1.5 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm Specimen NISP Weight (g) NISP Weight (g) NISP Weight (g) NISP Weight (g) NISP Weight (g) Fish (Total NISP= 44, Total Weight= 5.66 g) Maxilla/ mandible 1 0.01 Vertebrae 2 0.06 1 0.49 Rib 1 0.05 Unidentified 4 0.42 1 0.12 6 0.31 13 1.56 2 0.22 Total 5 0.43 1 0.12 8 0.37 12 1.56 4 0.76 Mammal, Large (Total NISP=22 , Total Weight= 44.75 g) Rib 1 1.69 2 2.29 Tibia 1 27.16 Tarsal 4 4.55 phalanx 3 1.16 Long Bone Fragment 3 0.47 3 1.13 2 3.13 Flat Bone Fragment 1 1.27 Unidentified 1 0.06 Total 6 3.49 3 1.13 10 36.00 Mammal, Medium (Total NISP= 23, Total Weight= 45.53 g) Capra spp. Teeth 1 0.45 1 0.36 Scapula 1 15.26* Unidentified medium mammal Cranium Long Bone Fragment 4 11.32 3 0.49 Rib 1 0.27 1 0.27 Carpal/ tarsal 3 0.49 Flat bone fragment 2 3.4 Unidentified 1 0.04 Total 4 4.12 5 26.58 5 0.89 4 0.76 Level Total 9 9.55 6 26.70 19 4.75 15 2.69 18 37.52 50-60 cm 60-70 cm 70-80 cm 80-90 cm 90-100 cm Specimen NISP Weight (g) NISP Weight (g) NISP Weight (g) NISP Weight (g) NISP Weight (g) Avian (Total NISP= 5, Total Weight= 1.82 g) (no avian found in 0-50 cm) Long bone fragment 1 1.28 Unidentified 3 0.1 1 0.44 Total: 3 0.1 2 1.72 Fish Maxilla/ mandible 1 0.61 Vertebrae 1 0.35 2 0.35 2 0.1 1 0.08 290 50-60 cm 60-70 cm 70-80 cm 80-90 cm 90-100 cm Unidentified 3 0.12 1 0.09 1 0.3 1 0.26 1 0.16 Total: 4 0.47 5 1.05 3 0.4 2 0.34 1 0.16 Mammal, Large Rib 1 2.53 Long Bone Fragment 1 1.45 Unidentified 1 0.15 Total: 1 2.53 2 1.60 Mammal, Medium Capra spp. Scapula 1 3.77* Unidentified medium mammal Vertebrae 1 0.37 Metatarsal 1 2.4* 1 5.54* Long Bone Fragment 1 1.1 Total: 2 1.47 1 2.4 1 3.77 1 5.54 Level Total: 9 2.04 5 1.05 5 5.33 5 5.83 4 7.3 Figure 7.5 Cut marks at Groot Unit 1. 291 Figure 7.6 Groot Waling Unit 1, 70-80 cm, bone with gnawing. Figure 7.7 Groot Unit 1 and 1.5 refits. may also have been scavenging organic refuse. If dogs or pigs were scavenging human refuse within the plantation and/ or acidic soil is increasing decomposition rates, we would expect to find hard the hard cortical bone of long bones (including the metatarsal/ carpals) to be the predominant elements in the assemblage. The goat scapula is interesting if only because no goats are currently kept at Groot Waling, but they are very common animals throughout the islands. The evidence of burning on the scapula coupled with the modern practice of burning trash and burying it in a pit suggests that this may be a modern specimen. 292 Unit 2 Very few faunal remains were found in Unit 2 (N=15, 25.12 g), with the majority discovered at 10- 20 cm (Table 7.5). The remains of a medium or large mammal are the dominant material. Again, the fragmented nature of the remains precluded significant interpretation. However, the presence of many elements including pelvis, cranium, long bones, rib, and tarsals suggests a complete animal was transported to the site. Cut marks on the long bones indicate butchery (Figure 7.9). As there are no obviously repetitive elements (due to the fragmentary nature of the assemblage), these remains could represent a single individual. It is hard to determine what these remains could represent. The entire animal could have been eaten at the site and this is what remains of the refuse of a single meal shared between multiple people. Alternatively, the animal could have been butchered with the prime cuts removed from this site and the remnants of poor quality cuts were left with the workers. Or the remains could represent multiple episodes of butchery and use of the years. While the location of Unit 2 could be associated with what has been assumed to be worker’s housing, imported alcohol bottles attributed to the current owner’s father were also found at this location. The shallow depth of the bone makes me loath to definitely attribute the deposit to enslaved or other workers at Groot Waling. Without more information, all that can truly be said is that small fragments of many different elements, some with cut marks, were found in the same level. Unit 3 Unit 3 (Table 7.6) was located outside the perk walls in a more public area. I had initially hoped that workers would have used the exterior of the perk as a midden location. The lack of faunal remains suggests this was either not the case or poor preservation conditions have destroyed much of the organic materials. Despite the fragmented nature, some of the mammal remains at 30- 50 cm show signs of burning. The faunal remains in the deepest levels (80-100 cm) are water worn (Figure 7.10), similar to other units at this site, and are unlikely to be associated with the perk occupation, or necessarily humans at all. Again metatarsal/ carpal fragments, long bone fragments, and rib or vertebra fragments are present; these elements not associated with high value cuts of meat, but are among the hardier bones which resist decomposition. Unit 4 Unit 4 was located in the southwest corner of the site, near a well and between the nutmeg processing building and what is presumed to be a worker’s housing or storage building (Table 7.7). At least two whole dog carcasses were buried at 0-40 cm, making up the largest percentage of faunal remains in this unit, but they are not associated with the occupants’ dietary choices. While Christians in the Maluku region do eat dog and the residents of the perk were Christians until recently, there are no cut marks or any other evidence that these dog skeletons were the result of dietary intake. A few medium/ large mammal elements that may be associated with dietary choices include a phalanx, rib, long bone 293 Table 7.5 Faunal Remains at Groot Waling, Unit 2. 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 70-80 cm Specimen NISP Weight (g) NISP Weight (g) NISP Weight (g) Avian (Total NISP=1, Total Weight=0.95 g) Long bone fragment 1 0.95 Fish (Total NISP=5, Total Weight=2.06 g) Vertebrae 1 0.38 Spine 2 0.18 Unidentified 1 0.12 1 1.38 Total 4 0.68 1 1.38 Mammal (Total NISP=9, Total Weight= 22.11 g) Large mammal Long Bone Fragment 1 1.03 Unidentified 2 2.32 Total 3 3.35 Medium mammal Pelvis 1 13.27 Rib 1 0.78 Tarsal 2 3.62 Hoof/ horn 1 0.74 Unidentified 1 0.35† Total 5 18.41 1 0.35 Level Total 4 0.68 10 24.09 1 0.35 †Water-worn Figure 7.8 Groot Unit 2, 10-20 cm, cut marks. 294 Table 7.6 Faunal Remains at Groot Waling, Unit 3. 0-10 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm 80-90 cm 90-100 cm Speci- men NISP Wgt (g) NISP Wgt (g) NISP Wgt (g) NISP Wgt (g) NISP Wgt (g) NISP Wgt (g) Fish (Total NISP=3, Total Weight=1.08 g) Verte- brae 1 0.02 3 0.44† Uniden- tified 3 0.62 † Total 1 0.02 3 0.62 † 3 0.44† Mammal, Medium (Total NISP= 7, Total Weight= 3.29 g) Rib 1 0.55 Meta- tarsal 1 0.61 Verte- brae 1 0.64 Uniden- tified 1 0.03 1 0.37 1 0.54 1 0.561 Total 1 0.03 3 1.56 2 1.14 1 0.56 Level Total: 1 0.03 4 1.58 2 1.14 1 0.56 1 0.62 † 3 0.45† †water-worn 1 burnt. Figure 7.9 Groot Unit 3, water worn faunal remains. 295 Table 7.7 Faunal Remains at Groot Waling, Unit 4. †Water worn 1 two whole right, two whole left long bones 4 one whole right calcaneus, one whole left calcaneus, one whole right talus, two whole left talus 2 one distal right, one distal left long bones 5 fragments of right and left bones. 3 one whole right, one whole left long bone 6 including <1/8” 296 fragments and some goat teeth. Again low value, but hardy, elements are present. Water-wear is noted on faunal remains at 60-70 cm, similar to other units and unlikely to be associated with the time period of interest here. Fish vertebrae and cranial elements dominate the assemblage, again suggesting the consumption of whole fish. The beach front location of the site and modern behavior does not make this act surprising. Discussion Similar to Ordatang, little can be said of the assemblage at Groot Waling, mainly due to the fragmentary nature of the sample and the existence of domestic dog burials and water-worn elements which are likely not associated with the perk inhabitants’ diet. The existence of cut marks and evidence of burning can, at least, argue for human modification of the assemblage. The existence of elements from multiple parts of a given animal suggests the entire carcass was at the site in some stage of butchery or transport, although it cannot be determined whether it was the same animal at this time. The existence of the hardier elements of the mammal skeleton can suggest either low value meat at the site or differential preservation. Differential preservation is more likely due to the presence of domesticated scavengers as assumed pre-colonial fish bones are found at the lower levels of units. The existence of cranial and fin elements for fish suggests the whole fish was also at the site, similar to Ordatang. As this is a beach location, the existence of whole fish is not unsurprising. The existence of the multiple dog burials suggests a recent hygienic, not dietary, act. Finally, the existence of a bone with pitting, suggestive of a trip through a digestive track is evidence of scavenging which may have contributed to the small assemblage sizes. Like Ordatang, mammals are more numerous than other classes in the assemblage by weight (Figure 7.11) and NISP (Figure 7.12). Mammals do weigh more than fish and will dominate if measured by weight. Fish is common, as would be expected at a beach site, but birds are almost non- existent. 297 Figure 7.10 Groot Waling faunal by weight (g), all units. Figure 7.11 Groot Waling faunal by NISP. 2.77 19.93 69.09 95.48 178.92 Groot Waling, All Units, Faunal by Weight (g) Avian Fish Mammal, lrg Mammal, med (Dog) 6 79 34 56 315 Groot Waling, All Units, Faunal by NISP Avian Fish Mammal, lrg Mammal, med (Dog) 298 Komber Unit 1 A total of 95 specimens weighing 28.07 g was recovered from Unit 1 (Table 7.8). Unit 1 at Komber was located in an area analogous to OR Unit 2 and GW Unit 2 in that they were located near the corner of the two presumed storage/ worker habitation buildings. More medium mammal distal hind limbs, consistent with domesticated cat, were located in this unit. However, the deposit may be mixed due to the recent construction of a school within the perk walls. The sediments consisted of poorly sorted cobbles in a sandy silt and were indicative of the colluvial environs, but a large air pocket suggested that it was a result of moving dirt around for the school buildings. The cat remains, then, could easily have been deposited during the construction episode. The deepest level (60-70 cm) contained an avian humerus with cut-marks (Figure 7.8). This, however, could have been the result of a worker’s lunch during construction; if Indonesian construction workers are anything like American workers, the deposition of lunch debris is common practice. Fish vertebrae and cranial elements are predominant in this unit, again indicating whole fish are being eaten. Similar to the chicken bone above, these fish remains may be from relatively contemporary lunches. Table 7.8 Faunal Remains at Komber, Unit 1, by weight (g). Komber Unit 1 0-10 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm 50-60 cm 60-70 cm Specimen NISP Wgt (g) NISP Wgt (g) NISP Wgt (g) NISP Wgt (g) NISP Wgt (g) NISP Wgt (g) Avian (Total NISP=1 , Total Weight= 1.6 g) Humerus 1 1.6 Total: 1 1.6 Fish (Total NISP= 19, Total Weight= 14.62 g) Cranium 1 0.28 1 0.36 Maxilla/ mandible 2 0.83 2 0.63 1 1.54 Vertebrae 2 0.11 6 0.58 2 1.26 1 0.17 Spine 1 0.16 1 0.13 Fin 1 0.16 Unidentified <1/8” 0.75 <1/8” 7.66 Total 2 0.44 2 0.83 2 0.11 10 2.48 2 8.92 3 1.84 Mammal, Large (not included in total) Tooth 1 1.021 Mammal, Medium (Total NISP= 73, Total Weight= 11.71 g) Felis catus Vertebrae 1 0.83 Pelvis 3 1.14 Femur 8 2.922 Tibia 6 1.423 Calcaneus 2 0.764 Metatarsal/ Phalanx 33 2.06 Long Bone Fragment 1 0.48 1 0.05 299 Komber Unit 1 0-10 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm 50-60 cm 60-70 cm < 1/8” 2.05 Total 1 0.48 71 11.18 1 0.05 Mammal, Small (Total NISP= 2, Total Weight= 0.14 g) Long Bone Fragment 1 0.13 Unidentified 1 0.01 Total 2 0.14 Level Total 3 .92 2 0.83 4 0.25 10 2.48 73 20.10 4 3.49 1 Human molar 2 Left and right femur fragments, 3 femoral heads. Figure 7.12 Komber Unit 1 60-70 cm cutmarks. Unit 2 Unit 2 was located on the beach and was a quite productive unit, producing 431 specimens weighing 573.75 (Table 7.9). However, this unit is likely also the result of recent construction efforts, namely anti-erosion measures. Based on association with the earthenware and porcelain/ tradeware, much of the faunal is 20th century material. Unlike Groot Waling, however, the 20th century material is probably associated with an entire village and not a single household. That is, the necessary material to build up the length and width of the beach could not have come from one household alone. Medium and large mammal dominates the assemblage (N=220, 476.07 g). Similar to Groot Waling, the hardier and low value elements are also found at Komber including large mammal phalanx, teeth, mandible fragment, ribs, calcaneus, long bone fragments, pelvis fragments, cranial fragments and caudal vertebra. Medium mammal (probably goat) elements include teeth, rib, humerus, and vertebra. Fish remains consisted of 85.52 g and were generally vertebrae and cranial elements. Fish remains in 0-10 cm were burnt, but the shallow depth suggests recent deposition. Small mammal remains were also found in this unit. The maxilla fragment was consistent in morphology with cuscus (Phalanger spp.) but inconsistent with bat 300 morphology and too large for rat or mouse. I did not have access to a cuscus comparative skeleton, so I cannot definitely determine taxonomy, but of the few small animals that exist on the islands, the maxilla is consistent with cuscus. Table 7.9 Faunal Remains at Komber Unit 2. 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm Specimen NISP Wgt (g) NISP Wgt (g) NISP Wgt (g) NISP Wgt (g) NISP Wgt (g) Avian (Total NISP=14, Total Weight= 10.64 g) Long Bone Fragment 1 2.31 1 1.17 9 3.26 Total 1 2.31 1 1.17 9 3.26 Fish (Total NISP= 196, Total Weight= 85.52g) Cranium 9 4.27 15 6.74 Maxilla 1 0.31 1 0.4 Spine 1 0.04 5 2.58 Vertebra 6 1.27 3 1.62 Uniden- tified 1 0.02 <1/8” 12.92 <1/8” 15.34 48 13.78 <1/8” 3.23 Total 3 0.37 12.92 16 21.28 48 13.78 23 15.17 Mammal (Total NISP= 71, Total Weight= 184.58 g) Bos spp. Teeth 5 57.51 Mandible 5 42.1 Phalanx 1 16.77 Unidentified lrg. mammal Rib 30 5.77 Total 1 16.77 40 105.38 Mammal, Medium (Total NISP= 149, Total Weight= 291.49 g) Unidentified med. mammal Cranium 4 12.17 Teeth 1 2.36 Phalanx Rib 1 0.44 Vertebrae 3 0.16 Long Bone Fragment 19 1.2 1 85.71 Uniden- tified <1/8” 1.17 <1/8” 4.66 Total 1 0.44 1.17 24 15.73 3 0.16 Level Total 5 17.58 14.09 41 39.32 92 120.49 1 90.36 301 50-60 cm 60-70 cm 70-80 cm 80-90 cm Specimen NISP Wgt (g) NISP Wgt (g) NISP Wgt (g) NISP Wgt (g) Avian Long Bone Fragment 1 1.74 2 2.16 Total 1 1.74 2 2.16 Fish Cranium 36 3.94 Maxilla/ Maandible 3 1.05 Spine 4 1.98 Vertebra 2 0.83 3 0.35 2 0.6 1 0.17 Uniden- tified <1/8” 2.14 23 1.8 26 <1/8” 8.25 21 <1/8” 0.92 Total 42 8.86 29 3.2 28 8.85 22 1.09 Mammal, Large Unidentified lrg. mammal Cranium 8 15.24 Rib 4 10.77 Pelvis 7 28.74 Long bone fragment 11 7.68 Total 18 36.42 12 26.01 Mammal, Medium Unidentified med. mammal Cranium 2 2.91 Teeth 1 2.213 Rib 7 4.53 Vertebrae 1 0.78 Total 7 4.53 3 5.12 Mammal, Small (Total NISP=1, Total Weight= 1.52 g)2 Maxilla 1 0.62 Vertebra 1 0.13 Humerus 1 1.52 Total 1 1.52 2 0.75 Level Total 81 47.02 36 7.73 22 37.02 27 6.93 1 cut marks, probably goat. 2 possibly Phalanger 3 probably goat. Komber Discussion The disturbed context of Komber makes any interpretation of colonial dietary choices suspect. Similar to the other sites, whole fish were (and are) being consumed at Komber. Medium-large mammal remains were produced in greater weights than the other two sites, but considering much of it may have been recent village-based deposition, I am loathe to attribute this to colonial habits. Low value, but hardy, elements are found at Komber, similar to the other two sites. Similar to the other two sites, mammal dominates the assemblage by weight but fish is also present in relatively large numbers (Figure 7.14, 302 Figure 7.15). More avian remains are found at Komber than the other two sites, but this may be due to the recent fill nature of the deposit, that is, either the avian remains were more likely to survive if it was a recent deposit. Figure 7.13 Komber faunal by weight (g), all units. Figure 7.14 Komber faunal by NISP. 12.24 100.14 184.58 291.49 1.66 11.71 Komber Unit 2 Faunal by Weight Avian Fish Mammal, lrg (Bos) Mammal, med Mammal, sm. (Cat) 15 215 71 149 3 73 Komber Unit 2 Faunal by NISP Avian Fish Mammal, lrg (Bos) Mammal, med Mammal, sm. (Cat) 303 Discussion A comparison of all sites (Table 7.10, Figure 7.16, Figure 7.17) shows that Komber has the highest amount of faunal material by both number and weight, despite only two units producing faunal remains compared to the other sites with three or four units. All sites have cranial and fin elements of fish, suggesting whole fish are being consumed. This matches modern behavior and historical records. The mammal remains of all sites consist of long bone fragments (e.g., cortical bone), metacarpal/ tarsals and fragments, rib fragments, and cranial elements. Pelvis and scapula fragments are found at some, but not all, sites. The found elements suggest that the entire animal was present at the site. Due to the presence of domesticated scavengers at the sites today (dogs and cats were seen at all sites) and of roaming pigs in the historical records, I am loathe to attribute the low value elements merely to economic decisions and not taphonomic processes. The fragmented nature of all the faunal remains suggests much of what had been deposited has been destroyed by natural forces. Given the presumed acidic nature of the soil at Ordatang and its complete abandonment since the 1970s, the low quantity is not surprising as what was there has presumably been destroyed and not replaced with much recent deposition. The larger number of fish bones at Komber compared to Groot Waling may also be due to recent deposition; the small amount of fish at Ordatang is not surprising due to its location some distance from the sea. The relative lack of bird remains at the sites is somewhat unexpected due to the prevalence of chicken around the islands today. However, the fragile nature of hollow bird bones makes them more susceptible to destructive taphonomic processes (e.g., Reitz and Wing 1999). Also, today chickens are kept mainly for their eggs and meat is often imported from Ambon. It is possible that chickens were more valued for their frequent egg production, providing few instances of the one-time-only production of meat, and therefore statistically unlikely to show up in a small sample (Grayson 1981). Despite the existence of large pelagic fish, such as tuna, being historically recorded and fished in modern times in the Banda Islands, only the remains of relatively small fish were found at the perken. This does suggest an element of energetic efficiency, in that inhabitants did not have the time or ability to pursue high value, deep sea fishes and had to make do what small, easy to catch, presumably local reef fish. Large and medium mammal remains are found at all sites, in varying quantities. The presence of many different elements suggests the entire animal was processed, if not eaten, at the perk. The head and foot dominated assemblages suggest taphonomic issues as opposed to economic decisions. After 500 years of occupation, I expected the perken to be produce more faunal remains. The lack of faunal remains does suggest destructive taphonomic processes or a disposal pattern that did not involve deposition at the perk itself. The paucity of faunal remains and fragmented nature of that which does exist makes meaningful interpretation difficult. 304 Table 7.10 Total weight (g) and NISP of faunal remains at perk sites. Ordatang Groot Waling Komber Total NISP Wgt (g) NISP Wgt (g) NISP Wgt (g) NISP Wgt (g) Avian 7 5.82 6 2.77 15 12.24 28 20.83 Fish 75 18.78 79 19.93 215 100.14 369 138.85 Mammal, lrg 7 8.2 34 69.09 71 184.58 112 261.87 Mammal, med 16 2.43 56 95.48 149 291.49 221 389.4 Mammal, sm 0 0 0 0 3 1.66 3 1.66 Cat/ Dog 59 33.87 315 95.48 73 11.71 447 141.06 Other 6 5.38 0 0 0 0 6 5.38 Total: 170 74.48 490 282.75 526 601.82 1186 959.05 Figure 7.15 Faunal remains at all sites, NISP. 7 6 15 75 79 215 7 34 71 16 56 149 59 315 73 6 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Ordatang Groot Waling Komber All Sites Faunal by NISP Avian Fish Mammal, lrg Mammal, med Mammal, sm Cat/ Dog Other 305 Figure 7.16 Faunal remains at all sites by weight. 5.82 2.77 12.24 18.78 19.93 100.14 8.2 69.09 184.58 2.43 95.48 291.49 33.87 95.48 11.71 5.38 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Ordatang Groot Waling Komber All Sites Faunal by Weight (g) Avian Fish Mammal, lrg Mammal, med Mammal, sm Cat/ Dog Other 306 Chapter 8 Starch Grain Analysis Starch grain analysis is a useful technique for identifying botanical remains in tropical environments were macrobotanical remains do not well preserve (Torrence 2006). Previous research by Field (2008) demonstrates that starch grains have been preserved on earthenware ceramics from a Neolithic-era site on the Banda Islands. In addition, historic documents suggest that an ethnic preference existed in the Maluku region with most residents preferring sago over rice or other starches (Ellen 1979). Sago was regionally abundant and easy to harvest, but rice had to be imported and was thus more expensive (Loth 1998). The expected ethnic (and economic) preference for starch and the demonstration of preservation suggested that starch grain analysis would be a productive line of inquiry. Below, I review the basic tenants behind starch grain analysis, previous work in the region, and expectations based on the historical record prior to presenting the results of the analysis. Background Starch is a carbohydrate, an important feature of most humans’ diet, and a dietary source of energy. Starch is basically a plant’s mechanism for energy storage (Gott et al. 2006). As Gott et al. (2006:42) describe: Starch is a semicrystalline substance composed of crystalline and non-crystalline regions made up of different compounds. The building blocks of the granules are units of the simples sugar glucose, that have been formed into two different glucose chains which include the essentially unbranched molecule called amylose, and a branched molecule called amylopectin….The amylose-amylopectin ratio in starch granules affects certain physical properties such as gelatinization and reactions to stains. The formation of starch begins with the process of photosynthesis wherein sunlight is transformed into a solid form of energy. The plant turns sunlight into glucose (sugar) and this simple sugar is the basis for the protein, fat, and complex carbohydrates that the plant needs. Some of the glucose is converted into stored energy or starch. When the plant needs energy, the stored starch is converted back to sugar and is transferred to that part of plant that needs it. All plants make starch and starch is found in virtually every part of the plant. Many starch grains, particularly stored (as opposed to transient) starch, are identifiable to genera or species based on specific characteristics. The ubiquitousness of starch and its demonstrated persistence of starch in the fossil record makes it an excellent avenue to explore paleoenvironments and paleodiets. (Torrence 2006) A starch granule starts to form at a point called the hilum and layers are laid down successively (Gott et al. 2006:35). The combination of crystalline and non-crystalline regions and a specific starting point creates the most distinctive characteristics of a starch granule: birefringence and an ‘extinction 307 cross’ under polarized light. The different crystalline structures cause light to travel through the granule at different velocities which creates birefringence, which is, at a very basic level, the property of appearing in different colors in polarized and non-polarized light. The hilum creates the center point of the extinction cross, which rotates under polarized light (Gott et al. 2006:43-44). The form of a starch grain depends on the type of plant, where the starch formed within a plant, and the environmental health of a plant (Gott et al. 2006:36-40). Starch can be found in almost every part of a plant, but generally only the storage starch is extracted for human consumption. Transient starch, which the plant makes and uses in the same day, is generally only about 1 micron in length, does not have distinguishing characteristics, and is not the subject of archaeological inquiry. Different plants have different locations for their storage starch that is exploited by humans. For instance, the seeds of some plants such as corn, wheat, and rye are the locus of storage starch. However, while seeds can be useful for starch exploitation, not all seeds store starch; “In many important food sources, the principal seed storage is lipid (oil or fat) accompanied by significant amounts of protein but very little starch” (Gott et al. 2006:39). Other plants, such as the potato and other tubers, the starch is located in an underground storage organ (Torrence 2006). Fruits, such as banana (or plantains) and breadfruit, can also be an excellent source of starch. Because of the variation in plant species, “starch granule morphology is largely dependent on the genetic composition of the plant, but size and shape can be modified by both the internal and external environments of the plant….Some granules are highly diagnostic, whereas others are less useful for identifying the plant species.” (Gott et al. 2006:40). The identification of starch granules in archaeological contexts is generally conducted via a modern reference collection (Field 2006). Unfortunately, plants in stressed environments (e.g., drought) do show smaller and fewer starch grains than do healthy plants (Gott et al. 2006:42) and this may affect identification. There are certain characteristics of starch grain that allow for identification. The size and shape of a granule are most useful, in addition, the presence of features such as fissures, lamellae (growth layers), vacuoles, pores, and equatorial grooves can be helpful in identification (Gott et al. 2006:40). There are three basic forms of starch grains: simple, compound, and semi-compound; these forms are further separated into types (Nageli 1858) (Table 8.1). The size of starch grains can vary from ~1-100 microns. Generally, the larger the granule, the higher the amount of water is stored within. Starch grain morphology can be altered by addition of water and/ or application of heat (Gott et al. 2006:45), which is the primary cooking process for any given starch. Gelatinization can occur, depending on the starch, at or above 50⁰ C; gelatinization can result in an altered (or burst) granule and the loss of the extinction cross, inhibiting identification. Gelatinized starches can be identified as starch with the assistance of chemical stains, such as Congo red dye (e.g., Lamb and Loy 2005, Torrence 2006,) and not all starches will be gelatinized, due to a variety of factors, which can allow for further taxonomic identification. Thus, while cooking and other processing can alter morphology, damaged starch grains can still be identified (Gott et al. 2006, Field 2007, Henry et al. 2009). 308 Table 8.1 Nageli (1858) typology of starch. Type Hilum Form Description, Example Simple Granule 1 Centric Spherical Zea mays 2 Centric Lenticular Secale 3 Centric Oval Phaseolus 4 Centric Spindle-shaped Euphorbia 5 Centric Bone-shaped Euphorbia 6 Eccentric Inverted cone-shaped Solanum tuberosum 7 Eccentric Cone-shaped Scilla peruvian 8 Eccentric Wedge shaped/ compressed Canna edulis 9 Eccentric Rod-shaped Iris florentina 10 Obscure Under-developed Narcissus poetica Semi-Compound Granule 11 n/a Semi-compound granule Hyacinthus orientalis Compound Granule 12 n/a Fused part-granules Zingiber officinale 13 n/a Granules in 1 or 2 rows Polygonum fagopyrum 14 n/a Equally divided granules of few components Batatas edulis 15 n/a Unequally divided granules of few components Aconitum napellus 16 n/a Multiple granules Oryza sativa 17 n/a Hollow spherical granules Algae Starch grains are not visible to the naked eye; microscopy is used to view and identify them. Starch grain analysis is generally conducted under magnification by means of a cross-polarized light microscope, up to 800x magnification (Barton and Fullager 2006:47). Cross-polarized light is used for the identification of special characteristics of starch cells, such as the extinction cross, which can help distinguish them from other parts of the plant. Starch was first identified and described microscopically in the 18th century, by Anton Leeuwenhoek (Ugent 2006:116). A few authors (e.g., Fritzche 1834, Schleiden 1849, Nageli 1848) continued to describe and classify starch granules into the 19th century. Nageli (1858) was not the first to create a taxonomy of starch morphology, but his is still in use today (Torrence 2006:117). In the early 20th century, Reichert (1913) produced a dense tome bringing together previous research and publishing photographs of hundreds of starch grains from both domesticated and wild species. In the late 20th century, Ugent (e.g., 1994, 1997, Ugent et al 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987) was instrumental in applying the technique of starch grain analysis to archaeological material. Ugent (1994) demonstrated that starch was preserved in archaeological contexts and could be identified to species. Modern archaeological starch grain research is useful in tropical areas where macrofloral remains do not preserve well (Torrence 2006:17) . Starch grain analysis has been instrumental in the identification of early domesticated manioc (Piperno et al. 2000), maize/ corn (Dickau et al. 2007), chili peppers (Perry et a. 200), and other roots and tubers (Denhem et al. 2004, Fullagar et al. 2006) in the tropics. However, starch grain analysis is not limited to tropical environments but has been conducted in the temperate 309 forests of eastern North America (Messner 2011), the Great Basin (Louderback 2014), the Middle East (Piperno et al. 2004), the Indian subcontinent (Kashyap and Weber 2013), and China (Liu et al. 2010, Tao et al. 2011, Yang et al. 2012). Starch grains have been extracted from sediments (e.g., Horrocks and Lawlor 2006, Horrocks and Nunn 2007, Lentfer et al. 2002), ceramics (e.g., Crowther 2006, Rosenswig et al. 2014), grinding stones (e.g., Fullagar et al. 2006, Piperno et al. 2000, Liu et al. 2010), chipped stone (e.g., Fullagar et al. 2006, Loy 1990) and human dental calculus (Mickleburgh and Pagan-Jimenez 2012). The ability to recover starch grains from a variety of environmental contexts and artifact classes makes it a useful research tool. Starch grain analysis has been a very productive field of research in the Pacific Islands where there are preservation issues for most botanical remains. While little research has been conducted in Island Southeast Asia specifically, starch grain studies in Oceania and Polynesia proliferate. In Island Southeast Asia, Niah Cave in Sarawak on Borneo yielded tuber starch (Alocasia longiloba and Dioscorea spp.) and sago (Metroxylon sagu) starch dating to c. 45,000 years ago (e.g., Barker et al. 2007, Barton 2005). Studies in New Zealand demonstrated landscape modification and introduced agricultural crops (Horrocks and Lawlor 2006). Sediments and ceramics in Lapita settlements and sites have been studied to identify horticulture and plant use (e.g., Crowther 2005, Horrocks and Nunn 2007, Horrocks et al. 2008, Horrocks and Bedford 2004, Loy et al. 1992). Based on the multiple starch studies in the Pacific islands and its preservation in tropical environments, I expected starch grain to be a productive avenue for exploration. Starch Expectations for the Banda Islands Field (2008) demonstrated that starch was preserved on the Neolithic sherds from PA1, excavated by Lape in 2007. Since it was demonstrated that starch preserved on earthenware in the Banda Islands, I decided that this artifact class would be most useful for starch grain analysis as opposed to sediment analysis. This was largely due to the logistics of bringing multiple classes back for analysis and US import laws regarding soil. As discussed in Chapter 3, historical documents and ethnographic research suggest that sago should be the dominant starch in pre-colonial contexts (Ellen 2003, Stark and Latinis 1992, 1996). After the colonial conquest, rice was imported in large amounts by the VOC and later Dutch East Indies government, ostensibly to feed the perken workers (Hanna 1978, Loth 1998). Based on the three models previously discussed in Chapter 2, certain starch distribution is predicted. For the energetic efficiency model, imported rice is expected to dominate both worker and perkenier contexts as it was provided by the VOC or government. However, after the rice subsidization stopped in 1824 (Hanna 1978), rice is expected to be more costly and decrease in workers’ contexts. Sago is expected to have supplements workers’ rations in times of a rice ration shortage and after the subsidy ceased. For the Power/ Resistance model, starch residues are expected to be mutually exclusive, with Europeans and their descendants eating imported rice and workers subsisting on sago. For the creolization model, mixing of starches is expected. 310 Rice and sago are the most commonly discussed starches in the historical records. But other starches are currently available and may have been available in the past, despite lack of discussion. The previous study by Field (2008) on Neolithic sherds from PA1 did not have sago or rice but unidentified tubers. Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is commonly grown in Banda today but was put into production in the late 19th/ early 20th century (Heeres 1908, Winn 2001). Various other starches have been mentioned in historical descriptions of Banda (Table 8.2) and a comparative collection, discussed below, was created based on this data, modern observations of starches present in Banda markets, and presence in other Pacific Island sites. The expectation was that rice and sago starches should dominate the starch assemblages based on historic records. Table 8.2 Historically described starches. Scientific Name Common Name Present in modern markets Presence in other regional sites Citation Colocasia esculenta Taro X Matthews (2003) Dioscorea esculenta Yam X Heeres 1908 Ipomoea batatas Sweet potato X X Heeres 1908 Manihot esculenta Cassava/ manioc X Winn 2001 Metroxylon sagu Sago X X Hanna 1978, Ellen 2003, Heeres 1908 Oryza sativa Rice X X Hanna 1978, Loth 1998, Valentijn 2002 Solanum tuberosum White potato X Modern use in islands Zea mays Corn X Hanna 1978, Loth 1998 Methodology During excavation, one to three sherds were separated for starch analysis from each level that contained more than 20 earthenware or tradeware sherds. Because washing the sherds could remove any adhering starch, sherds were not washed. No attempt was made to select for specific temper or other characteristics as few characteristics could be observed prior to washing. A total of 111 sherds of earthenware or tradeware were selected during excavation. The preliminary starch analysis was funded by a National Science Foundation East Asia and Pacific Summer Institutes grant. The analysis was performed under the guidance of Judith Field at the School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. Starch sampling methodology followed Field (2006, 2008). All samples were sonicated for 1 minute in a distilled water bath. The sediment released from sonication was screened through a 125 micronmeter sieve. The remaining material underwent heavy liquid density separation to remove starch grains. The sample was centrifuged for 3 minutes and the supernatant was discarded. Sodium polytungstate was added to the sample and centrifuged again to separate the starch. The supernatant from this centrifuge is retained for analysis and the heavy fraction discarded. The sodium polytungstate is removed from the sample via added distilled water and centrifuging and pouring off the water 3-5 times. 311 Acetone is added after the final rinse and the sample is left to dry overnight. After drying, the sample was mixed with a 50/50 glycerol water mounting medium and mounted on a microscope slide. The cover slip was sealed with clear nail polish. One slide from each sample was mounted and analyzed for starch grain while in Australia. Of these original 111 samples, 24 (21%) produced starch grains. One or two additional slides were mounted for 30 samples in Australia to check for additional starch. During the second run of analysis, an additional 17 slides contained starch, including 8 whose original sample did not contain starch grains. I determined that a single slide was not representative and the entire sample needed to be mounted for analysis. However, it soon became apparent that, due to time constraints, I would be unable to analyze all 111 samples. I decided to mount the entire sample for the sherds that originally tested positive for starch in Australia and at least one sample per level. This sampling strategy yielded a total of 84 sherds, 15 tradeware and 69 earthenware, and 1505 slides (Table 8.3). After mounting, slides were examined under a polarizing light microscope with an attached digital camera. Starch grains were measured and characteristics (including size, shape, extinction cross placement, presence of lamellae, etc) described. While scanning electron microscopy would have yielded additional information regarding granule form, it is more expensive and time consuming than the polarizing light microscopy method. As the starch grain analysis was only one portion of this dissertation, the lower cost method was preferred. In addition, no staining was conducted on the specimens for this project due to time constraints. While certain stains can identify starch grains that have been heated or cooked, the number of slides that needed to be analyzed was quite high and adding an additional technique would have been problematic. However, this is a potential future research project. I created a comparative collection based on historically described starches that existed in the Banda Islands in addition to other regional possibilities. The comparative collection species can be found in Table 8.4 and Figure 8.1-8.12. The taro (Colocasia esculenta) and yam (Dioscorea esculenta) samples were part of Judith Field’s personal comparative collection. The manioc (Manihot esculenta), rice (O. sativa), white potato (Solanum tuberosum), sweet potato (Ipomea batatas), corn (Zea mays), and long nutmeg (Myristica spp) were purchased at grocery stores in Australia. The round nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) and sago (Metroxylon sagu) were procured in the Banda Islands. The sago was sampled from sagu lempeng, dehydrated sago biscuits that I purchased in the Banda Islands (see Figure 5.22). Kenari nuts (Canarium spp.) were also subjected to mounting but no starch could be identified in the nut, suggesting that it is an oily or protein rich nut (Gott et al. 2006). The kenari nuts were also collected in the Banda Islands. Kenari is described as an important food source in Maluku (e.g., Stark and Latinis 1996, Winn 2002), but it does not appear that starch grain analysis will be successful in demonstrating its use. For most samples, a small amount of material was removed from the original object and that was crushed in a mortar and pestle. A few grains of rice were crushed in the mortar and pestle en masse The material in the mortar was mixed with glycerol mounting medium and placed on a microscope slide and covered with a slip cover sealed with clear nail polish. 312 Table 8.3 Ceramic sherds sampled for starch grain analysis. Sample Temper type # slides # slides w/ starch # starch grains % slides w/ starch OR.1.0-10.1 Shell body 23 8 11 35% OR.1.0-10.2 Shell body 32 5 5 16% OR.1.10-20.3 Grit body 38 6 11 16% OR.1.20-30.1 Grit body 16 3 7 19% OR.1.20-30.2 Grit rim 11 11 164 100% OR.1.20-30.3 Grit body 21 17 45 81% OR.1.30-40.2 Grit body 12 4 7 33% OR.1.40-50.1 Grit base 2 2 5 100% OR.1.50-60.1 Grit rim 2 2 6 100% OR.1.50-60.2 Grit rim 3 3 10 100% OR.1.50-60.3 Grit body 4 1 1 25% OR.1.60-70.1 Grit base 2 2 11 100% OR.1.60-70.2 Grit rim 2 2 3 100% OR.1.70-80.1 Grit rim 7 3 4 0% OR.1.70-80.2 Grit body 3 0 0 0% OR.1.80-90.1 Grit body 7 2 4 29% OR.1.80-90.2 Grit body 5 2 4 40% OR.1.90-100.1 Grit body 6 3 5 50% OR.1.90-100.2 Grit body 8 3 4 38% OR.2.10-20.1 Grit body 26 3 3 12% OR.2.20-30.1 Grit body 41 6 8 15% OR.2.30-40.1 Grit body 23 3 3 13% OR.2.40-50.1 Grit body 21 20 70 95% OR.2.50-60.2 Grit body 20 6 8 30% OR.2.60-70.1 Grit rim 41 7 7 17% OR.3.0-10.1 Shell body 8 5 9 63% OR.3.10-20.1 Grit body 13 3 5 23% OR.3.10-20.2 Grit shoulder 15 7 9 47% OR.2.0-10.p1 Tradeware rim 3 3 14 100% OR.2.0-10.p2 Tradeware rim 8 3 3 38% OR.2.10-20.p1 Tradeware rim 3 3 5 100% OR.2.10-20.p2 Tradeware base 5 5 11 100% OR.3.10-20.p3 Tradeware rim 6 1 2 17% GW.1.0-10.1 Shell body 33 3 3 9% GW.1.10-20.1 Shell body 19 3 4 16% GW.1.10-20.2 Shell body 15 7 19 47% GW.1.20-30.1 Shell body 25 8 10 32% GW.1.30-40.1 Shell body 35 5 6 14% GW.1.40-50.1 Shell body 19 2 2 11% GW.1.50-60.1A Shell body 14 5 8 36% 313 Sample Temper type # slides # slides w/ starch # starch grains % slides w/ starch GW.1.50-60.1b Shell rim 20 4 7 20% GW.2.0-10.1 Shell body 27 4 4 15% GW.2.10-20.1 Shell body 31 4 4 13% GW.2.20-30.1 Grit rim 31 7 10 23% GW.2.20-30.2 Shell body 31 4 4 13% GW.2.90-100.1 Grit rim 12 5 7 42% GW.3.0-10.1 Grit body 28 3 3 11% GW.3.10-20.1 Shell shoulder 35 15 23 43% GW.3.20-30.1 Shell body 31 0 0 0% GW.3.30-40.1 Shell body 20 6 7 30% GW.3.50-60.1 Grit body 9 1 1 11% GW.3.90-100.1 Grit body 9 1 1 11% GW.4.10-20.1 Grit body 6 2 2 33% GW.4.10-20.2 Shell body 32 8 8 25% GW.4.30-40.1 Grit body 2 2 2 100% GW.4.30-40.2 Shell body 2 2 2 100% GW.4.40-50.1 Shell body 7 1 1 14% GW.4.40-50.2 Tradeware base 8 1 1 13% GW.4.90-100.1 Shell rim 57 9 11 16% KB.1.10-20.1 Shell body 31 0 0% KB.1.50-60.1 Shell rim 28 4 5 14% KB.2.0-10.2 Shell body 25 4 5 16% KB.2.10-20.1 Shell rim 31 1 1 3% KB.2.10-20.2 Shell body 14 2 2 14% KB.2.20-30.1 Shell body 24 7 9 29% KB.2.20-30.2 Shell shoulder 29 0 0 0% KB.2.30-40.1 Shell body 27 8 11 30% KB.2.40-50.1 Grit rim 21 7 10 33% KB.2.50-60.1 Shell body 30 4 4 13% KB.2.60-70.1 Shell body 42 1 1 2% KB.2.70-80.1 Shell base 31 5 6 16% KB.2.80-90.1 Shell body 19 4 6 21% KB.2.90-100.1 Shell body 41 3 3 7% KB.2.90-100.2 Grit shoulder 13 5 7 38% KB.2.0-10.p1 Tradeware rim 10 4 5 40% KB.2.0-10.p2 Tradeware body 10 5 11 50% KB.2.10-20.p1 Tradeware body 18 4 5 22% KB.2.20-30.p1 Tradeware body 12 5 10 42% KB.2.20-30.p2 Tradeware rim 12 6 13 50% KB.2.30-40.p1 Tradeware rim 11 3 4 27% KB.2.30-40.p2 Tradeware base 9 6 25 67% 314 Sample Temper type # slides # slides w/ starch # starch grains % slides w/ starch KB.2.80-90.p1 Tradeware rim 10 3 3 30% KB.2.80-90.p2 Tradeware body 12 7 7 58% # slides 1505 361 767 Table 8.4. Starch Grain Measurements and Nageli Types for Comparative Collection. Species Ave. Min. Max. S.D. Shape Hilum Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 6 Type 16 Colocasia esculenta 4.87 2.63 9.37 1.18 subround- polygonal centric X Dioscorea esculenta 3.314 1.68 5.09 0.68 round- subround centric X Ipomoea batatas 15.81 7.11 33.12 5.75 subround- subovoid- polygonal centric X Manihot esculenta 11.86 3.86 20.56 3.77 round- subround centric X Metroxylon sagu 45.28 24.14 73.47 8.04 ovoid- lanceolate eccentric X Myristica fragrans 7.3 3.69 14.45 2.28 round- subround centric X Myristica spp 7.57 4.1 14.05 1.9 round- subround centric X Oryza sativa japonica 7.59 4.46 11.7 1.53 compound centric X Oryza sativa-1 6.15 2.95 9.73 1.49 compound centric X Oryza sativa-2 6.17 3.48 11.31 1.52 compound centric X Solanum tuberosum 23.01 3.92 67.8 13.1 ovoid- lanceolate eccentric X Zea mays 7.3 3.81 14.62 1.8 round- subround centric X Figure 8.1 Taro (Colocasia esculenta) starch grains, comparative sample. 315 Figure 8.2 Yam (Dioscorea esculenta) starch grains, comparative sample (no cross-polarized photo taken). Figure 8.3 Sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) starch grains, comparative sample. Figure 8.4 Manioc/ cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch grains, comparative sample. 316 Figure 8.5 Sago (Metroxylon sago) starch grains, comparative sample. Figure 8.6 Round nutmeg (Myristica fragrans), comparative sample. Figure 8.7 Long nutmeg (Myristica spp.) starch grains, comparative sample. 317 Figure 8.8 Long grain white rice (Oryza sativa) starch grains, comparative sample. Figure 8.9 Long grain brown rice (Oryza sativa) starch grains, comparative sample. Figure 8.10 Short grain white rice (Oryza sativa japonica) starch grains, comparative sample. 318 Figure 8.11 White potato (Solanum tuberosum) starch grains, comparative sample. Figure 8.12 Corn (Zea mays) starch grains, comparative sample. Maximum diameter was measured for 100 starch grains for each comparative sample. In addition to diameter measurements (Figure 8.13), starch grains were assigned Nageli types based on morphology. Nageli Type 1 is a simple grain with a centric hilum and spherical shape; the comparative collections starch grains of cassava (M. esculenta), nutmeg (M. fragrans and Myristica spp.) and corn (Z. mays) fall under this category. Nageli Type 2 is a simple grain with a centric hilum and lenticular shape; the comparative collections starch grains of taro (C. esculenta) and yam (D. esculenta) fall under this category. Nageli Type 3 is a simple grain with a centric hilum and an oval shape; the comparative collections starch grains of sweet potato (I. batatas) fall under this category. Nageli Type 6 is a simple grain with an eccentric hilum and inverted cone shape; the comparative collections starch grains of sago (M. sago) and white potato (S. tuberosum) are Type 6 grains. Nageli Type 16 is a compound grain with multiple granules; Nageli’s example of this type is Oryza sativa. Cornstarch and potato starch are used in the shipping or production of scientific materials and can be a source of contamination (Crowther et al. 2014). While these starches were historically mentioned, if they dominated the assemblage, it would suggest contamination. See Appendix E for the complete starch catalog. 319 Figure 8.13 Size distribution of starch grain comparative collection (blue line at archaeological assemblage mean). 320 Banda Islands Sites After the comparison collection was complete and the initial slides from the pilot study had been analyzed, I completed the analysis of the remaining slides. For the complete starch grain analysis, 1505 slides were analyzed for 84 individual sherds. As starch extraction had been completed during the pilot study, there was no change in methodology of sample extraction or preparation. Of the 1505 slides, 338 slides produced starch grains for a total of 773 individual starch grains (Table 8.1, above). On average, 23% of the total slides produced starch grains. In the original pilot study of 111 sherds, a similar 21% of the slides produced starch. The number of starch grains per sample ranged from 1-165, with an average of 9 grains per sherd. The majority of the samples produced fewer than 10 starch grains per sherd (N=64, 85%) (Figure 8.14). The amount of slides each sherd produced ranged from 1 slide to 56 slides mounted per sample, with an average of 17.5 slides per sherd. There was no correlation between size of sample and amount of starch recovered. That is, the higher number of slides that were analyzed did not result in a higher number of starch grains recovered (see Table 8.3). For instance, the highest count of starch grains (N=165) was recovered from a sample of 10 total slides, whereas three samples of about 30 slides produced no starch grains. Considering the high number of individual slides analyzed, I feel that the recovery rate for starch was small. However, few authors provide rate of recovery per sample in their publications, so the rate of recovery may or may not be low. Assuming the recovery rate is low, this may be due to issues of preservation. That is, the starch was not identified because it had gelatinized and lost the necessary characteristics for identification. However, only one of the sherds under analysis showed potential signs of charring and only 70 of the 3606 sherds (1.9%) in the ceramic assemblage had evidence of charring. This suggests that starchy staples were not primarily cooked in earthenware vessels. Galvão (Jacobs 1971:141) does note that Malukans made “little use of pots” preferring to steam their starches in banana or pandanus leaves or bamboo tubes. Of the 84 sherds under analysis, 5 produced no starch. Three of these were from Groot Waling and one each from Ordatang and Komber. Ordatang had 33 sherds under analysis, Groot Waling had 26 sherds under analysis, and Komber had 25 sherds under analysis. It is likely that the higher number of sherds lacking starch from Groot Waling is not due to chance. Groot Waling had a higher water table and the sherds could have been “washed” clean by the rising and lowering tides affecting the water table. The mean length of starch grains in the entire assemblage was 17.488 μ, with a minimum of 2.15 μ, maximum of 67.214 μ and standard deviation of 6.698 μ (Table 8.5, Figure 8.15). The mean does not approximate the mean of any of the starches in the reference collection so the majority of starches recovered do not appear to match those in the comparative collection (Table 8.6, Figure 8.13, above). It would be expected that a sample population that consisted of a variety of different starch grains from different species would not yield a mean that would approximate a single comparative population, the majority of the archaeologically recovered grains do not match the sizes or shapes seen in the comparative collections, resulting in the vast majority of starches from the archaeological assemblages being unidentified. Ipomea batatas (sweet potato) is closest to the archaeological collection’s mean with 321 Figure 8.14 Starch grains per sample. Table 8.5 Descriptive statistics for starch measurements, all units. Site Unit N Min Max Mean Range SD OR 1 304 2.95 56.037 17.61 53.087 5.67 OR 2 136 2.15 67.214 17.509 65.064 9.0447 OR 3 25 11.82 27.65 17.9 15.83 4.387 GW 1 59 5.97 40.066 16.512 34.096 7.47 GW 2 32 9.108 49.355 20.098 40.247 6.7 GW 3 35 5.792 35.077 18.14 29.285 5.76 GW 4 29 7.34 36.105 17.258 28.765 6.549 KB 1 5 13.323 19.7 17.253 6.377 2.38 KB 2 149 2.44 35.54 16.864 33.1 6.421 Entire assemblage 774 2.15 67.214 17.488 65.064 6.698 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 23 25 46 73 165 # sa m pl es # starch grains Starch Grains per Sample 322 Figure 8.15 Starch grain size distribution for archaeological assemblage. 323 Figure 8.16 Size distribution by Nageli Type, blue line at archaeological assemblage mean. Table 8.6 Descriptive Statistics for Nageli Types in archaeological assemblage. Nageli Type Number Min Max Ave SD 1 215 2.15 35.07 15.46 6.17 2 475 3.6 64.726 18.268 5.79 3 48 9.26 41.15 20.406 6.36 6 15 7.11 67.214 26.627 16.15 16 21 5.16 14.223 7.406 2.103 324 a mean of 15.81 μ. Unfortunately, I. batatas is Nageli Type 3; Nageli Type 3 consists of 48 samples, or 6%, of the assemblage which suggests that I. batatas cannot be the primary cause of the size distribution. Nageli Type 2 (61%), followed by Type 1 (27%), dominate the assemblage, making up the majority of the assemblage. Both of these types are simple grains with centric hila and are spherical or lenticular (oval). These forms are relatively undiagnostic. All Nageli Types from the archaeological assemblage have a diffuse distribution. The distribution of sizes in the comparative collections is much tighter, except for M. sagu and S. tuberosum. M. sagu and S. tuberosum are large grains; species with larger grains tend to have a diffuse distribution in general (Sivak and Preiss 1998). Except for M. sagu and S. tuberosum, all reference collections have standard deviations below 6 μ whereas all the archaeological collection except the small grained Type 16 have standard deviations above 6 μ. This suggests that the archaeological grains are not from a single source for each Nageli Type, but a mix of different species. There is no obvious difference in Nageli Type distribution across the three sites (Figure 8.17, Table 8.7). Each type is most populous at Ordatang because Ordatang produces the highest number of starch grains. Except for Type 16 (rice) which was not identified at Komber, all types are represented at each site. Rice is expected at all the perk sites and there is no particular taphonomic activity occurring at Komber and not Groot Waling due to their similar beach environments. The lack of rice at Komber is somewhat inexplicable as it should be present in historic assemblages and is present at the other sites Ordatang Unit 1 A total of 19 sherds were sampled from Unit 1 (Figure 8.18). Only two (10%) of these sherds were “shell” (foraminifera) temper, the remaining were grit tempered. Five (26%) were rim sherds, two (10%) were base sherds and the remaining 12 (63%) were body sherds. Five (26%) of the sherds were decorated. No tradeware was selected from this unit. All but one of the sheds (OR.1.70-80.2) produced starch grains (Table 8.8). The majority of sherds (N=15, 79%) produced 10 or fewer starch grains; two sherds produced more than 20 starch grains (OR.1.20-30.2 and OR.1.20-30.3). OR.1.20-30.2 produced over 150 starch grains, by far the highest number of any sherd in the assemblage. OR.1.20-30.3 produced 45 starch grains, which is still a high number. The high number cannot be attributed to a larger sample as many sherds yielded >30 slides per sample and did not produce near the number of starch grains as did these two sherds. OR.1.20-30.2 is a rim sherd and starchy residue can often be found on restricted neck vessels due to overflow (Eerkens 2005). However, no other rim sherd produced the high number of starch grains as seen in OR.1.20-30.2. There was a total of 304 starch grain found in this unit. The percent of slides with starch varies from 16% to 100% for these samples. Nageli type 2 (Figure 8.20), a simple grain with a lenticular shape and a centric hilum, dominates this assemblage largely due to OR.1.20-30.2 which has 121 of these grains. Nageli Type 2, a simple grain with a spherical shape and centric hilum is the next prolific, with 59 grains. The mean of the entire unit is 17.61 μ, minimum is 2.95 μ, maximum is 56.037 μ and standard deviation is 5.67 μ (Figure 8.21). 325 Figure 8.17 Nageli Types by Site Table 8.7 Nageli Type by Site. Nageli type Ordatang Groot Waling Komber Total Type 1 101 53 61 215 Type 2 308 88 79 475 Type 3 33 4 11 48 Type 6 11 1 3 15 Type 16 12 9 0 21 Total 465 155 154 774 101 308 33 [VALUE] [VALUE] 53 88 4 1 9 61 79 11 3 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 6 Type 16 Nageli Type by Site Ordatang Groot Waling Komber 326 Figure 8.18 Ordatang Unit 1 starch analysis sherds, levels 0-40 cm. 327 328 Figure 8.19 Ordatang Unit 1 starch analysis sherds, levels 40-100 cm. Table 8.8. Ordatang Unit 1, Nageli Starch Types per sample. Sample Temper Vessel part/ decoration ave grains/ slide Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 6 Type 16 Total OR.1.0-10.1 Shell Body 0.48 1 6 1 3 0 11 OR.1.0-10.2 Shell Body 0.13 1 3 0 0 0 4 OR.1.10-20.3 Grit Body, incise on ext 0.29 0 6 0 1 4 11 OR.1.20-30.1 Grit Body 0.25 0 2 2 0 0 4 OR.1.20-30.2 Grit Rim, impress on ext 14.91 36 121 6 1 0 164 OR.1.20-30.3 Grit Body 2.19 14 22 9 1 0 45 OR.1.30-40.2 Grit Body 0.58 1 3 3 0 0 7 OR.1.40-50.1 Grit Base 2.50 0 4 1 0 0 5 OR.1.50-60.1 Grit Rim 3.50 0 7 0 0 0 7 OR.1.50-60.2 Grit Rim 3.67 1 10 0 0 0 11 OR.1.50-60.3 Grit Body, incise on ext 0.25 0 1 0 0 0 1 OR.1.60-70.1 Grit Base 5.50 2 7 1 1 0 11 OR.1.60-70.2 Grit Rim, impress on ext 0.50 1 0 0 0 0 1 OR.1.70-80.1 Grit Rim, impress on ext 0.57 1 3 0 0 0 4 OR.1.70-80.2 Grit Body 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 OR.1.80-90.1 Grit Body 0.57 0 3 1 0 0 4 OR.1.80-90.2 Grit Body 0.80 0 4 0 0 0 4 OR.1.90-100.1 Grit Body 0.83 1 2 1 1 0 5 OR.1.90-100.2 Grit body 0.50 0 3 1 0 0 4 Totals: 59 207 26 8 4 304 329 Figure 8.20 Ordatang Unit 1 Nageli Types 330 Figure 8.21 Ordatang Unit 1 starch grain diameter histogram. This is not dissimilar from the entire assemblage, however this unit makes up 39% of the entire assemblage and may be affecting the statistics. There was one identified starch grain from this unit. Nageli Type 16 (Figure 8.22) from OR.1.10- 20.3 is likely rice grain. This sherd was a grit-tempered body sherd with incising on the exterior. Other starch grains were also found on this sherd, including Type 2 grains (N=6) and one Type 6 grain. The Type 6 grain is damaged which suggests that it was processed, possibly cooked or ground. The three different Nageli Types on this sherd suggest that the original vessel was used for a variety of starches. 331 OR.1.10-20.3.21a Type 16 (rice) grain. OR.1.10-20.3 Type 2 grains (top row, left to right: 9a, 17a, 20a; bottom row, left to right: 21b, 22a, 25a) OR.1.10-20.3.20b Type 6 grain. Figure 8.22 Ordatang Unit 1, 10-20 cm, Sherd #3 Starch Grains. Unit 2 Six grit-tempered earthenware sherds and four tradeware sherds were selected for analysis from OR Unit 2 (Figure 8.23). All but one (OR.2.60-70.1) were body sherds. One tradeware sherd had underglaze blue hand painted decoration, the remaining sherds were undecorated. Two tradeware sherds 332 from 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm refit. All sherds produced starch grains, ranging from 12-100% of the slides per sample. Similar to Ordatang Unit 1, the majority (N=9, 90%) produced fewer than 20 starch grains per sample (Table 8.9). One sherd (OR.2.40-50.1) produced 70 starch grains. The percent of slides with starch varies from 12% to 95% for these samples. The dominant Nageli Type is Type 2 (59%) with 82 grains, followed by Type 1 (29%) with 40 grains (Figure 8.24). There was a total of 136 starch grains found in the samples. The mean of the unit was 17.509, the minimum was 2.15, the maximum was 67.214 and the standard deviation was 9.0447 (Figure 8.25). This is similar to the entire assemblage. Two refitting tradeware sherds (OR.2.0-10.P1 and OR.2.10-20.P2) contained Nageli Type 16, which are likely rice grains. These sherds also contained Type 1 and/ or Type 2 starch grains (Figure 8.26). The mix of rice and other grains may suggest creolization, but the sample size is extremely small to reach this conclusion with any confidence. Unit 3 Four sherds were selected from Unit 3 (Figure 8.27). Two sherds were grit tempered earthenware, one was shell-tempered earthenware and one was tradeware. The earthenware and sherds were body or shoulder sherds; the tradeware sherd was a rim sherd. None of the sherds were decorated. All sherds produced starch grains and there were a total of 25 starch grains for this unit. Similar to other units, Nageli Type 2 (76%) dominates the assemblage followed by Nageli Type 1 (20%) (Table 8.10,Figure 8.28). The mean of this assemblage was 17.929 μ, the minimum was 11.82 μ, the maximum was 27.65 μ and the standard deviation was 4.39 μ (Figure 8.29). There is a relatively low range of starch sizes and a lower standard deviation than other units, but this can be attributed to the small sample size. The starch grains were generally rounded or sub-rounded with centric hila but non- diagnostic (Figure 8.30). Two starch grains from OR.3.10-20.2 had processing damage (Figure 8.31), as the extinction cross was still extant, this damage was likely not a result of heating but possibly milling (Henry et al. 2009). Discussion A total of 33 sherds were analyzed and produced 465 starch grains for an average of 14.1 grains per sherd. Three sherds, one grit-tempered earthenware sherd and two tradeware sherds, at Ordatang produced likely rice grains and these sherds also produced a mix of other grains. The rice grains were found on sherds between 0-20 cm, suggesting recent deposit. However, Ordatang also showed evidence of mixing with a 3000 year old sherd at 0-10 cm in Unit 1, suggesting some level of mixing. The tradeware sherds are most likely post-1621, but may be more recent. The two tradeware sherds that produced rice grains in Unit 2 did refit, but were found at different levels. Again, suggesting mixed deposits. Regardless, finding a mix of rice grains and other starch grains on both tradeware and earthenware suggests a creolization of starches, albeit possibly within the 20th century and not the colonial period. 333 334 Figure 8.23 Ordatang Unit 2 starch analysis sherds. Table 8.9 Ordatang Unit 2 Nageli Types Sample Temper Vessel part/ decoration ave grains/ slide Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 6 Type 16 Totals OR.2.0-10.P1 Tradeware body 5.00 4 6 1 0 4 15 OR.2.0-10.P2* Tradeware body 0.38 0 2 0 1 0 3 OR.2.10-20.1 Grit body 0.12 0 3 0 0 0 3 OR.2.10-20.P1 Tradeware body 1.67 0 3 2 0 0 5 OR.2.10- 20.P2* Tradeware body 2.20 0 6 1 0 4 11 OR.2.20-30.1 Grit body 0.20 3 5 0 0 0 8 OR.2.30-40.1 Grit body 0.14 1 1 1 0 0 3 OR.2.40-50.1 Grit body 3.48 24 46 2 1 0 33 OR.2.50-60.2 Grit body 0.40 4 4 0 0 0 8 OR.2.60-70.1 Grit rim 0.17 1 6 0 0 0 7 Totals: 37 82 7 2 8 102 * refit 335 Figure 8.24 Ordatang Unit 2 Nageli Type. 336 Figure 8.25 Ordatang Unit 2 starch grain diameter histogram. 337 Type 16 (rice): OR.2.0-10.P1; OR.2.10-20.P2 Type 2: OR.2.0-10.P1.2a; OR.2.0-10.P1.3a; OR.2.0-10.P1.3b Type 2: OR.2.10-20.P2.1a, OR.2.10-10.P2.2a, OR.2.10-20.P2.4c, Figure 8.26 Ordatang Unit 2 Type 16 and others starch grains. 338 Figure 8.27 Ordatang Unit 3 starch sherds. Table 8.10 Ordatang Unit 3 Nagelli types. Sample Temper Vessel part/ decoration ave grains/ slide Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 6 Type 16 Totals OR.3.0-10.1 Shell body 1.13 0 9 0 0 0 9 OR.3.10-20.1 Grit body 0.38 0 4 0 1 0 5 OR.3.10-20.2 Grit shoulder 0.60 3 6 0 0 0 9 OR.3.10-20.p3 Tradeware rim 0.33 2 0 0 0 0 2 Totals: 5 19 0 1 0 25 339 Figure 8.28 Ordatang Unit 3 Nageli types. 340 Figure 8.29 Ordatang Unit 3 starch grain diameter distribution. 341 Type 2: OR.3.0-10.1.3a; OR.3.0-10.4b; Type 2: OR.3.10-20.2.11a, OR.3.10-20.2.5a Type 6: OR.3.10-20.1.6a Figure 8.30 Ordatang Unit 3 starch grain examples. OR.3.10-20.2.2a OR.3.10-20.2.12a Figure 8.31 Exploded starch grains. 342 Groot Waling Unit 1 Eight sherds were selected from Groot Waling Unit 1 (Figure 8.32). All were shell-tempered earthenware. All but one sherd were body sherds. One sherd had incising on the exterior and one had possible charring on the interior. A total of 59 starch grains were recovered from Groot Waling Unit 1 (Table 8.11). All sherds produced starch grains ranging between 1 and 12 starch grains per sherd. For all sherds, fewer than 50% of the slides produced starch. The low rate of starch grain presence may be due to the beach environment of Groot Waling. The water table was encountered during the excavation of Unit 1 around 1.3 m. It is possible that the sherds could have been “washed” during high tide, potentially removing some starch residue. Like the other units, the dominant type is Nageli Type 2 (46%) followed by Nageli Type 1 (36%) (Figure 8.33). The mean of the starch grain diameters for Unit 1 is 16.52 μ, the minimum is 5.97 μ, the maximum is 40.066 μ, and the standard deviation is 7.47 μ (Figure 8.34). The mean for this unit is slightly lower than for the assemblage as a whole. One sherd (Groot Waling.1.10-20.2), a shell-tempered body sherd, produced rice grains in addition to other unidentified starch grains (Figure 8.35). The co-occurrence of rice and other starch grains is the same situation with the rice grain producing sherds at Ordatang (above). Unit 2 Five earthenware sherds were selected from Unit 2; three of these sherds were shell tempered, the other two sherds were grit tempered (Figure 8.36). One sherd had a lime coating on the exterior, another had red paint on the interior. Two of the five sherds were rim sherds and the remaining three were body sherds. All sherds produced starch grains, for a total of 32 starch grains. The number of grains ranged from 4 to 10 grains per sherd and between 13% to 45% of the slides produced starch grains. Like other units, Nageli Type 2 (69%) dominates, followed by Nageli Type 1 (28%). The mean of the unit is 20.1 μ, the minimum is 9.108 μ, the maximum is 49.355 μ and the standard deviation is 6.7 μ (Figure 8.38). The mean for this unit is somewhat higher than other units but this can be contributed to the small sample size. No starch grains were identifiable in this unit (Figure 8.39). Unit 3 Six sherds were selected from Unit 3 (Figure 8.40). Half were grit-tempered and half were shell- tempered. Five of the sherds were body sherds and one was a shoulder sherd. Four sherds produced starch grains, for a total of 35 starch grains. GW.3.20-30.1 and GW.3.90-100.1 produced no starch grains. The lack of starch grains could be attributed to tidal “washing” removing starch grains. A total 5 of the 84 analyzed sherds produced no starches, three of those sherds were from Groot Waling and two of them were from Unit 3. The higher number of sherds lacking starch grains suggests that Groot Waling may have experienced a different taphonomic history than the other two sites. Like the other units, Nageli Type 2 (66%) dominates the assemblage, followed by Nageli Type 1 (31%) (Figure 8.41). The mean of 343 Figure 8.32 Groot Waling Unit 1 starch analysis sherds. 344 Table 8.11 Groot Waling Unit 1, Nageli Types. Sample Temper Vessel part/ decoration ave grains/ slide Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 6 Type 16 Total GW.1.0-10.1 Shell Body, Possible charring on interior. 0.09 2 1 0 0 0 3 GW.1.10-20.1 Shell Body 0.21 2 1 0 1 0 4 GW.1.10-20.2 Shell Body 1.20 2 7 0 0 9 18 GW.1.20-30.1 Shell Body 0.40 5 5 0 0 0 10 GW.1.30-40.1 Shell Body, Incising on exterior. 0.17 3 3 0 0 0 6 GW.1.40-50.2 Shell Body 0.11 1 1 0 0 0 2 GW.1.50- 60.1A Shell Body 0.64 5 3 1 0 0 9 GW.1.50- 60.1b Shell Body/ rim 0.15 1 6 0 0 0 7 Totals: 21 27 1 1 9 59 345 Figure 8.33 Groot Waling Unit 1 Nageli Types Diameters. 346 Figure 8.34 Groot Waling Unit 1 starch grain diameter. 347 Type 16: GW.1.10-20.2.1_4 Type 1: GW.1.10-20.2.13c Type 2: GW.1.10-20.2.2a; GW.1.10-20.2.4a; GW.1.10-20.2.6a; Damaged grain: GW.1.10-20.2.10a Figure 8.35 Groot Waling Unit 1 10-20 cm Sherd #2 starch grains. 348 Figure 8.36 Groot Waling Unit 2 starch analysis sherds. Table 8.12 Groot Waling Unit 2 Sample Temper Vessel part/ decoration ave grains/ slide Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 6 Type 16 Total GW.2.0-10.1 Shell Body 0.15 1 3 0 0 0 4 GW.2.10-20.1 Shell Body, resin coating on ext 0.13 1 3 0 0 0 4 GW.2.20-30.1 Grit Rim, paint on int. 0.32 4 6 0 0 0 10 GW.2.20-30.2 Shell Body 0.23 1 5 1 0 0 7 GW.2.90-100.1 Grit Rim 0.58 2 5 0 0 0 7 Totals: 9 22 1 0 0 32 349 350 Figure 8.37 Groot Waling Unit 2 starch grain diameter by Nageli Type. Figure 8.38 Groot Waling Unit 2 starch grain diameter. 351 Type 1: GW.2.0-10.1.13a; GW.2.10-20.1.7a; GW.2.20-20.1.13 Type 2: GW.2.0-10.1.12a; GW.2.10-20.1.26a; GW.2.90-100.3a, Type 2: GW.2.90-100.1.10a Type 3: GW.2.20-30.2.15a Figure 8.39 Groot Waling Unit 2 starch grain images. 352 Figure 8.40 Groot Waling Unit 3 starch analysis sherds. 353 Table 8.13 Groot Waling Unit 3 Nageli Types. Sample Temper Vessel part/ decoration ave grains/ slide Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 6 Type 16 Total GW.3.0-10.1 Grit Body 0.11 1 1 1 0 0 3 GW.3.10-20.1 Shell Body 0.66 7 16 0 0 0 23 GW.3.20-30.1 Shell Body 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 GW.3.30-40.1 Shell Body 0.35 2 5 0 0 0 7 GW.3.50-60.1 Grit Body 0.11 1 0 0 0 0 1 GW.3.90-100.1 Grit Body 0.11 0 1 0 0 0 1 Totals: 11 23 1 0 0 35 Figure 8.41 Groot Waling Unit 3 Starch Grain Diameters by Nageli Type. cthis unit is 18.14 μ, the minimum is 5.792 μ, the maximum is 35.077 μ, and the standard deviation is 5.76 μ (Figure 8.42). Similar to other units at Groot Waling, the mean is slightly different from the assemblage mean, but this can be attributed to a small sample size. No starches were identified to species in this unit (Figure 8.43). 354 Unit 4 Seven earthenware sherds were selected from Unit 4 (Figure 8.44). Four of the sherds were shell tempered, three were grit tempered and one was high-fired stoneware. All but one are body sherds and there is one rim sherd. None of the sherds was decorated, but one did have a resin or lime coating. All sherds produced starch for a total of 29 starch grains. Sherds produced between 1 and 11 starch grains. Between 14% and 100% of slides produced starch grains. Similar to other units, Nageli Type 2 (55%) is the dominant starch, followed by Nageli Type 1 (41%) (Figure 8.45). The mean of this unit is 17.258 μ, the minimum is 7.34 μ, the maximum is 36.105 μ, and the standard deviation is 6.54 μ (Figure 8.46). This distribution is more similar to that of the entire assemblage than the other units at Groot Waling. However, due to the small sample size this is not significant. No starches were identified in this unit (Figure 8.47). Discussion A total of 25 sherds were selected for analysis at Groot Waling, producing 155 starch grains for an average of 6.2 grains per sherd. Both Groot Waling and Komber produced fewer sherds in general than Ordatang and therefore yielded fewer sherds for analysis. While Ordatang produced an average of 14.1 grains per sherd, Groot Waling produced only 6.2 grains per slide. The dynamic beach environment with a water table that rose and lowered with the tides could have effectively “washed” the sherds of much of any residue that may have existed prior to burial and excavation. One shell tempered sherd at Groot Waling in Unit 1 at 10-20 cm did produce a starch grain and other identified grains, similar to Ordatang. Finding rice grains on both shell and grit-tempered sherds suggest that these tempers fulfilled similar functions with regard to rice. While no evidence of functional difference was found between the tempers in Chapter 5, it is possible that a difference in use did occur. Finding rice on sherds of both tempers suggests they were used in similar ways 355 Figure 8.42 Groot Waling Unit 3 starch grain diameter. 356 Type 1: GW.3.10-20.1.20a, GW.3.0-10.1.21b, GW.3.10-20.1.6a, Type 1: GW.3.10-20.1.18d, GW.3.30-40.1.12a, GW.3.50-60.1.5a Type 2: GW.3.0-10.1.21a, GW.3.10-20.1.1a, GW.3.10-20.1.3a, Type 2:GW.3.10-20.1.15c, GW.3.30-40.1.8a, Type 3: GW.3.0-10.1.9a Figure 8.43 Groot Waling Unit 3 starch images. . 357 Figure 8.44 Groot Waling Unit 4 starch analysis sherds. 358 Table 8.14 Groot Waling Unit 4 Nageli Types. Sample Temper Vessel part/ decoration ave grains/ slide Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 6 Type 16 Total GW.4.10-20.1 Grit Body 0.33 0 2 0 0 0 2 GW.4.10-20.2 Shell Body 0.25 4 3 1 0 0 8 GW.4.30-40.1 Grit Body 1.00 1 1 0 0 0 2 GW.4.30-40.2 Shell Body, resin coating on ext 2.00 0 4 0 0 0 4 GW.4.40-50.1 Shell Body 0.13 0 1 0 0 0 1 GW.4.40-50.2 Stoneware Base 0.13 1 0 0 0 0 1 GW.4.90-100.1 Shell Rim 0.19 6 5 0 0 0 11 Totals: 12 16 1 0 0 29 Figure 8.45 Groot Waling Unit 4 Diameter by Nageli Type. 359 Figure 8.46 Groot Waling Unit 4 starch grain diameter. 360 Type 1: GW.4.10-20.2.5a, GW.4.10-20.2.18a, GW.4.40-50.2.4a Type 2: GW.4.10-20.2.4a, GW.4.30-40.1.2a, GW.4.30-40.2.10b Type 3: GW.4.10-20.2.14a Damaged grain: GW.4.10-20.2.24a Figure 8.47 Groot Waling Unit 4 starch grain images. 361 Komber Unit 1 Two sherds were selected from Unit 1, one body sherd and one rim sherd, both shell tempered (Figure 8.48). Unit 1 was not a productive unit for artifacts in general and was likely mixed. One sherd (KB.1.10-20.1) produced no starch, the other sherd (KB.1.50-60.1) produced 5 Nageli Type 2 starches. The mean of this unit is 17.253 μ, the minimum is 13.232 μ, the maximum is 19.7 μ, and the standard deviation is 2.38 μ. All starch grains are Nageli Type 2 (Figure 8.49). The five starch grains making up this sample are likely from the same species, but little else can be said due to the small sample size. The starch was not identified to species (Figure 8.50). Figure 8.48 Komber Unit 1 starch analysis sherds. Table 8.15 KB Unit 1 Nageli Types. Sample Temper Vessel part/ decoration ave grains/ slide Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 6 Type 16 Total KB.1.10-20.1 Shell Body 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 KB.1.50-60.1 Shell Rim 0.18 0 5 0 0 0 5 Totals: 0 5 0 0 0 5 362 Figure 8.49 Komber Unit 1 diameter. 363 Type 2: KB.1.50-60.1.10a, KB.1.50-60.1.18a, KB.1.50-60.1.20a, Type 2: KB.1.50-60.1.22a, KB.1.50-60.1.22b, Figure 8.50 Komber Unit 1 starch grain images. Unit 2 The vast majority of sherds from Komber are from Unit 2; 22 sherds were selected for analysis (Figure 8.51, Figure 8.52, Figure 8.53). Nine of these sherds were tradeware, 6 of these tradeware sherds were European transferware and the remaining three were Chinese porcelain. Of the 13 earthenware sherds, one was grit-tempered and the remaining are shell-tempered. Ten of the earthenware sherds are body sherds, 2 are rim sherds, and one is a base. For the tradeware, 5 are rim sherds, three are body sherds and one is a base. All but one sherd (KB.2.20-30.2) produced starch grains for a total of 149 starch grains. The number of starch grains per sherd ranges from 1 to 25 starch grains and between 3% and 56% of slides produced starch per sherd. While this unit was prolific in sherd production, the unit consisted of fill and the stratigraphy is not intact. As in other units, Nageli Type 2 (49%) dominates the assemblage, followed by Nageli Type 1 (42%) (Figure 8.54). The mean of this unit is 16.864 μ, the minimum is 2.44 μ, the maximum is 35.54 μ, and the standard deviation is 6.421 μ (Figure 8.55). The mean is slightly lower than the mean for the entire assemblage as is the standard deviation. The sample size for this unit is 151, so the lower mean and standard deviation cannot be attributed to a small sample size. At Ordatang the largest starch grain was 67.214 μ and at Groot Waling the largest starch grain was 49.355 μ. The range for this assemblage is 33.1 μ which is about half of the range for Ordatang Unit 2 (which had a sample size of 102 starch grains). The standard deviation is still larger than that of the comparative starches, except for the two largest starches (M. sagu and S. tuberosum). This suggests that this unit has a smaller range of species than the other units in the assemblage. Assuming the assemblage at Komber is more recent than Ordatang and Groot Waling, this suggests that fewer starches were available in the late colonial and post- colonial periods than previously. This could be due to the lower economic status the Banda Islands experienced after the mid-19th century. 364 Figure 8.51 Komber Unit 2, levels 0-30 cm. 365 Figure 8.52 Komber Unit 2, levels 30-70 cm. 366 Figure 8.53 Komber Unit 2, levels 70-100 cm. 367 Table 8.16 Komber Unit 2 starch grains. Sample Temper Vessel part/ decoration ave grains/ slide Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 6 Type 16 Total KB.2.0-10.2 Shell Body 0.20 1 3 1 0 0 5 KB.2.0-10.p1 Tradeware Rim 0.50 3 2 0 0 0 5 KB.2.0-10.p2 Tradeware Body 1.10 4 6 1 0 0 11 KB.2.10-20.1 Shell Rim 0.03 0 1 0 0 0 1 KB.2.10-20.2 Shell Body 0.14 1 1 0 0 0 2 KB.2.10-20.p1 Tradeware Rim 0.28 3 1 1 0 0 5 KB.2.20-30.1 Shell Body 0.38 4 3 2 0 0 9 KB.2.20-30.2 Shell Body 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 KB.2.20-30.p1 Tradeware Body 0.83 4 6 0 0 0 10 KB.2.20-30.p2 Tradeware Rim 1.08 8 4 1 1 0 14 KB.2.30-40.1 Shell Body 0.41 3 7 1 1 0 12 KB.2.30-40.p1 Tradeware Rim 0.36 2 2 0 0 0 4 KB.2.30-40.p2 Tradeware Base 2.78 19 3 2 1 0 25 KB.2.40-50.1 Shell Rim, paint on int. 0.48 2 7 1 0 0 10 KB.2.50-60.1 Shell Body 0.13 0 4 0 0 0 4 KB.2.60-70.1 Shell Body 0.02 1 0 0 0 0 1 KB.2.70-80.1 Shell Base 0.19 0 6 0 0 0 6 KB.2.80-90.1 Shell Body 0.32 2 3 1 0 0 6 KB.2.80-90.p1 Tradeware Rim 0.30 2 1 0 0 0 3 KB.2.80-90.p2 Tradeware Body 0.58 0 5 2 0 0 7 KB.2.90-100.1 Shell Body, charring on int. 0.07 2 1 0 0 0 3 KB.2.90-100.2 Grit Body 0.62 1 7 0 0 0 8 Totals: 62 73 13 3 0 151 368 Figure 8.54 Komber Unit 2 diameter Nageli types. 369 Figure 8.55 Komber Unit 2 starch grain diameter. 370 Type 1: KB.2.0-10.P1.6b, KB.2.10-20.P1.5b, KB.2.20-30.1.8a, KB.2.20-30.P1.2c KB. 2.20-30.P2.3a, KB.2.30-40.P2.5a-q, KB.2.60-70.1.40a KB.2.80-90.P1.9a, KB.2.90-100.1.29a Type 2: KB.2.0-10.P2.7c, KB.2.20-30.P1.11a, KB.2.30-40.1.5a, KB.2.40-50.1.14a KB.2.50-60.1.10a, KB.2.80-90.1.8c KB.2.80-90.P2.12a KB.2.90-100.1.39a Figure 8.56 Komber Unit 2 starch images, Nageli types 1 and 2. 371 Type 3: KB.2.0-10.2.25a, KB.2.20-30.1.4a, KB.2.40-50.1.19c, KB.2.80-90.P2.9a Type 6: KB.2.20-30.P2.4b, KB.2.30-40.1.2a, KB.2.30-40.P2.4a Figure 8.57 Komber Unit 2 starch images, Nageli types 3 and 6. There was one interesting result was a clump of starch found on a tradeware sherd from 30-40 cm (KB.2.30-40.p2, Figure 8.52, Figure 8.56). While the species has not been identified, this clump suggests the vessel was used for serving or processing a starchy food as opposed to environmental transfer. Discussion Komber was very similar to Groot Waling in number of sherds and production of starch grains. A total of 24 sherds were analyzed at Komber producing 154 starch grains for an average of 6.4 starch grains per sherd. No rice grains were identified at Komber. Both Komber and Groot Waling were located in beach location, and Komber’s assemblage could also have been affected by tidal “washing.” However, assuming that the Komber assemblage is the result of a recent fill episode and predominantly reflects a later ceramics assemblage (early –late 20th century) than the other sites, the lack of rice is surprising. By the 20th century, rice was widely available and was eaten by the students within the school at lunch and at the small warung (food stand) at the boat launch at the site. If the deposits are modern, or a mix of modern and late colonial assemblages, then rice should be prevalent. However, it is non-existent. Unfortunately, the small amount of rice at both Groot Waling and Ordatang may reflect modern transfer or contaminant and not be reflective of diet at all. 372 Discussion of Assemblage Amount of starch present in the archaeological assemblage The number of starch grains in the archaeological sample (N= 767 on 82 sherds, average 9.3 grains per sherd) seems high. However, Horrocks et al. (2008) found thousands of starch grains in soil samples, although the soil samples were larger (~3.5 cm3) than the residue samples in this study (<2 ml). A majority of the sampled sherds (93%) did produce starch. However, only 24% of the total slides (361 of 1505 slides) were positive for starch. The number of starch grains per sample was also quite low (≤10 grains per sample) for the majority of the assemblage (85%). It is difficult to determine if the amount of starch grains in this study is similar or different from other studies as publishing raw numbers of starch grains or recovery percent is not common practice. However, because OR.1.20-30.2 produced 164 starch grains, it suggests that a large number of grains per sample is possible. When the comparative collection was mounted, high numbers of starch grains were present in every portion of the slide viewed. This is to be expected as the entire slide was starch with no soil or other residue. If starchy residues were present in significant amounts on sherds, the starch density for the archaeological samples should be similar to the density seen in comparative collections. This was patently not the case except for OR.1.20-20.2. OR.1.20-30.2 was a rim sherd and it is possible that starch was concentrated near the rim due to overflow during cooking (Eerkens 2005), but 20 other rim sherds were examined and no other sherd showed such a high number of starch grains. Starch grains were also clumped together in the comparative collection but tended to be found as single grains in the archaeological collections (except for the compound rice grains). The clumping is due to the fact that the starches underwent little processing prior to mounting. Multiple adjacent grains were rare in the archaeological record. However, one sample did have a large group of numerous grains (KB.2.30-40.P2) (Figure 8.56). This suggests that whatever this starch is, it had undergone little processing prior to be deposited on this sherd and was probably raw. The overall low density of starch residue present in the archaeological assemblage could be due to preservation bias or other taphonomic issues, as previously noted. Crowther (2005) notes the presence of starch grains on Lapita pottery is likely the result of pots being disposed of in an aroid processing area. Some of the starchy residues found in this study could also be the result of transfer. Due to the different environments (beach and interior upland forest) sampled in this Banda Islands study, the starches found are unlikely to be due to natural processes. That is, the same starch-bearing roots or other plant parts are unlikely to be growing in both the beach environment and interior upland forest. If the starches found here were the result of soil transfer, their presence in the soil is still likely a result of human deposition. Thus, it is my belief that the small recovery rate for starches can be attributed to the fact that people were not using ceramics to cook, serve, or store starchy foods. It is likely that alternative vessels, such as bamboo or leaves, were used in the preparation and serving of starchy staples as described in ethnographic accounts (e.g., Jacobs 1971) and can be seen in modern preparations. 373 Another explanation for the presence of starch grains, but those that could not be identified to the comparative collection based on the historical records is laboratory transfer (Crowther et al. 2014). Louderbeck et al. (2015) note that starch grain contamination existed during the slide preparation stage of the protocol in the University of New South Wales laboratory that was used during the initial stages of this project. To limit environmental transfer, the use of non-powdered latex gloves was added to protocol and the use of lab glass wipes was discontinued. These protocols were initiated after I had completed mounting all of my slides. I did not use latex gloves during any stage of starch extraction or sample mounting nor did I take any steps to limit other forms of environmental contamination as early studies on this problem had not yet been published. As disheartening as the studies on potential laboratory contamination were, especially coupled with the high number of unidentified starches, I do not believe that these contaminants resulted in spurious results for this study. If laboratory contamination produced the majority of the starch grains on the slides produced for this study, there should be no difference in the results per site. However, Ordatang produced significantly more starch grains (N=465) than the other two sites (N-154, 155) and more than double the average number of grains per slide (OR= 14.1, GW= 6.2, KB=6.4). If contamination were a problem, it should be present in all sites in the same approximate amount. This is not the case. It is possible that the older assemblage at Ordatang and the higher amount of starch reflects a different cooking tradition in the pre-colonial period. Alternatively, Komber and Groot Waling could be experiencing taphonomic issues due to tidal ‘washing’ of the deposits not seen at the higher elevation of Ordatang. Regardless of issues of environmental contamination or laboratory contamination, the expected dominant starches of rice and sago were not identified in any significant number suggesting that ceramics were not used to cook, store, or serve these foods. Variety of starch present in the archaeological assemblage Of the historically dominant starches- rice and sago- there is little evidence. Only 4 sherds of the 82 tested had identifiable rice starch; 33 of the individual slides had starch grains consistent in size with sago but 29 of these fall below the average for the comparative collection. If these starch grains represented sago, I would expect them to overlap the entire range of size. The average for the entire archaeological collections is 17 microns, this falls outside the average for any of the species in the comparative collection. There is some overlap in distribution with sweet potato and white potato, but the range and Nageli type do not match. What I think can be concluded from this data is that more starches were available than the historic records describe and the Banda Islands may not have been as dependent on outside sources of starch as the historic records indicate. While it is not unusual to come to the conclusion that the historic record is incomplete and more work needs to be done, it is, I think, still a significant conclusion. The use of local, low-valued starches to supplement the diet of workers might be evidence of resistance to the colonial power and a continuation of indigenous knowledge despite colonial attempts at eradication. The description of the Banda Islands as being resource-poor but spice-rich might be an over-generalization. European writers may not have recognized non-domesticated or non-cultivated 374 starches as a significant part of the diet because these resources did not fit European notions of acceptable food. It is interesting to note that Ordatang has a higher diversity of starches, based on range of sizes. It is tempting to suggest that this might represent a higher diversity of starches available in the pre- colonial era as Ordatang has a higher number of earlier sherds. Again, this diversity may be due to preservation bias and a higher number of starch grains preserving at Ordatang than the other sites. Since Ordatang was inland and not on a beach, buried sherds wouldn’t be “washed” by changes in tides. However, I do not think the presumption of a higher diversity of available starches should be discounted due to preservation bias. A higher diversity of starches may have preserved on the Ordatang sherds compared to the other sites, but it does show that a diversity of starches were available pre-colonially. These starches may have continued to be available during the colonial period, but evidence has been lost at the other two sites due to taphonomic effects. It is also possible that starch diversity decreased after colonialism and the small range at Groot Waling and Komber is a reflection of actual use and not preservation bias. Either way, the range of starch grain size does suggest that a diversity of starches were available in pre-colonial times that are not discussed in the historical record. Identifications and Possible identifications While starch grains are useful for study as they can, theoretically, be used to identify species, in practice, identification can be difficult. This is true for pollen and phytolith analysis, too, however. Many species produce starch grains, pollen, or phytolith forms that can be broadly assigned to family or are ambiguous. In this study, since I was trying to identify which starches described in the historic record were present (and presumably imported) on ceramics, I used a comparative collection based on historic records instead of using plant samples collected in the Banda Islands. The starches present in the archaeological assemblage did not correspond shapes and sizes of the comparative collection. Thus, the majority of starches present in the archaeological assemblage could be local starches or other plant matter not mentioned in the historic record. Some of the problem could be attributed to environmental differences. For instance, the more water available to the plant, the larger the starch grain, so plants experiencing a drought would be smaller than the modern comparative collections (Gott et al. 2006:36- 40). However, the time depth associated with this assemblage (ranging for the Neolithic to the Modern Period) should negate any short term environmental changes. Regardless of slight changes in size that could be affecting the individual starch grains, there are characteristics of rice and sago- the two major starches mentioned in historic records- that should still identifiable in the archaeological material. Rice grains are small and compound, unlike any other expected starch. Sago is very large in comparison to other starch grains and has protuberances. While a few rice grains were identified, no unproblematic sago grains were identified. Despite these problems, some of the starch grains in this assemblage do match the size and shape of the starches in the comparative collection, with various degrees of certainty in identification. 375 Rice (Oryza sativa spp.) is the easiest of the starches in the comparative collection to distinguish, due to its small size and compound grains. Rice was commonly mentioned in the historic records and I expected it to be common in the archaeological assemblage. However, that was not the case. Four sherds (GW.1.10-20.2, GW.1.10-20.3, OR.2.0-10.P1, and OR.2.10-20.P2) produced starch grains that I am comfortable attributing to Oryza sativa (Figure 8.58). All sherds came from relatively shallow depths (0-20 cm). Rice grains were only found at Groot Waling and Ordatang, no sherds from Komber produced rice grains. The rice grains came from the same unit at both Groot Waling and Ordatang, and the same level at Groot Waling. The rice grains were found on tradeware at Ordatang and earthenware at Groot Waling, suggesting that rice was not relegated to “elite” or, at the very least, more expensive vessels. The lack of rice at Komber is inexplicable to me at this time. Only 4 out of the total 85 sherds produced rice grains. This was certainly unexpected. Rice is the dominant starch on the islands today, at least based on how much is available in the markets versus sago. The lack of rice grains in the starch assemblage is belied by the historic record and modern dependence. But rice is often steamed in banana or palm leaves, as mentioned by Galvao (Jacobs 1971) and eaten from this ready-made serving dish today. The lack of rice grain may be related to cooking and serving. That is, earthenware and tradeware were not used to cook or serve rice and therefore the remains of the starch would not be found on this material. After rice, sago (Metroxylon sago) was expected to be common in the archaeological assemblage due to its prevalence in Maluku, in both historic and ethnographic records. Sago produces relatively large ovoid or sub-ovoid starch grains (24.14-73.47 μ) with an eccentric hilum; grains often have an asymmetrical outgrowth or protuberance. Only 9 grains in the archaeological assemblage had ovoid grains with eccentric hila whose diameter was over 20 μ (Figure 8.59, Table 8.17); I included grains that were smaller than the comparative collection in order to be sure no potential grains were missed. However, I do not feel comfortable attributing any of these starch grains to sago. Only one has a protuberance - GW.1.10-20.2- and that one falls below the comparative collection measurements. The size difference could be attributed to environmental conditions so the GW.1.10-20.2.4a starch could be sago, but I am not willing to definitively call it thus. The lack of other ovoid starches with eccentric hila and protuberances, regardless of size is disheartening. The sago used for the comparative collection was a modern sago biscuit (sagu lempeng) that I purchased in the market in Banda Neira, so it likely was directly analogous to what was available archaeologically. It is unlikely that the shape difference could be attributed to processing differences between modern and past techniques. The most likely conclusion is that sago was not served or stored on the ceramics available at the perken. Sago may still have been eaten at the perken, but prepared using leaves or bamboo tubes. I should note that no sago molds were sampled for starch. I chose large sherds for analysis, prior to any sort of ceramic analysis. Since there were only 4 sago mods identified in the assemblage, they were statistically unlikely to be selected. On a final note, while OR.2.0-10.P2 has a large ovoid grain with an eccentric hilum, this grain is most likely white potato and not sago. 376 OR.1.10-20.3.21.a-d OR.2.0-10.P1.1.i-1-4 OR.2.10-20.P2.1b-e GW.1.10-20.2.1.4a-4g GW.1.10-20.2.13.a,b Figure 8.58 Rice starch grains. 377 OR.1.0-10.1.6b OR.1.0-10.1.13a OR.1.20-30.2.8j OR.1.20-30.3.10a OR.1.90-100.1.6a OR.2.0-10.P2.7a (probably S.tuberosum) OR.2.40-50.1.5b GW.1.10-20.2.4a KB.2.30-40.1.2a KB.2.30-40.P2.4a Figure 8.59 Possible sago starch grains (grains within reference collection range are bolded). 378 Table 8.17 Possible sago starch grains. (Grains within reference collection range are bolded.) Sample Slide Starch # Microns OR.1.0-10.1 6 b 56.0377 OR.1.0-10.1 13 a 29.89047 OR.1.20-30.2 8 j 27.29255 OR.1.20-30.3 10 a 22.53092 OR.1.90-100.1 6 a 20.21136 OR.2.0-10.P2 7 a 67.214 OR.2.40-50.1 5 b 34.811 GW.1.10-20.2 4 a 21.306 KB.2.30-40.1 2 a 32.537 KB.2.30-40.P2 4 a 20.558 Manioc (Manihot esculenta) was not commonly mentioned in historic records but is closest to the size and shape of grains that exist in the archaeological record. Manioc is a Nageli Type 1 grain, which is round with a centric hilum. While Nageli Type 2 is the most common starch grain, Type 1 is second-most common. The average for the assemblage (17.488 μ) also fits within the range for manioc (3.86-20.56 μ), so it was possible that manioc may have been a significant portion of the assemblage. However, manioc also has an identifying feature: a “pitted” hilum. Fissures are also common. Not all reference collection grains had the pitted hilum or fissures, but they were common features. In the archaeological assemblage, only 7 grains have pitted hila and 5 of these match the size of the grains in the reference collection (Figure 8.60, Table 8.18). While these few grains may be manioc, it is unlikely that a significant portion of the assemblage consists of manioc. Finally, Dioscorea esculenta, used in the comparative collection, has smaller and more angular starch grains than other Discorea species (Onwueme and Charles 2008:98). It is possible that some of the Type 2 starches may also belong to a species of yam that was not used for the comparative collection. Dioscorea esculenta was used because Dr. Field had it available in her comparative collection and it was mentioned as being available in Heeres (1908). Unfortunately, no other Dioscorea spp. were available at the time of the creation of the comparative collection. Nutmeg, both the native round nutmeg (M. fragrans) and non-local long nutmeg (Myristica spp) were sampled to see if nutmeg was being stored or otherwise processed in earthenware or tradeware. Both round and long nutmeg had Nagelli Type 1 grains that were round with a centric hilum, an average of 7.3 μ and 7.57 μ, respectively. The maximum measurement of both nutmegs is under 15 μ. Nageli Type 1 is the second-most common grain type in the assemblage with an average length of 15.46 μ. It is certainly reasonable to assume that some of the grains in the assemblage may be nutmeg, but the majority of the Type 1 grains seem to be larger than expected for nutmeg. Nutmeg was processed in the perk and it is possible that there was some environmental transfer even if the nutmeg wasn’t stored in the 379 OR.1.20-30.2.3f OR.1.40-50.1.19e GW.1.10-20.2.13c GW.1.30-40.23a,b KB.2.30-40.P2.5r KB.2.80-90.P1.10a Figure 8.60 Possible manioc starch grains. Table 8.18 Possible manioc starch grains. (Grains within reference collection range are bolded.) Sample Slide Starch # Microns OR.1.20-30.2 3 f 23.316 OR.1.40-50.1 19 e 16.973 GW.1.10-20.2 13 c 17.374 GW.1.30-40 23 a 19.304 GW.1.30-40 23 b 22.081 KB.2.30-40.P2 5 r 19.89669 KB.2.80-90.P1 10 a 20.486 380 earthenware or tradeware ceramic vessels. If the starch grains evident on the ceramics were from environmental transfer, they would be expected to be closer in measurement to the nutmeg. Predictions from models It is difficult to identify which predictive model best fits the starch grain results as very little rice or sago was identified in the assemblage. The mix of rice and other unidentified (but presumably local) starch suggests creolization. However, the rice was all identified in the upper levels of excavations, above 20 cm in depth. This suggests recent deposition, even presuming the mixing of deposits. The few rice grains that were identified were found on both tradeware and earthenware which also suggests creolization, as the presumably elite starch was identified on elite and non-elite ceramics. However, the tradeware at the plantation sites tended to be the lower quality export ware from both China and Europe, so this may not be strong support for mixing of elite and non-elite material culture. It is also possible that the use of the unidentified, but presumably local, starch may be resistance to dependence on the colonizers for food. Unfortunately, much of the identified starch could be pre-colonial due to mixing of deposits. Creolization is the model with a better fit with the currently available data, but the fit could be better. The lack of rice and obviously sago starch in the samples also suggests that life on the plantation may not be accurately reflected in general historic descriptions of the Banda Islands. The VOC and later Dutch East Indies government did ship rice to the islands to feed the workers and other inhabitants (Hanna 1978). Sago was commonly traded throughout the region prior to and subsequent to colonization (Ellen 2003). Rice and sago should exist in the archaeological assemblage. The lack of evidence may be due to temporary habitation within the perks themselves. That is, people only lived within the perk confines during harvest time or other period of heavy activity and returned to villages when the required work period was over or at the end of the day. Workers also may not have been eating within the confines of the perk. But the most likely scenario is that earthenware pottery was not used for storing, cooking, or serving starches. Which begs the question of what were earthenware pots used for? The current state of the sherds does not suggest use for water storage, but slipping or other water-proofing may have eroded over time and lime coating is evident on some sherds. Alternatively, earthenware could have been use to boil soups that did not contain starches. Eerkens (2005:85-86) notes, Pots with restricted orifices used in high-temperature boiling build up heat within the neck, causing explosive overboiling of the contents or even breakage of the vessel across the neck. Thus, pots used to cook seeds should have direct rims and wide mouths, while those used to cook meats should be incurved or recurved, with more narrow mouths. Together, these results suggest that boiling of seed and other carbohydrate-rich plant resources was an important function of … pots, especially in the V-shaped forms. Residues from these resources should be prevalent in such pots. Recurved bowls, on the other hand, are predicted to have been used more for lower- temperature simmering for meat 381 The rim sherds from the Banda Islands are primarily what Eerkens calls “recurved” which suggests that boiling starchy foods in these pots would cause boil overs and would not be preferred. More analysis on the use of earthenware pots in Island Southeast Asia would be useful in addition to identifying the sources of the earthenware pottery and the reason for their trade. More research on forms and uses would also be helpful. Conclusions Without more information on the use of ceramics in the Banda Islands and local and regionally available starchy foods, it is difficult to come to any conclusions about the dietary starches. What can be concluded is that the historically recorded starches were likely not stored or served in earthenware or tradeware vessels. A creolization of the starchy aspect of the diet is suggested by the mix of multiple starch grain types on the individual sherds. However, the potential for laboratory or environmental contamination impacting the assemblage cannot be discounted completely at this time. 382 Chapter 9 Discussion and Conclusions The previous chapters described a tremendous amount of data; in this chapter I synthesize the data in relation to the predictive models introduced in Chapter 2. Discussion To review, three explanatory models that are commonly used in plantation archaeology in the American Southeast were used to develop expected distributions of material culture for the Bandanese nutmeg plantations (Table 9.1). Energetic efficiency predicts that people will chose dietary resources with the lowest search and handling times but highest energetic yield. I assumed that energetic efficiency would mostly likely be seen in workers’ contexts as elites should have extra financial resources to mitigate environmental constraints. I assumed low cost fish and domesticated chicken would dominate in workers’ contexts, regionally produced earthenware should dominate the ceramics assemblage, and rice and/or sago should dominate the starch assemblage. As elites should not have been limited by environmental constraints, they could afford the higher cost domesticated mammals, although the lower cost resources were probably not absent; imported high quality tradewares should outnumber regionally produced earthenware, and imported starches (including rice) should dominate the assemblage. For the power/ resistance model, it is expected that workers and elites should have little to no over-lapping material culture or dietary traditions and that workers would reject some of the signals of the elites, such as the large domesticated mammals or tradeware, and the elites would avoid using the material culture of the workers, such as indigenous earthenware or sago. For the creolization model, the material culture and dietary traditions were expected to generally overlap. The first problem that arose during excavation was that it appeared that there were no clearly delineated areas of elite and non-elite middens (see Chapter 4). I could not, therefore, determine if the excavated materials were the result of workers, elites, or both. The general paucity of elite artifacts, especially pipe stems which were numerous at European elite sites (the Governor’s mansion and Harmonie Club on Banda Neira) previously excavated by Lape (2000b), led me to compare the plantation sites against Lape’s (2000b) European sites and colonial-period village sites. As noted in Chapter 6 (see Table 6.1, Figure 6.26), the plantation sites more closely matched the village sites in comparison to the elite residences. The lack of elite artifacts effectively removed the elite predictions from testing. The second problem that arose during excavation was the lack of intact stratigraphy. All sites 383 Table 9.1 Models and hypotheses. Resources Energetic Efficiency Power/ Resistance Creolization Workers Perkeniers Workers Perkeniers Workers Perkeniers Faunal Resources Cow - + - + ≈ ≈ Pig - + ≠ + ≈ ≈ Chicken + - + - ≈ ≈ Local Shellfish + - + - ≈ ≈ Local Wild game- small + - + ≠ ≈ ≈ Local Wild game- large ≠ + - + ≈ ≈ Ceramics Indigenous + ≠ + ≠ ≈ ≈ Imported Asian - + - + ≈ ≈ Imported European - + ≠ + ≈ ≈ Individual settings ≠ + ≠ + ≈ ≈ Starches Rice ≈ ≈ - + ≈ ≈ Sago/ Cassava + - + ≠ ≈ ≈ Maize/ Wheat ≠ + ≠ + ≈ ≈ ≠: not present +: higher % than other economic class -: lower % than other economic class ≈: little to no difference in distribution. showed some mixed stratigraphy and it was difficult identify the material correlates of chronological horizons, such as the dissolution of slavery, which may have impacted material culture. Thirdly, the paucity of faunal remains impacted the ability to acquire meaningful results for this class of artifacts and diet. The fourth major problem, which occurred during analysis, was the fact that the starch grains present did not adequately match any of the starches in the comparative collection. These problems collectively served to limit my ability to find meaningful results based on the models I had selected for use. Each material class supported different models. Below I review the artifact classes and their relation to the models. Earthenware proved to be the most numerous artifact class recovered. Three acceptable luminescence dates were acquired, two from Ordatang dating to the Neolithic and one from Komber dating to the Metal Age (see Table 5.x). These dates were useful to establish the shell/ foraminifera temper as dating to the Second Millennium AD and therefore to the late Metal Age. This allowed for a very broad relative chronology for the sites. The earthenware category produced a lot of data, but most of it was unrelated to this project and produced more questions than answers. The overwhelming presence of earthenware at the plantation sites supports both the energetic efficiency and power/ resistance models because it could have been less costly to procure and it could have signaled adherence to pre- colonial traditions. I believe, however, that for earthenware, the power/ resistance model is better fit with contextual information. Ellen (2003) notes that the Dutch had to accept the previously established trading network in the Maluku region and they were unable to every truly establish the kind of trade monopoly that Jan Pieterzoon Coen imagined. Early visitors such as Galvão (Jacobs: 1971) and later authors (e.g., Hanna 1978, Loth1998) note the presence of non-native traders in the Banda Islands, including 384 Javanese, Chinese, Arab, etc. (e.g., Aveling 1967, Hanna 1978, Valentijn 2002), and these traders were not subjected to the eradication and expulsion that the indigenous Bandanese were in 1621. Therefore, the non-conquered trading partners in the 17th Century and the non-European traders in the Banda Islands were able to maintain their economic independence from the Dutch. When the VOC did gain economic control over other regions in Island Southeast Asia, they were not interested in repeating Coen’s conquest strategy and allowed previously established, and profitable, trade to continue (Ricklefs 2001). Winn (2010) also notes that the inability of the Dutch to isolate their enslaved workers from the broader society on the Banda Islands and elsewhere inhibited their ability to create a European-style slave system as seen in North America; the Dutch had to adapt to the pre-colonial Asian system of slavery. In addition, the three plantation sites had slightly different earthenware decoration and distribution; this may be a result of the pre-colonial Siwa-Lima regional relationships (e.g., Shiung 2012, Valeri 1989). It is likely that the earthenware was traded amongst favored trading partners based on the unequal distribution of grit-tempered and shell-tempered earthenware at contemporary sites, some of which had known Siwa-Lima affiliations. Thus, the maintenance of the pre-colonial trading networks reflected in the earthenware suggests resistance to colonialism. Whatever role earthenware played in the inter-island trading economy, based on the evidence from the Banda Islands plantations, its exchange does not appear to have been significantly disrupted by the conquest of the islands by the Dutch. Tradeware was an artifact class that had the potential to determine cultural affiliations as China and other mainland Southeast Asian nations exported variable quality high fired wares and, later, European nations also started to produce these wares for home and colony consumption. A predominance of European-made ware would suggest a closer affiliation with these lands. Each plantation site had a different distribution of tradeware, with Ordatang having more Chinese-made ware, Groot Waling had about equal amounts of Chinese- and European-made wares, and Komber had a higher amount of European-made wares (see Figure 6.22). These distributions are most likely explained by the chronology of the sites. That is, Ordatang tends to be older with pre-colonial deposits, Komber’s tradeware tends to be late 19th/ early 20th century, and Groot Waling tends to fall in between. The dominance of the European tradeware at Komber may be due to a decrease in available Chinese wares and an increase in available European wares due to global economic forces in the late 19th/ early 20th century (such as the Boxer rebellion and the Chinese Civil War interrupting shipping and production), not necessarily consumer choice. Due to issues of broad date ranges and ambiguous origin, it was difficult to assign a model of best fit to the tradeware category. The mix of different origins suggests creolization. However, the tradeware that does exist is somewhat lower quality; if the plantation inhabitants were limited in ability to acquire higher quality goods this would suggest energetic efficiency. The dominance of European wares may be a result of using colonial symbols of power (and later rejecting them by depositing them in the beach fill deposit at Komber). It’s also entirely possible that the social signal of tradeware had changed over time and the mixing of deposits has erased this signal. Tradeware, then, is an ultimately ambiguous signal. 385 Despite the paucity of faunal remains, the dominance of fish remains with cranial and fin elements suggests the use of whole small reef fish which don’t require ocean-going vessel technology or the care requirements of domesticated animals and likely the highest reward for the lowest energy output. The faunal remains therefore probably represent energetic efficiency. Large mammal remains were fragmented, possibly due to scavengers, and difficult to assign to species. However, low quality elements, such as head and feet, were identified at all sites which suggests that the entire animal was present at the sites. Despite taphonomic issues, I am comfortable assigning the results of the faunal analysis to the energetic efficiency model. It is interesting to note that no evidence of pig remains could be securely identified; the lack of pig and the presence of goat does align with Islamic dietary preferences. The presence of dogs at the sites may suggest a more lax prohibition against dogs in the recent past than in the contemporary society. However, the lack of pigs and the presence of goats may be a recent phenomenon, due to taphonomic issues, and not reflective of colonial period food choice. The taphonomic issues also suggest that the faunal remains may be relatively recent, possibly even less than 20 years old. Thus, it may reflect the intermittent use of the perken in recent times rather than dietary choices in the colonial period. The starch analysis also yielded ambiguous results, mainly due to a lack of starches used in the comparative collections being found in the archaeological assemblage. In the few instances when rice was identified on a sherd, other starch grains were also found on the same sherd which suggests creolization. It was common to find multiple Nageli types of starch grains on individual sherds, suggesting a mix of starches which consistent with creolization. No definitive sago starch grains were identified which is odd based on the historical importance of sago. The vast majority of the starches were unidentified. The majority of the sherds produced round grains with a centric hilum around 16-17 μ in diameter which doesn’t fit with any of the starches in the comparative collection. It is possible that there was environmental contamination and the starch grains found on the sherds were from plants growing around the sites. This is somewhat unlikely because the sites are in different environments (beach and interior upland forest) and the same plants aren’t growing in those environments, from what I observed. However, I am not a botanist and I may be mistaken. It is also possible that there was environmental contaminant from plant processing in and around the plantations; the two main plants discussed as being processed in the Banda Islands are nutmeg and kenari. The unidentified starches didn’t match nutmeg, which was included in the comparative collection, and the kenari nut didn’t produce starch. The starches also didn’t match the usual laboratory contaminants (Crowther et al. 2014). Hundreds of starch grains were found in the analysis, but few of them could be identified. Ultimately, the starch grain analysis leaves us with more questions than answers and a fervent plea for more botanical research to be conducted in the Banda Islands, specifically identifying the economic and dietarily useful plants beyond nutmeg. 386 Conclusions This project was conceived as an attempt to explain the ethnogenesis of the Colonial era inhabitants of the Banda Islands by using explanatory models previously used on New World plantations, focusing on changes in ceramic, faunal, and starch grains to identify diet. It was assumed that an ethnogenesis had occurred during the Colonial Period due to a historically described replacement of indigenous Bandanese with imported, enslaved workers and the imposition of an extra-local elite European planter class. However, identifying artifacts that could be linked to the different social classes on the plantation sites proved difficult and identifying changes over time in the material classes was similarly elusive. Without the presence of certain expected materials (i.e., rice and sago starch grains) and without clearly stratified sites, the ethnogenesis of either the workers or the perkeniers was impossible to clearly identify or explain. But a few conclusions can still be made and are discussed below. 1. The plantation was not the theater of social negotiation in the Banda Islands. As noted earlier, plantations were chosen for analysis because they are “microcosms of the colonial…effort… in which racial, class, ethnic, and gender hierarchies were manipulated, contested, and transformed” (Stoler 1985:2). The material culture found at the plantations in the Banda Islands do not reflect the manipulation, contestation, and transformation of social identities. Reid (1983a, 1983b) claimed that the Banda Island plantations were analogous to New World plantations with their imported and enslaved labor, but the similarity seems somewhat superficial. The small size of the individual islands and remote location created a unique position with regards to control over the laboring population compared to New World locations. While escapism as a concern shortly after the Dutch conquest in 1621, as surviving Bandanese would attempt rescue (Hanna 1978), the concern seems to have diminished over time. In contrast, enslaved workers had some wilderness into which to escape on the continents. Escaped slaves in the American Southeast, Brazil, and other places were able to join with Native American groups and maintain viable populations outside the reach of the dominant hegemony (e.g., Marshall 2015, Orser and Funari 2001, Weik 2009). In the Banda Islands, unless they had possession of an ocean-going vessel, workers had little alternative but to stay put. While workers on the continents of the New World were able to escape into large swathes of lands with low population density, the lack of near-by land proved prohibitive to any enslaved worker desiring freedom on Banda. Hanna (1978) also notes that perkeniers would allow certain enslaved workers to engage in trading expeditions to other islands, but does not mention these voyages being a used as escape voyages. It is possible that enslaved workers were not fleeing because they had a higher degree of freedom and autonomy than those in the New World. If the perkeniers maintained an Asian-style of slavery, as Winn (2010) suggests, workers likely maintained residences outside plantations and were not subject to a high degree of observation and limited movement. Workers may have only stayed within the plantation walls during harvest time. Certainly, that is the assumption in Mirah of Banda (Rambe 2010), a fictionalized and highly romanticized account of the late colonial and post-colonial periods on the Banda 387 Islands. Workers would have been unable to escape the islands, but would have been able to maintain their own household (Reid 1983b), their own gardens (Hanna 1978), and would have engaged in community building activities (Winn 2010). The lack of permanent residence within the plantations may explain the lack of subsistence remains found. Workers could have eaten in the field while working or at home. As most perkeniers owned multiple perken and maintained a residence in Banda Neira (Hanna 1978), their subsistence remains are also unlikely to be found at the perks. Historic photos and extant ruins show that houses existed at the perks, but these may have been a combination of administration and storage in addition to temporary living quarters. Excavations at the living quarters of enslaved workers at the Kingsmill Plantation in Virginia indicate that workers would hide personal belongings under house floor (Kelso 1984:114-120). Evidence of surreptitious use of plantation space was lacking at the Banda plantations excavated. It is possible that this can be attributed to personal space being available outside the plantation. If one has a home to go home to, one need not hide personal belongings at the plantation. Hanna (1978) does note that workers were allowed free time to work gardens to help supplement their meager food allowance. What else were workers allowed/ encouraged to do? Certainly enslaved workers in the New World were allowed to work for others and either keep their earnings or share that wage with their legal owner. It’s not unlikely that workers not harvesting nutmeg might also be allowed to fish or engage in activities that would bring profit to their associated perkenier during the off season. This labor may even have brought prestige to the associated perkenier according to the Asian traditions of indentured servitude (Reid 1983b). Additionally, few European elite artifacts were identified at the plantation sites. In comparison to known elite residences excavated on Banda Neira, the amount of European artifacts found at the plantations is sparse. The material culture distribution more closely aligns to pre-colonial or colonial era village sites. The lack of pipe stems at the perken, in comparison to the Governor’s Mansion in Banda Neira, is very telling. Tobacco smoking was brought by the Europeans to the islands and likely remained an elite, expensive habit. If high numbers of Europeans resided at the perken, like it is known resided at the Governor’s mansion, this would be reflected in the presence of pipe stems. It is not. Concurrently, few other specifically European artifacts were found in comparison to indigenous wares. European porcelains do not out number Asian porcelain and tradeware. The low number of specifically European artifacts at the perks indicates a lack of desire to signal “European-ness” at the perk locations. While signaling this would be associated with power, it’s possible that the lack of social signaling can be attributed to lack of European presence at the perks. That is, the perkeniers remained in Banda Neira, living off the profits of the perk while overseers controlled daily operations. The overseers may not have been able to afford to signal power with European-associated artifacts like smoking pipes or they may have had been more effective at signaling power by using Asian-associated material culture. The similarity in ceramics before and after colonialization suggests that the imposition of European rule on the Banda Islands did not have a major impact on the trade networks in the greater Maluku region. 388 Where, then (if anywhere), did negotiation of social boundaries occur if not the plantations? Future research could explore forts, villages, markets, or plantations on other islands. Banda Neira was inter-visible from all excavated plantation sites. It was easy for me to sleep on Banda Neira, spend the day working on Banda Besar, and return home in time for dinner and a spot of artifact analysis before bed. It is theoretically possible to swim from Banda Neira to Banda Besar, had I a more adventurous spirit and wasn't afraid of being run over by a boat. Even in the days before motor boats, if the wind wasn't co- operating, rowing between the islands would have been relatively easy. It might have been too easy, then, to just go back to Banda Neira at the end of the day and Europeans didn't spend a lot of time on at the plantations Banda Besar, specifically. It is possible, then, that the more remote islands of Run or Ay, or even the plantations on the other side of Banda Besar, would have different levels of European material culture. The many forts in the Banda Islands may also show different levels of social interaction. Soldiers for the VOC were taken from all over the empire, including India, and complete garrisons from other Indonesian islands (Hanna 1978), so ethnogenesis may be evident in these locations. Evidence for ethnogenesis may also be available in the market town of Banda Neira. Excavating elite houses and comparing them to non-elite residences may yield more information on how social negotiations occurred in the colonial period. 2. Despite location on same island and similar environments, each plantation had a different historical trajectory. The plantations are often homogenized in historic records and descriptions, if they are mentioned at all. However, each plantation excavated had slightly different material culture: Ordatang had older earthenware and little recent European transferware; Groot Waling had a replacement of the older grit- tempered earthenware with the foraminifera-tempered earthenware from Ambon-Lease; Komber had more European transferware and red-and-white painted earthenware not seen at other sites. Despite their close location to each other and presumably the same access to trade goods at Banda Neira, the plantations do not yield the same material culture. The inhabitants of the sites may have had differential access to trade partners due to a Siwa-Lima relationship with other villages. If this is the case, it makes a stronger argument for the retention of pre-colonial Malukan traditions than European historic records allow. The maintenance of these pre-colonial trade relations also suggest that the perkeniers were either engaged in these relations or turned a blind eye to these connections, likely because it proved profitable to them. Both Dutch and English records mention perkeniers being engaged in extra-company trade and using enslaved workers to engage in this trade (Hanna 1978, Winn 2010). More excavations at other plantation sites and other site types could provide additional information on the adaptation to colonialism in the Banda Islands. 389 3. Change in material culture appears to be associated with the rise of the spice trade and not European colonialism. The major change noted in material culture was the change from grit-tempered earthenware to shell/ foramifera tempered earthenware. The only shell-tempered sherd that yielded a luminescence date was around AD 660-1080 and the increase in the regional spice trade is assumed to have occurred around the early 2nd Millennium AD based on the presence of Malukan spices in Chinese, Indian, and European records (e.g., Ptak 1992, Andaya 1993, Shiung 2012). It would be helpful to have more secure dates for this pottery and additional data on the potential sources and distribution of this temper, but the one luminescence date and assumed source in Ambon-Lease suggests the Banda Islands are being drawn into the larger trading world in the early 2nd Millennium AD, consistent with historic records. Whether the islands were already exporting nutmeg in large quantities at this time is unknown. A minor change in material culture is the apparent reduction in tradeware in the late 19th/ early 20th century. This reduction may be partially due to analyst bias in that mid-19th wares were easier for me to identify. I was unable to date plainware and many small sherds with unidentifiable designs and these may have been imported later. However, the Banda Islands had lost their monopoly on nutmeg in the late 1800s, slavery was abolished in 1860, and the European desire for nutmeg had waned in general (Hanna 1978). That meant that perkeniers had to pay more for workers and were making less profit on the nutmeg. The late 19th/ early 20th century is also when many perkeniers abandoned the islands and the perken were taken over by local Arab or Chinese traders (Hanna 1978). It is possible that the reduction in tradeware was a result of the economic depression that occurred at this time. However, China was experiencing social upheaval in the late 19th/ early 20th century and this may have impacted the production and export of tradeware, leading residents to import more European-made tradeware. In general, the lack of any significant changes in material culture at the perken from the pre- colonial period supports Ellen’s (2003) supposition that Europeans had to adapt to previously established Malukan lifeways and trade routes, instead of changing them, to survive. The population of the Banda Islands trading class was never limited to Europeans. Chinese, Javanese, Arab, or other traders have been noted in most available censuses (e.g., Aveling 1967, Hanna 1978, Valentijn 2002) These established traders probably influenced the available material culture more than European historic records have noted. While many of these local-but-not-indigenous traders were at least as wealthy as the perkeniers, if not more so according to Hanna (1978), they would not have had the same tastes in elite objects as the European perkeniers and their signature might not be obvious in the archaeological record. 4. There were multiple different ways to adapt to colonialism. Due to a variety of reasons, the dominant narrative in colonialism in one of European conquest and domination, both cultural and military. But that is not the story for the Banda Islands. That’s not even the story for many of the New World colonies, at least not at first. Certainly, the initial Jamestown colony in the US was incapable of conquest and domination. A mixed mestizo or Creole class arose in many 390 Spanish and French colonies. Different colonies had different trajectories for a variety of reasons. Despite the initial violent conquest of the Banda Islands, the Dutch seemed to have little lasting cultural influence, the language spoken in the Banda Islands is Malay-based and the current culture is more influenced by the Javanese culture in modern Indonesia than that of the past Dutch. There are myriad reasons for this. However, there is also very little noticeable Dutch or European influence in the material culture of the plantations. A few pieces of Maastricht-made and English porcelain, a few pipe stems, and gin bottles are all that were found at the plantations. The Dutch influence was fleeting and ephemeral, at least in the material culture, despite their existence on the islands for over 300 years. It is important to identify contradictions in the dominant narrative of European superiority in colonialism. It is a racist presumption but it is still one that is difficult to fight in our modern globalized world where European nations still have economic and cultural clout. Each episode of colonization by European powers, be it in North or South America, Asia, Africa, or Australia was unique. No episode of conquest was pre-ordained or pre-determined. It is important, then, to note the episodes where the conquest was incomplete, at least culturally, as it appears to have been in the Banda Islands. The VOC may have taken over governance from the orang kayas, but they couldn’t ensure a trade monopoly on spices, the perkeniers engaged in illicit trade, non-VOC employees continued trading on the islands, trade routes weren’t interrupted, and the perkeniers were dependent on this trade for survival (e.g., Ellen 2003, Hanna 1978, Winn 2010). In the case of the Banda Islands, it appears the Europeans needed to adapt to survive which allowed for the retention of pre-colonial material culture during the Colonial Period. Colonial era visitors describe the use of the pre-colonial fleets of local boats by village inhabitants as a means of welcome or a show of strength (Hanna 1978:106) (Figure 9.1). Winn (2010) describes the incorporation of the Dutch elite into traditional well-cleaning ceremonies prior to WWII. Early 20th century photos show the performance of a pre-colonial cakalele war dance (Figure 9.2) and Hanna (1978:106) mentions its use in the welcome ceremonies for a Governor General in 1860. Even though the population was decimated, the European culture never dominated the Banda Islands like it did in areas with plantations in the New World, such as the Southeastern United States or the Caribbean where dances and pre-slavery traditions were outlawed (e.g., Rucker 2003). The Banda Islands were remote, but they were not completely isolated and they were engaged in a vibrant long distance trade network. I think the lack of European goods at the plantations was due to a lack of desire for them. Certainly Lape (2000b) found pipe stems in prolific amounts at the elite locations in Banda Neira. But the plantations on the Banda Besar do not appear to be a location of European dominance in material culture, and presumably, political or cultural dominance. For colonial plantation sites, this is somewhat unusual. 391 Figure 9.1 Kora-kora war boats celebrating Queen Wilhelmina's jubilee in 1923. Troppen Museum, TM- 10001677. Figure 9.2 Cakalele war dance, c. 1860-1920, Banda Neira. Kern Photography Collection, Museum of Ethnology A94-1-31. 392 5. Multiple lines of evidence and multiple working can be confusing but are ultimately more informative than one. Chamberlin (1965) called for the use of multiple working hypotheses in scientific inquiry, but this tends to be a difficult and time consuming way to investigate scientific phenomena. The three different explanatory models and three artifact classes I used proved to tell three different stories. However, individually they would not have been as useful. I interpreted the earthenware ceramics as supporting a resistance to colonialism, the tradeware ceramics were ambiguous, the faunal remains suggested energetic efficiency, and the starch grain analysis suggested creolization (possibly). If only one material culture class had been investigated, the story would be skewed. If I had only tested one model, I would not have been able to determine that the models developed in the New World to explain culture history on plantations don't work very well in the Banda Islands and that the assumed similarities between the New World plantations and the Banda Island plantations were unrealistic. Reid’s (1983a, 1983b) and Hanna's (1978) more traditional presentation of the Banda Islands as a wholly conquered colony and plantation society is not supported in Winn's (2010) more recent ethnographies, so there is certainly debate about the nature of the Bandanese colonial society in the literature. Post-colonial writing is often critical of the presentation of European dominance during the colonial periods of different nations (e.g., Spivak 1999) and the Banda Islands are no different. In addition to contradictory artifact classes, historic records don't tell the whole story. Historic records are notoriously incomplete when it comes to the non-elite in any society and non-Europeans in European colonies. This is not new information. But the starch grain analysis predictions were heavily based on historic records and none of the historically recorded starches were found in significant numbers. Earthenware was the artifact class recovered in the highest numbers, but historic records tend to ignore earthenware, despite its ubiquity in archaeological sites. Earthenware was not deemed worthy of mention in historical description of the Banda Islands or Maluku in general (see Ellen and Glover 1974). The description by Galvão (Jacobs 1971:141) that Malukans made “little use of pots” is somewhat belied by the archaeological record. The largest artifact class has the least mention in historic records. Using historic records as a basis for the predictions for each of the models proved to be problematic and confusing when it came to interpreting the results due to the lack of overlap. The interpretation of archaeological data is notoriously problematic and the appropriate form of establishing a link between data and interpretations- be it a hypothetico-deductive, hermeneutic, or other approach- has been the subject of many publications (e.g., Binford 1977, Fritz and Plog 1970, Hodder 1991, Hodder 1999, Watson et al. 1971). However, this is not the place to discuss an overview of the last 40 years of archaeological theory. Suffice it to say, despite the difficulties in testing multiple models with multiple artifact classes and a resulting lack of definite conclusions, I think this modus operandi is a useful endeavor. As Wylie (2002:126) notes “these tensions can make it possible to play evidential and conceptual resources off against one another in a way that may not guarantee convergence on a single 393 truth but can provide grounds for assessing degrees of plausibility and for rejecting (sometimes decisively) a good many alternatives.” 6. More work needs to be done. Again, it is unsurprising to call for additional research when one's models don't fit one's data. However, Island Southeast Asia is an under-studied part of the world and the post-Lapita era is especially under-studied in the region. Sourcing and dating of regional earthenware would provide more information on the timing of the spice trade and routes that material may have taken. Additional residue analysis could explain what earthenware pots were used for. Environmental studies on locally available plants in the Banda Islands may yield information on the potential identity of the starch grains. Additionally, the Banda Islands have the potential for identifying adaptations to local catastrophes with the relatively frequent volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis. Despite the lack of a clean and clear story of ethnogenesis in the Banda Islands based on the material culture of plantation sites, this project was not a failure. The discipline of archaeology could not advance without projects that left more questions than answers, such as this one. The fact that models developed to explain plantations in the New World cannot be extrapolated to Asian plantations is new information that can be tested against more data. Perhaps plantations in the Philippines or India do fit New World models. Or perhaps the later, more controlled plantations described by Stoler (1985) but staffed by wage laborers better fit the models developed for enslaved workers. 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Appendix A Fieldwork Photographs Ordatang Fieldwork Photographs Ordatang Overviews Photograph Log Ordatang Auger Probe Photograph Log Ordatang Unit 1 Photograph Log Ordatang Unit 2 Photograph Log Ordatang Unit 3 Photograph Log Groot Waling Fieldwork Photographs Groot Waling Overviews Photograph Log Groot Waling Unit 1 and 1.5 Photography Log Groot Waling Unit 2 Photography Log Groot Waling Unit 3 Photography Log Groot Waling Unit 4 Photography Log Komber Fieldwork Photographs Komber Overviews Photograph Log Komber Auger Probe Photography Log Komber Unit 1 Photograph Log Komber Unit 2 Photograph Log Komber Unit 3 Photograph Log Appendix B Earthenware Analysis Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments OR 1 0-10 1 31.14 8.44 15.81 12.125 2.5682 57.02 38.76 1.4711 Body w/ Neck N N N N Grit w/ Mica Coarse 5yr5/8 5yr5/8 5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 2 14.41 12.71 12.27 12.49 1.1537 39.04 27.94 1.39728 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 3 17.06 11.75 9.21 10.48 1.6279 40.22 35.66 1.12787 Rim Y Y N N Sand Medium 5yr4/2 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 Inverted Damaged OR 1 0-10 4 5.58 6.41 4.32 5.365 1.0401 29 32.57 0.89039 Body N N Charred N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/2 7.5yr2/0 10yr5/2 Reducing 3 OR 1 0-10 5 6 7.01 6.91 6.96 0.8621 29.89 23.27 1.28449 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10yr5/4 10yr5/4 10r4/3 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 6 3.41 5.55 5.41 5.48 0.6223 29.57 15.28 1.93521 Rim Y Y N Impress Grit w/ Mica Fine 5yr5/1 2.5yr4/4 2.5yr4/4 Reducing 3 Impress on Rim Straight Pointed rim treatment- top pushed down OR 1 0-10 7 1 3.95 2.94 3.445 0.2903 18.6 12.78 1.4554 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 OR 1 0-10 8 7.1 14.69 8.59 11.64 0.61 26.58 19.71 1.34855 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr7/1 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 Inverted Flat OR 1 0-10 9 1.53 3.87 4.7 21.23 0.0721 25.81 16.65 1.55015 Body N N N N ?Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5r3/0 7.5r3/0 7.5r3/0 Reducing 3 temper has decomposed, lots of holes, looks aerated OR 1 0-10 10 1.66 4.04 3.37 3.705 0.448 21.22 15.19 1.39697 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 5yr4/3 5yr4/3 5yr4/3 Reducing 3 can't tell if core is dirty or just same color as OR 1 0-10 11 11.55 6.93 4.23 5.58 2.0699 49.3 38.92 1.2667 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Medium 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr4/8 10r4/4 Reducing 3 int. slip is peeling off OR 1 0-10 12 7.3 11.87 8.78 10.325 0.707 25.53 20.39 1.25208 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/6 Reducing 3 OR 1 0-10 13 1.78 4.5 4.28 4.39 0.4055 22.01 8.32 2.64543 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 5yr6/8 10yr5/1 Reducing 3 ext is grey, int is red. Also has decompsing OR 1 0-10 14 0.71 5.04 4.48 4.76 0.1492 13.72 11.45 1.19825 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/6 10yr6/2 5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 int. is grey, ext is red. fine and hard to determine int/ ext, so may be reversed. OR 1 0-10 15 1.02 4.2 4.5 4.35 0.2345 21.33 11.62 1.83563 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/1 5yr5/4 5yr6/6 Reducing 3 OR 1 0-10 16 2.64 5.27 3.69 4.48 0.5893 23.5 19.7 1.19289 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Coarse 5yr5/1 5yr6/6 5yr4/6 Reducing 3 OR 1 0-10 17 4.72 8.8 6.01 7.405 0.6374 29.57 17.76 1.66498 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Coarse 5yr5/3 2.5yr4/6 5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 18 2.1 6.1 5.76 5.93 0.3541 21.76 16.74 1.29988 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 5yr5/1 5yr3/1 2.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 int has residue, ext looks burnished? Looks like there is residue or s.t. atop the red. OR 1 0-10 19 2.41 3.71 3.59 17.875 0.1348 25.24 10.51 2.40152 Body N N N N Grit w/ Lava Fine 5yr5/1 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 OR 1 0-10 20 1.99 4.76 3.71 4.235 0.4699 25.14 16.74 1.50179 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 5yr4/2 10r4/8 10r3/1 Reducing 3 OR 1 0-10 21 2.96 7.37 6.67 7.02 0.4217 18.69 18.28 1.02243 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Coarse 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 2.5yr3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 22 5.8 9.87 9.16 9.515 0.6096 24.85 22.91 1.08468 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Medium 2.5yr6/8 5yr6/6 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 23 2.7 8.18 7.92 8.05 0.3354 23.66 15.54 1.52252 Body N N N N Grit Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 almost all temper, v. little clay, pos. low fire, v. crumbly OR 1 0-10 24 3.25 5.77 6.67 6.22 0.5225 24.3 18.55 1.30997 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/8 5yr5/2 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 25 2.38 6.33 6.77 6.55 0.3634 21.73 17.28 1.25752 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Coarse 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 26 2.79 6.63 4.94 5.785 0.4823 28.49 18.27 1.55939 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5r3/0 2.5yr5/6 7.5r3/0 Reducing 3 OR 1 0-10 27 2.52 4.25 4.76 4.505 0.5594 22.07 19.26 1.1459 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 firing cloud on ext OR 1 0-10 28 1.34 4.29 4.62 4.455 0.3008 18.45 13.05 1.41379 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10yr7/4 10yr7/4 10yr7/4 Reducing 3 OR 1 0-10 29 1.13 4.27 4.34 4.305 0.2625 17.91 12.85 1.39377 Body N N N N Grit Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 30 2.25 9.3 6.83 8.065 0.279 16.49 15.07 1.09423 Body N N N N Grit Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 almost all temper, v. little clay, pos. low fire, v. crumbly OR 1 0-10 31 2.49 5.54 6.08 5.81 0.4286 19.01 17.77 1.06978 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 5yr2.5/1 5yr2.5/1 10r3/6 Reducing 3 OR 1 0-10 32 1.52 3.89 4.02 3.955 0.3843 19.69 17.7 1.11243 Body N N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 almost all temper, but not crumbly OR 1 0-10 33 2.3 3.67 3.97 3.82 0.6021 22.94 18.55 1.23666 Body N N N N ?Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 temper has decomposed, lots of holes, looks aerated OR 1 0-10 34 1.97 5.2 5.44 5.32 0.3703 18.02 18.46 0.97616 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 5yr6/3 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Parallel Incise 2 parallel lines incised on ext OR 1 0-10 35 7.88 10.23 9.3 9.765 0.807 37.17 21.6 1.72083 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Varies 10r4/8 10r4/8 5yr7/3 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 36 1.34 4.97 4.9 4.935 0.2715 17.07 12.74 1.33987 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 37 1.38 3.82 4.2 4.01 0.3441 18.47 12.61 1.46471 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 38 1.54 3.34 3.84 3.59 0.429 24.68 14.29 1.72708 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 39 2.17 6.03 5.58 5.805 0.3738 19.94 12.56 1.58758 Body N N N N Grit Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 almost all temper, v. little clay, pos. low fire, v. crumbly OR 1 0-10 40 2.48 7.13 7.76 7.445 0.3331 16.84 14.81 1.13707 Body N N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 almost all temper, but not crumbly OR 1 0-10 41 1.17 4.91 4.88 4.895 0.239 24.24 8.08 3 Body N N N N Grit Fine 5yr7/6 5yr7/6 5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 42 0.85 4.53 4.8 4.665 0.1822 12.69 10.87 1.16743 Body N N N N Sand Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 43 1.29 4.55 4.68 4.615 0.2795 16.25 13.65 1.19048 Body N N N N Grit Medium 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 44 0.67 3.15 3.26 3.205 0.209 17.91 10.19 1.75761 Body N N N Incising Grit Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Other Incise 2 parallel lines w/ curvilinear pattern in OR 1 0-10 45 1.01 3.93 3.76 3.845 0.2627 16.1 13.96 1.1533 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10yr3/1 10yr3/1 10yr3/1 Reducing 3 OR 1 0-10 46 1.57 4.71 4.66 4.685 0.3351 21.44 12.89 1.6633 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r5/8 10yr2/1 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 47 0.82 4.51 4.4 4.455 0.1841 16.66 10.94 1.52285 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 48 3.24 5.93 5.43 5.68 0.5704 23.4 20.15 1.16129 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 49 2.9 4.65 5.25 4.95 0.5859 20.72 19.97 1.03756 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10yr3/2 10yr3/2 10yr3/2 Reducing 3 OR 1 0-10 50 1.05 4 3.78 3.89 0.2699 18.51 15.31 1.20901 Body N N N N Sand Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 51 1.08 4.24 4.12 4.18 0.2584 19.62 11.53 1.70165 Body N Y N N Grit Fine 7.5yr7/6 7.5yr7/6 2.5yr4/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 0-10 52 1.23 5.26 5.47 5.365 0.2293 12.48 15.23 0.81944 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr4/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 0-10 53 1.06 4.6 4.51 4.555 0.2327 17.41 17.45 0.99771 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r2.5/1 10r2.5/1 10r2.5/1 Reducing 3 temper has decomposed, lots of holes, looks aerated OR 1 0-10 54 1.44 5.69 6.29 5.99 0.2404 17.83 13.18 1.35281 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 almost all temper, v. little clay, pos. low fire, v. crumbly OR 1 0-10 55 1.09 4.34 4.59 4.465 0.2441 16.57 13 1.27462 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 56 3.52 6 4.6 5.3 0.6642 25.83 16.81 1.53659 Body N N N Impress Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr2.5/2 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Body some trowel marks, but 3 parallel lines are covered in dirt and probably old. OR 1 0-10 57 0.88 2.89 3.54 3.215 0.2737 15.93 11.62 1.37091 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 58 0.82 6.39 8.27 7.33 0.1119 17.55 6.06 2.89604 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 almost all temper, v. little clay, pos. low fire, v. crumbly OR 1 0-10 59 0.94 4 4.66 4.33 0.2171 16.03 11.42 1.40368 Body N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r4/1 10r5/8 10r4/1 Reducing 3 Single Incise OR 1 0-10 60 0.56 3.16 3.02 3.09 0.1812 12.79 10.24 1.24902 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 61 9.12 6.02 5.32 5.67 1.6085 40.87 30.88 1.32351 Body Y Y Impress N Grit Fine 10r5/8 2.5yr3/0 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Impress some firing clouds on ext OR 1 0-10 62 0.67 4.11 3.73 3.92 0.1709 13.65 12.08 1.12997 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 63 0.72 3.65 4.32 3.985 0.1807 14.85 13.5 1.1 Body N N N N Grit Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr3/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 64 1.16 4.95 4.8 4.875 0.2379 16.61 12.27 1.35371 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 65 1 3.95 4.02 3.985 0.2509 16.14 12.63 1.27791 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 66 1.48 4.84 4.45 4.645 0.3186 21.63 12.67 1.70718 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 67 1.43 2.63 2.68 2.655 0.5386 23.33 19.09 1.22211 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 68 0.55 3.46 3.34 3.4 0.1618 13.59 10.36 1.31178 Body N N N N ?Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr2.5/2 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 temper has decomposed, lots of holes, looks aerated OR 1 0-10 69 1.77 4.92 5.04 4.98 0.3554 18.4 14.8 1.24324 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 70 1.03 3.93 4.12 4.025 0.2559 14.68 13.24 1.10876 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 71 1.03 4.66 4.58 4.62 0.2229 13.88 12.71 1.09205 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 72 0.56 4.11 4.04 4.075 0.1374 11.97 9.59 1.24818 Body N N N N Sand Fine 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 Reducing 3 OR 1 0-10 73 0.59 4.24 4.58 4.41 0.1338 11.9 10.81 1.10083 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5r4/0 10r6/6 10r6/6 Reducing 3 OR 1 0-10 74 0.7 4.33 3.37 3.85 0.1818 16.01 9.79 1.63534 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5r4/0 2.5yr6/4 2.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 OR 1 0-10 75 1.13 3.93 3.39 3.66 0.3087 18.09 13.55 1.33506 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/6 10r5/6 10r5/6 Reducing 3 Page 1 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments OR 1 0-10 76 0.77 3.77 4.02 3.895 0.1977 14.12 13.74 1.02766 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/2 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 0-10 77 1.73 6.29 4.95 5.62 0.3078 19.58 15.61 1.25432 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5r5/0 1056/8 1056/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 0-10 78 1.97 4.38 4.67 4.525 0.4354 16.97 11.47 1.47951 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10R4/8 10R4/8 10R4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 79 1.03 4.41 4.66 4.535 0.2271 16.56 10.76 1.53903 Body N N N N Sand Fine 10r6/8 10r6/8 10r6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 80 1.1 4.94 5.12 5.03 0.2187 16.28 12.19 1.33552 Body N N N N Grit w/ ?Grog Medium 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 81 0.53 3.62 3.87 3.745 0.1415 11.12 10.72 1.03731 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/1 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 OR 1 0-10 82 0.58 3.96 3.48 3.72 0.1559 11.54 9.56 1.20711 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r6/8 10r6/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 83 2.35 5.81 6.4 6.105 0.3849 23.61 18.14 1.30154 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/2 2.5yr5/2 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 0-10 84 2.01 5.05 5.99 5.52 0.3641 20.89 17.57 1.18896 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 lots of temper OR 1 0-10 85 5.65 7.74 7.51 7.625 0.741 28.2 24.35 1.15811 Body N N N N Grit w/ ?Grog Coarse 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 86 1.32 4.91 4.93 4.92 0.2683 17.01 12.98 1.31048 Body N N N N Grit Coarse 10r3/1 2.5yr2.5/0 10r3/1 Reducing 3 crumbly OR 1 0-10 87 2.41 5.41 4.73 5.07 0.4753 23.49 17.31 1.35702 Body N N N N Sand Medium 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 Reducing 3 OR 1 0-10 88 0.66 3.23 3.36 3.295 0.2003 12.21 11.97 1.02005 Body N N N N Grit w/ ?Shell Fine 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 5yr5/1 Oxidizing 3 some grit visible, but also aerated holes OR 1 0-10 89 0.85 4.02 3.44 3.73 0.2279 13.19 11.72 1.12543 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r5/1 10yr7/2 5yr7/2 Reducing 3 some sort of white-ish coating on both OR 1 0-10 90 3.99 6.84 5.9 6.37 0.6264 28.67 19.23 1.4909 Body N N N N Sand Fine 5yr6/8 10yr4/2 5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 91 0.87 2.58 2.94 2.76 0.3152 18.13 13.3 1.36316 Body N N N N Grit Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 92 2.35 4.02 4.65 4.335 0.5421 19.41 18.71 1.03741 Body N N N N ?Sand w/ Grog Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 93 1.32 4.41 2.81 3.61 0.3657 19.25 15.8 1.21835 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 94 1.97 6.08 5.41 5.745 0.3429 19.79 15.97 1.2392 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Medium 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 95 0.82 3.66 3.37 3.515 0.2333 13.24 13.03 1.01612 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 5yr3/1 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 96 1.14 4.99 4.85 4.92 0.2317 21.41 9.62 2.22557 Body N N N Incising Grit Fine 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 Other Incise 4 parallel lines w/ 1 line crossing them OR 1 0-10 97 0.69 4.2 4.16 4.18 0.1651 15.67 10.47 1.49666 Body N N N N Grit Fine 5yr6/4 2.5yr5/8 5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 98 2.45 5.23 5.37 5.3 0.4623 27.91 13.1 2.13053 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 99 1.27 4.51 4.45 4.48 0.2835 16.49 14.4 1.14514 Body N N N N Sand Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 100 0.9 3.16 3.41 3.285 0.274 15.54 14.21 1.0936 Body N N N N Grit Fine 5yr5/8 5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 101 0.74 4.25 4.23 4.24 0.1745 15.92 11.99 1.32777 Body N N N N Sand Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 102 1.1 4.31 4.11 4.21 0.2613 17.64 15.29 1.1537 Body N N N Incising Grit Fine 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise OR 1 0-10 103 0.77 5.29 4.83 5.06 0.1522 14.92 9.87 1.51165 Body N N N N Grit Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 almost all temper, v. little clay, pos. low fire, v. crumbly OR 1 0-10 104 1.18 4.76 4.95 4.855 0.243 19.5 11.56 1.68685 Body N N N N Sand Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 105 1.47 5.65 5.7 5.675 0.259 14.57 13.18 1.10546 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 106 1.24 5.27 5.38 5.325 0.2329 17.5 12.35 1.417 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Medium 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 107 0.86 5.94 5.77 5.855 0.1469 15.93 10.44 1.52586 Body N N N N Sand Fine 7.5yr5/6 7.5yr5/6 7.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 108 1.04 3.81 3.89 3.85 0.2701 16.82 12.79 1.31509 Body N N N N Grit Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 109 1.6 3.47 3.31 3.39 0.472 22.79 14.34 1.58926 Body N N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 110 2.93 8.9 4.43 6.665 0.4396 18.81 13.62 1.38106 Base Y Y N N Grit Fine 10r5/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 111 2.17 5.85 4.64 5.245 0.4137 21.68 15.41 1.40688 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r3/6 10r3/6 7.5yr2/0 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 112 7.36 5.37 6.28 5.825 1.2635 35.9 19.04 1.8855 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10yr6/3 10yr6/3 2.5yr4/6 Reducing 3 OR 1 0-10 113 1.15 4.36 4.21 4.285 0.2684 18.63 10.39 1.79307 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 7.5r3/0 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 114 0.66 3.7 2.72 3.21 0.2056 12.67 12.44 1.01849 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r5/6 10r5/6 10r5/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 115 0.26 1.65 1.5 1.575 0.1651 13.67 8.72 1.56766 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 116 0.54 3.2 3.5 3.35 0.1612 12.28 11.32 1.08481 Body N N N N Sand Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 117 0.7 4.06 4.17 4.115 0.1701 12.5 11.41 1.09553 Body N N N N Sand Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 118 1.03 4.18 3.38 3.78 0.2725 18.22 12.59 1.44718 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 119 0.89 3.44 3.73 3.585 0.2483 16.01 12.3 1.30163 Body N N N N Sand Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 120 0.75 3.44 3.51 3.475 0.2158 13.46 13.09 1.02827 Body N Y N N Grit Fine 10yr7/4 10yr7/4 7.5yr4/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 0-10 121 0.86 3.55 2.68 3.115 0.2761 17.02 11.52 1.47743 Body N Y N N Grit Fine 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 10r4/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 0-10 122 4.09 7.4 6.96 7.18 0.5696 24.28 15.05 1.61329 Body N N N Impress Grit Fine 5yr6/2 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Body OR 1 0-10 123 0.51 3.13 3.3 3.215 0.1586 12.39 9.36 1.32372 Body N N N N Grit Medium 10r6/6 10r6/6 10r6/6 Oxidizing 3 rounded, beach-worn? OR 1 0-10 124 1.35 4.44 4.55 4.495 0.3003 23.33 12.94 1.80294 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/2 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 0-10 125 1.36 4.32 4.08 4.2 0.3238 18.27 17.23 1.06036 Body N N N N Grit Fine 7.5r4/8 7.5r4/8 7.5r4/8 Oxidizing 3 some sort of coating on both sides OR 1 0-10 126 1.36 6.1 6.25 6.175 0.2202 17.13 8.71 1.9667 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10yr5/1 5yr3/0 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 some sort of coating on both sides OR 1 0-10 127 1.62 3.93 4.08 4.005 0.4045 21.44 15.32 1.39948 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r4/4 10r3/1 10r4/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 128 0.94 5.54 4.51 5.025 0.1871 21.67 8.98 2.41314 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/2 5yr7/6 10r6/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 0-10 129 2.75 7.22 6.14 6.68 0.4117 24.5 15.18 1.61397 Body N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/2 5yr6/2 5yr6/2 Reducing 3 Parallel Perpendicular OR 1 0-10 130 5.41 6.21 6.09 6.15 0.8797 32.23 21.5 1.49907 Rim N N N Incising Grit w/ Mica Medium 10r5/8 5yr6/4 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 Parallel Incise Straight Flat OR 1 0-10 131 1.57 4.36 4.42 4.39 0.3576 18.3 16.01 1.14304 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5r5/8 5yr3/1 2.5r5/8 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise OR 1 0-10 132 0.65 4.28 4.05 4.165 0.1561 13.59 11.41 1.19106 Body N N N N Sand Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 133 1.25 3.4 3.31 3.355 0.3726 18.89 12.14 1.55601 Body N N N N Sand Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 134 1.59 3.63 3.98 3.805 0.4179 19.15 16.98 1.1278 Body Y Y Impress Incising Grit Fine 7.5r4.8 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise firing clouds and burnishing OR 1 0-10 135 2.08 4.26 3.82 4.04 0.5149 26.15 11.45 2.28384 Body N N N N Grit Medium 5yr8/3 5yr8/3 7.5r4/4 Oxidizing 3 trowel marks OR 1 0-10 136 2.32 4.87 4.65 4.76 0.4874 22.3 8.57 2.6021 Rim N N N Incising Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r3/1 Oxidizing 3 Parallel Incise Inverted Flat OR 1 0-10 137 3.12 6.07 4.6 5.335 0.5848 23.42 12.81 1.82826 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 138 2 7.33 7.15 7.24 0.2762 19.06 16 1.19125 Body N N N N Sand Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 139 0.67 3.45 3.95 3.7 0.1811 13.67 10.84 1.26107 Body N N N N Sand Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 140 0.37 4.09 4.2 4.145 0.0893 12.68 6.05 2.09587 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/2 10r6/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 0-10 141 1.14 4.16 3.74 3.95 0.2886 17.05 11.57 1.47364 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 7.5r2.5/0 7.5r2.5/0 7.5r4/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 0-10 142 0.67 4.62 3.78 4.2 0.1595 13.61 7.65 1.77908 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r6/8 10r6/8 10r6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 143 0.15 1.89 2.18 2.035 0.0737 9.79 7.21 1.35784 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 144 2.1 4.58 4.48 4.53 0.4636 19.36 17.56 1.10251 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r3/1 10r3/2 10r3/1 Reducing 3 OR 1 0-10 145 0.46 4.55 4 4.275 0.1076 11.82 9.41 1.25611 Body N N N N Sand Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 146 1.53 3.56 3.09 3.325 0.4602 23.2 9.34 2.48394 Body N N N N Sand Fine 5yr8/3 5yr8/3 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 OR 1 0-10 147 0.83 3.19 3.2 3.195 0.2598 18.72 14.75 1.26915 Body N N N N Sand Fine 5yr7/4 5yr7/4 5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 148 0.38 2.81 2.53 2.67 0.1423 11.03 10.54 1.04649 Body N N N N Sand Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 0-10 149 0.57 2.8 2.68 2.74 0.208 15.81 10.49 1.50715 Body N N N N Grit Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 1 34.77 7.16 6.42 6.79 5.1208 77.16 41.64 1.85303 Rim Y Y N N Grit Fine 2.5yr5/8 10r4/8 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 Inverted Rounded L&S #3-Bowl OR 1 10-20 2 36.46 8.29 7.41 7.85 4.6446 72.54 34.61 2.09593 Rim Y N Impress Incising Grit Fine 10r4/8 2.5yr2.5/0 10r3/2 Oxidizing 3 Parallel Incise Inverterd rounded OR 1 10-20 3 13.82 8.3 5.32 6.81 2.0294 42.15 31.97 1.31842 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r3/3 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 4 18.86 7.49 6.11 6.8 2.7735 51.68 40.23 1.28461 Body N N N N Sand Fine 5yr5/8 10yr6/4 5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 5 14.78 7.59 6.81 7.2 2.0528 39.98 30.88 1.29469 Rim Y N N Impress Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r5/8 2.5yr6/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Rim Straight Rounded OR 1 10-20 6 5.19 7.04 7.15 7.095 0.7315 35.15 25.74 1.36558 Shoulder N N N Incising grit w/ mica Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 10r3/4 Oxidizing 3 Parallel Incise Everted flat OR 1 10-20 7 2.95 4.76 4.43 4.595 0.642 22.96 16.6 1.38313 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r5/6 10r3/1 5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 8 8.36 6.2 6.75 6.475 1.2911 45.99 27.11 1.69642 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 Everted Flat firing clouds OR 1 10-20 9 4.49 5.4 2.61 4.005 1.1211 31.87 18.85 1.69072 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 OR 1 10-20 10 5.72 5.14 4.33 4.735 1.208 36.75 9.22 3.9859 Rim N N N Incising Grit Fine 5yr7/6 5yr7/6 5yr6/3 Reducing 3 Other Incise Inverted Rounded OR 1 10-20 11 10.87 7.24 7.11 7.175 1.515 38.65 24.64 1.56859 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 5yr7/3 5yr7/3 2.5yr4/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 10-20 12 3.85 4.85 5.45 5.15 0.7476 31.43 24.6 1.27764 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r5/1 2.5yr5/8 10r4/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 10-20 13 3.48 5.72 5.35 5.535 0.6287 26.26 24.74 1.06144 Body N N N N Sand Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr3/6 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 14 1.15 3.69 2.66 3.175 0.3622 18.81 16.43 1.14486 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Medium 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Page 2 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments OR 1 10-20 15 1.91 3.83 3.91 3.87 0.4935 21.34 15.09 1.41418 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r6/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 16 7.37 7.13 6.46 6.795 1.0846 29.77 21.43 1.38917 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Sand Medium 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 17 12.69 7.9 6.92 7.41 1.7126 45.07 22.07 2.04214 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Varies 5yr6/4 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 10-20 18 2.04 5.66 4.65 5.155 0.3957 20.2 9.57 2.11076 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 19 5.86 4.79 6.3 5.545 1.0568 33.6 31.69 1.06027 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 20 8.29 5.04 2.59 3.815 2.173 38.69 34.4 1.12471 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 21 3 5.02 5.24 5.13 0.5848 29.56 15.92 1.85678 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r5/8 10r3/2 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 22 5.41 8.06 7.88 21.825 0.2479 26.7 16.95 1.57522 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 23 6.25 5.67 4.94 5.305 1.1781 37.83 20.37 1.85714 Body N N N N Grit w/ Sand Fine 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 10yr5/2 Oxidizing 3 thumb indentation on the interior OR 1 10-20 24 1.44 4.35 3.54 3.945 0.365 18.1 14.49 1.24914 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 25 1.91 3.59 2.97 3.28 0.5823 30.27 14.84 2.03976 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r5/8 10r3/6 10r3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 26 2.95 6.07 5.11 5.59 0.5277 24.89 22.88 1.08785 Body N N N N Grit Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 27 2.22 8.52 8.07 8.295 0.2676 18.56 13.37 1.38818 Body N N N N Grit Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 lots of missing temper, aerated-look OR 1 10-20 28 1.56 5.36 5.24 5.3 0.2943 15.41 14.12 1.09136 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog Fine 10r5/6 10r5/6 10r5/6 Oxidizing 3 v. crumbly OR 1 10-20 29 4.79 7.42 6.15 6.785 0.706 34.83 14.63 2.38072 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10yr6/4 10yr6/4 10yr6/4 Reducing 3 OR 1 10-20 30 2.15 4.94 4.9 4.92 0.437 20.01 14.22 1.40717 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 31 1.58 3.67 3.73 3.7 0.427 22.04 14.82 1.48718 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr3/6 5yr5/2 2.5yr3/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 32 14.16 3.85 7.19 5.52 2.5652 64.98 42.37 1.53363 Neck N N N N Grit w/ Coral Varies 5yr6/4 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 10-20 33 7.81 7.36 7.6 7.48 1.0441 33.51 23.08 1.45191 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog Coarse 10r5/8 10r3/3 10r3/3 Oxidizing 3 v. crumbly OR 1 10-20 34 3.51 4.85 5.24 5.045 0.6957 25.66 23.38 1.09752 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 35 3.71 7.14 7.56 7.35 0.5048 20.76 17.03 1.21903 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 v.crumbly OR 1 10-20 36 3.63 6.21 3.72 4.965 0.7311 29.19 15.85 1.84164 Body N N Charred N Grit Fine 2.5yr4/6 10r3/0 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 37 1.79 6.36 5.27 5.815 0.3078 27.45 16.64 1.64964 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog Varies 10yr7/3 10yr7/3 10yr7/3 Reducing 3 lots of missing temper, aerated-look; v. crumbly. Yellow iso red OR 1 10-20 38 6.05 9.11 6.21 7.66 0.7898 25.1 23.7 1.05907 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Sand Varies 10r4/6 10r4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 39 6.97 6.81 5.01 5.91 1.1794 38.89 28.01 1.38843 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 40 6.16 7.86 8.59 8.225 0.7489 31.62 17.23 1.83517 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/4 10r4/4 10r6/8 Oxidizing 3 firing clouds OR 1 10-20 41 8.58 6.55 5.33 5.94 1.4444 46.73 25.74 1.81546 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 10r3/0 Oxidizing 3 firing clouds OR 1 10-20 42 12.6 12.97 11.56 12.265 1.0273 39.3 17.83 2.20415 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Varies 10r5/8 10r4/6 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 43 4.37 4.95 4.61 4.78 0.9142 34.57 18.6 1.8586 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r3/0 Oxidizing 3 firing clouds OR 1 10-20 45 6.61 5.82 4.93 5.375 0.1662 39.76 25.13 1.58217 Body N N N N Sand Fine 10r5/8 10r3/2 7.5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 46 1.71 4.23 4.11 4.17 0.4101 29.64 6.07 4.88303 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r3/2 2.5yr5/8 10r3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 47 6.8 5.76 4.74 5.25 1.2952 45.01 32.72 1.37561 Body N N N N Sand Fine 10r5/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr54/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 48 2.25 5.68 5.81 5.745 0.3916 22.03 17.56 1.25456 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Sand Varies 2.5r4/8 2.5r4/8 2.5r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 49 4.46 6.86 7.47 7.165 0.6225 32.34 10.2 3.17059 Body N N N N Sand Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 50 4.92 6.51 7.42 6.965 0.7064 26.3 21.23 1.23881 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 51 2.2 4.91 4.74 4.825 0.456 23.1 15.57 1.48362 Body N N N N Sand Fine 10r3/0 10r3/0 10r5/8 Reducing 3 aerated look OR 1 10-20 52 2.01 5.73 5.61 5.67 0.3545 20 9.99 2.002 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 v. crumbly, aerated look OR 1 10-20 53 7.27 9.35 7.89 8.62 0.8434 29.71 12.34 2.40762 Body N N N N Sand Fine 5yr5/0 5yr6/6 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 OR 1 10-20 54 3.48 6.51 5.89 6.2 0.5613 30.15 15.18 1.98617 Body N N N N Sand Fine 10r3/2 10r3/2 10r4/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 55 1.92 4.54 4.39 4.465 0.43 20.56 15.08 1.3634 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Varies 10r3/0 10r3/2 10r3/4 Reducing 3 OR 1 10-20 56 2.21 6.61 5.6 6.105 0.362 22.42 9.66 2.32091 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Medium 5yr3/1 10r4/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 10-20 57 2.92 6.63 7.06 6.845 0.4266 24.1 10.15 2.37438 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r5/8 10r3/1 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 58 1.52 6.14 6.23 6.185 0.2458 19.9 9.4 2.11702 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Medium 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 59 9.4 8.61 8.18 8.395 1.1197 40.97 26.18 1.56494 Body N N N N Grit Coarse 10r5/8 2.5yr4/6 5yr3/0 Oxidizing 4 roofing tile? Weird coating on int and ext OR 1 10-20 60 15.89 9.31 7.3 8.305 1.9133 60.99 33.16 1.83926 Rim N N N Impress Grit w/ Grog Coarse 10r4/8 2.5yr5/8 5yr4/3 Oxidizing 3 Impress Inverted Flat lip on int and impress on ext OR 1 10-20 61 2.14 3.8 4.13 3.965 0.5397 27.09 13.21 2.05072 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r6/8 10r3/2 10r6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 62 2.72 5.82 4.48 5.15 0.5282 25.63 16.07 1.5949 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Grog Varies 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 Straight Flat OR 1 10-20 63 3.38 5.41 5.19 5.3 0.6377 29.36 19.03 1.54283 Neck N Y N N Grit w/ Grog Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 64 2.23 6.44 5.81 6.125 0.3641 20.7 12.35 1.67611 Body N N N Impress Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 Parallel Incise OR 1 10-20 65 1.1 2.71 3.15 2.93 0.3754 18.05 11.71 1.54142 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 66 1.87 5.19 4.32 4.755 0.3933 19.69 12.38 1.59047 Body N Y N N Grit Fine 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 7.5r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 67 3.87 5.27 4.33 4.8 0.8063 28.57 15.64 1.82673 Rim N N N Indent Grit Fine 10r4/8 10r3/2 5r6/8 Oxidizing 3 Other Incise Straight Rounded perforations bottom of sherd OR 1 10-20 68 2.85 4.86 4.07 4.465 0.6383 24.56 23.64 1.03892 Body N Y N N Grit Fine 2.5yr5/4 2.5yr5/4 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 69 3.2 5.67 5.95 5.81 0.5508 21.99 19.8 1.11061 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Grog Coarse 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise OR 1 10-20 70 6.33 8 6.3 7.15 0.8853 29.68 24.96 1.1891 Rim Y Y N Impress Grit Coarse 2.5yr6/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Body Inverted Pointed OR 1 10-20 71 3.38 5.28 4.56 4.92 0.687 32.01 12 2.6675 Body N N N Incising Grit Fine 10r3/2 10r5/8 10r4/4 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise OR 1 10-20 72 3.85 4.59 3.46 4.025 0.9565 33.35 16.08 2.074 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 73 6.14 6.22 3.72 4.97 1.2354 39.58 26.64 1.48574 Rim N N N Manufacturing MarksGrit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Inverted Rounded OR 1 10-20 74 9.88 8.72 5.17 6.945 1.4226 42.12 19.55 2.15448 Body Y Y N N grit w/ mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r3/1 10r3/1 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 75 9.58 5.53 4.9 5.215 1.837 41.75 29.5 1.41525 Body N Y N N Grit Fine 7.5r4/0 2.5yr5/2 10r3/1 Reducing 3 OR 1 10-20 76 3.35 4.96 4.1 4.53 0.7395 26.97 21.75 1.24 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Medium 10r4/8 10r3/0 10r3/0 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 77 2.28 7.95 6.99 7.47 0.3052 23.86 9.96 2.39558 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r4/8 7.5yr6/4 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 78 4.37 7.38 5.58 6.48 0.6744 26.85 15.87 1.69187 Body N N N Manufacturing MarksGrit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr2.5/2 2.5yr2.5/2 2.5yr2.5/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 79 7.45 7.76 4.33 6.045 1.2324 28.56 26.72 1.06886 Rim Y Y N Impress Grit w/ Mica Medium 10yr5/3 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr2.5/2 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Rim Inverted Rounded OR 1 10-20 80 4.94 6.25 5.35 5.8 0.8517 27.56 24.39 1.12997 Body N Y N Incising Sand Fine 10r4/8 10r3/1 10r3/1 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise OR 1 10-20 81 2.41 8.86 8.34 8.6 0.2802 26.23 10.37 2.52941 Body N N N N Grit Fine 2.5yr4/0 10r5/8 5yr6/3 Reducing 3 aerated look OR 1 10-20 82 1.34 4.51 3.19 3.85 0.3481 20.61 12.23 1.6852 Rim Y Y N N Sand Fine 10r5/8 7.5yr7/4 7.5yr7/4 Oxidizing 3 Straight Flat OR 1 10-20 83 1.24 5.23 5.37 5.3 0.234 16.97 14.13 1.20099 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Varies 7.5r4/0 7.5yr6/4 10r5/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 10-20 84 5.46 6.26 5.09 26.185 0.2085 34.25 18.12 1.89018 Body N N N Incising Sand Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Diagonal Hatch OR 1 10-20 85 25.36 9.13 7.25 8.19 3.0965 51.16 48.66 1.05138 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 7.5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 Everted Flat OR 1 10-20 86 8.27 6.77 5.53 6.15 1.3447 43.08 24.67 1.74625 Rim N N N Impress Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r5/8 10r3/3 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Rim Inverted Rounded OR 1 10-20 87 6.21 10.21 7.77 8.99 0.6908 35.6 14.73 2.41684 Rim N Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r3/2 10r3/2 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Inverted Rounded OR 1 10-20 88 4.87 6.63 6.23 6.43 0.7574 27.64 23.09 1.19706 Rim N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral Medium 10r5/8 7.5r3/0 10r3/1 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise Straight Flat OR 1 10-20 89 2.98 7.22 6.27 6.745 0.4418 22.25 18.06 1.232 Rim N N N N Grit Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted Flat OR 1 10-20 90 3.96 8.93 8.36 8.645 0.4581 20.94 22.84 0.91681 Rim N N N Manufacturing MarksGrit Coarse 10r3/6 10r3/6 7.5r3/0 Oxidizing 3 Straight Rounded OR 1 10-20 91 3.42 6.22 5.88 6.05 0.5653 23.65 19.88 1.18964 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 10r4/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Inverted Rounded OR 1 10-20 92 10.72 9.24 8.39 8.815 1.2161 36.66 21.49 1.70591 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Mica Medium 10r4/8 10r3/1 10r3/1 Oxidizing 3 Straight Rounded OR 1 10-20 93 6.02 5.61 5.09 5.35 1.1252 29.03 22.57 1.28622 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r4/8 7.5r3/4 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 Straight Rounded OR 1 10-20 95 2.67 4.6 3.89 4.245 0.629 30.16 16.83 1.79204 Rim N N N Impress Grit w/ Mica Medium 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Rim Straight Rounded OR 1 10-20 96 10.1 10.63 5.95 8.29 1.2183 38.15 23.88 1.59757 Rim Y Y N N Grit Fine 7.5r4/0 7.5r3/0 7.5r3/0 Reducing 3 Everted Flat OR 1 10-20 97 5.89 8.22 4.45 6.335 0.9298 34.52 28.66 1.20447 Neck N N N Punctate Grit w/ Coral Varies 10r4/8 10r3/3 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Punctate Everted OR 1 10-20 98 2.11 4.86 4 4.43 0.4763 20.97 17.45 1.20172 Rim N N N Punctate Grit w/ Mica Medium 10r4/4 10r3/6 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 Punctate Everted Damaged OR 1 10-20 99 23.69 22.98 19.7 21.34 1.1101 33.09 28.56 1.15861 Foot Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr3/0 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 Other, Foot OR 1 10-20 100 6.39 10.05 9.7 9.875 0.6471 28.97 26.15 1.10784 Mortar N N N N Grit w/ Lava Coarse 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/0 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 5 OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 1 2.94 4.56 4.74 4.65 0.6323 26.67 16.67 1.59988 Body N N N N Sand Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 2 3.16 6.47 7.3 6.885 0.459 20.46 13.15 1.55589 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Medium 10r4/8 10r4/8 7.5r3/4 Oxidizing 3 Page 3 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 3 1.91 4.87 5.13 5 0.382 23.24 15.35 1.51401 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 5yr8/3 5yr8/3 10r6/8 Reducing 3 lots of missing temper, aerated-look OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 4 5.56 8.05 5.33 6.69 0.8311 34.72 15.93 2.17954 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r5/8 2.5yr5/6 10r5/8 Reducing 3 some charcoal or lava as temper? OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 5 1.63 4.21 4.44 4.325 0.3769 18.3 13.47 1.35857 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 6 3.9 4.37 2.54 3.455 1.1288 29.69 21.15 1.40378 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 7.5yr4/2 5yr6/3 10r3/2 Oxidizing 3 some coating on interior and exterior OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 7 1.61 5.98 5.85 5.915 0.2722 19.14 9.62 1.9896 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 10r6/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 8 1.44 4 2.79 3.395 0.4242 22.19 12.47 1.77947 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 5yr7/4 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 9 0.93 3.93 3.33 3.63 0.2562 17.11 10.45 1.63732 Body N N N N Grit Fine 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 10r6/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 10 3.89 4.63 4.24 4.435 0.8771 24.75 24.36 1.01601 Rim N N N Impress Grit w/ Lava Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Rim straight rounded rim has indentations, still v. dirty or has OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 11 2.43 5.39 4.77 5.08 0.4783 25.56 17.54 1.45724 Body N N N Incising grit w/ mica Coarse 10r4/6 10r4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 Diagonal Hatch OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 12 1.46 3.87 4.2 4.035 0.3618 20.36 12.46 1.63403 Body N N N N Sand Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 13 1.96 5.39 5.76 5.575 0.3516 17.96 13.58 1.32253 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r5/8 7.5r4/6 10r4/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 14 16.63 12.59 8.42 10.505 1.5831 39.41 22.08 1.78487 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 15 0.65 3.97 3.91 3.94 0.165 13.22 7.63 1.73263 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/4 2.5yr6/4 10r6/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 16 2.65 6.79 5.73 6.26 0.4233 21.6 11.19 1.93029 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Varies 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 17 1.82 3.64 3.45 3.545 0.5134 20.08 18.31 1.09667 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r4/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 18 3.69 6.21 5.75 5.98 0.6171 29.49 18.26 1.61501 Body N N N N Grit Fine 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 firing clouds on interior OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 19 5.71 8.89 7.03 7.96 0.7173 23.95 14.66 1.6337 Rim Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 Straight flat OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 20 3.19 5.57 4.2 4.885 0.653 21.4 16.77 1.27609 Body N N N N Sand Coarse 10r4/4 10r4/4 7.5r3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 21 6.94 10.45 8.87 9.66 0.7184 27.48 23.39 1.17486 Body N N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 10r3/2 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 22 1.73 3.13 2.72 2.925 0.5915 37.17 11.11 3.34563 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 5yr6/4 Reducing 3 OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 23 3.42 6.31 6.33 6.32 0.5411 29.98 16.06 1.86675 Body N N N N Sand Fine 5yr5/2 10r4/4 7.5yr7/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 24 5.68 5.61 4.7 5.155 1.1018 29.85 23.38 1.27673 Body N N N N Sand Fine 10r4/6 10r4/6 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 25 1.55 4.53 4.22 4.375 0.3543 19.45 15.4 1.26299 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r3/4 10r3/4 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 26 4.97 6.91 7.03 6.97 0.7131 28.88 22.1 1.30679 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/6 10r4/6 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 black residue on int and ext OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 27 3.22 7.46 6.25 6.855 0.4697 24.86 20.8 1.19519 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise cord impressed OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 28 1.41 3.02 3.36 3.19 0.442 21 14.63 1.43541 Body N Y N N Grit Fine 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 29 2.26 7.51 5.69 6.6 0.3424 20.68 15.14 1.36592 Neck N N N N Grit Fine 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 7.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 30 1.06 4.03 4.78 4.405 0.2406 15.27 8.41 1.8157 Body N N N N Grit Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 31 1.71 7.38 7.73 7.555 0.2263 16.93 8.8 1.92386 Body N N N N Sand Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 32 1.09 4.61 4.83 4.72 0.2309 15.22 10 1.522 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/0 5yr6/3 5yr3/1 Reducing 3 OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 33 10.15 11.39 12.43 11.91 0.8522 33.55 21.73 1.54395 Body N N N N Sand Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 34 3.65 6.11 6.04 6.075 0.6008 24.51 12.26 1.99918 Body N Y N N Grit Fine 10r3/3 10r3/3 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 35 51.69 9.09 5.09 7.09 7.2906 92.71 61.95 1.49653 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 Inverted Rounded OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 36 38.92 25.64 40.86 33.25 1.1705 41.24 26.06 1.5825 Spout N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 5yr6/4 10r5/8 Reducing 3 Other, Spout spout or foot, w/ hole. Hole is 5.8mm at juncture, 7.26mm at exterior OR 1 10-20 (Ped) 37 17.14 8.11 6.04 7.075 2.4226 52.7 34.05 1.54772 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr3/0 10r3/3 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded firing clouds OR 1 20-30 1 1.79 5.14 5.06 5.1 0.351 17.3 12.14 1.42504 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r3/6 10r3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 2 2.6 4.25 4.49 4.37 0.595 26.69 13.39 1.99328 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 3 5.78 10.19 7.32 8.755 0.6602 37.58 13.44 2.79613 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog Coarse 5yr6/4 2.5yr4/0 5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 4 1.36 4.97 4.41 4.69 0.29 16.97 11.07 1.53297 Body N N N N Sand Fine 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 5 1.05 4.28 3.95 4.115 0.2552 15.02 10.91 1.37672 Body N N N N Sand Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 6 2.57 6.85 5.97 6.41 0.4009 23.73 15.03 1.57884 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Sand Coarse 2.5yr3/0 10r4/8 10r4/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 20-30 7 2.42 4.06 4.57 4.315 0.5608 21.32 14.11 0.17151 Body N N N Punctate Grit w/ Mica Medium 10r3/4 10r3/1 10r3/4 Oxidizing 3 Punctate OR 1 20-30 8 1.88 3.41 3.55 3.48 0.5402 21.7 16.7 1.2994 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r3/2 10r3/6 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 9 1.92 5.25 4.01 4.63 0.4147 23 16.58 1.38721 Body N N N N Sand Fine 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 10 1.8 5.44 5.35 5.395 0.3336 19.01 9.73 1.95375 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr3/0 5yr4/1 5yr4/1 Reducing 3 OR 1 20-30 11 4.69 7.43 7.16 7.295 0.6429 26.62 12.5 2.1296 Body N N N N Grit Fine 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 10r3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 12 1.69 4 3.42 3.71 0.4555 21.53 12.21 1.76331 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r5/8 10yr6/3 10yr7/3 Oxidizing 3 coating on interior OR 1 20-30 13 2.86 5.4 5.18 5.29 0.5406 26.99 13.77 1.96006 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Sand 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 14 4.29 4.11 4.79 4.45 0.964 30.03 17.49 1.71698 Body N N N N Grit Fine 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 20-30 15 2.68 5.41 4.22 4.815 0.5566 20.53 19.79 1.03739 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog Medium 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 v. crumbly OR 1 20-30 16 3.5 9.52 7.48 8.5 0.4118 25.96 8.85 2.93333 Body N N N N Sand Fine 10r4/6 10r3/3 10r3/1 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 17 3.06 4.76 5.12 4.94 0.6194 23.53 14.14 1.66407 Body N N N N Sand Fine 10r5/8 10r3/2 10r4/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 18 1.21 4.86 4.22 4.54 0.2665 18.53 11.87 1.56108 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr3/0 5yr4/2 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 OR 1 20-30 19 2.81 5.21 4.6 4.905 0.5729 32.16 18.02 1.78468 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Sand Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 20 3.59 6.06 6.24 6.15 0.5837 23.96 16.73 1.43216 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica Coarse 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 5yr3/1 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 21 1.11 3.39 3.67 3.53 0.3144 20.06 13.08 1.53364 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 22 0.37 3.16 3.17 3.165 0.1169 12.06 7.22 1.67036 Body N N N N Grit Fine 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 23 2.38 5.45 5.03 5.24 0.4542 19.48 19.1 1.0199 Rim N N N N Grit Fine 2.5yr3/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/8 Oxidizing 3 Straight Flat OR 1 20-30 24 5.09 6.43 7.1 6.765 0.7524 28.24 16.98 1.66313 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Sand Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 25 2.05 5.76 6 5.88 0.3486 20 11.17 1.79051 Body N N N N Grit Coarse 10r3/2 10r3/2 5yr3/1 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 26 2.36 4.11 4.36 4.235 0.5573 22.34 14.69 1.52076 Body N N N N Grit Fine 5yr7/4 5yr7/4 5yr7/4 Oxidizing 3 coating on ext and int OR 1 20-30 27 0.99 4.14 4.01 4.075 0.2429 17.82 8.21 2.17052 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Sand Coarse 10r5/8 2.5yr3/0 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 28 4.16 7.55 7.31 7.43 0.5599 25.99 21.44 1.21222 Body N N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 29 0.88 2.82 2.92 2.87 0.3066 17.12 14.45 1.18478 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/0 10r5/5 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 OR 1 20-30 30 2.1 6.41 5.76 6.085 0.3451 20.52 13.41 1.5302 Body N N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 5yr3/1 10r3/2 7.5yr3/2 Reducing 3 OR 1 20-30 31 1.99 3.5 3.86 3.68 0.5408 21.08 11.3 1.86549 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r3/2 10r3/1 10r3/1 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 32 0.94 3.45 2.97 3.21 0.2928 15.5 11.92 1.30034 Body N N N N Sand Fine 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 33 3.45 5.55 5.33 5.44 0.6342 21.3 20.41 1.04361 Body N N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 34 4.85 7.04 7.16 7.1 0.6831 28.78 14.69 1.95916 Body N N N N Grit Medium 5yr5/6 5yr3/2 5yr4/3 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 35 1.74 4.34 4.05 4.195 0.4148 20.75 12.52 1.65735 Body N N N N Sand Fine 2.5yr4/8 10r3/3 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 36 3.65 8.57 7.82 8.195 0.4454 25.57 17.95 1.42451 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog Coarse 2.5yr6/8 5yr5/1 10yr6/3 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 37 1.98 6.57 6.71 6.64 0.2982 18.51 13.66 1.35505 Body N N N N Grit Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 38 1.47 4.44 3.94 4.19 0.3508 19.38 13.83 1.4013 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica, Sand Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 7.5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 39 2.03 5.77 5.73 5.75 0.353 18.56 16.92 1.09693 Body N N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 40 0.76 3.02 3.35 3.185 0.2386 18.01 7.89 2.28264 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r3/2 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 41 1.54 4.08 2.81 3.445 0.447 23.12 18.32 1.26201 Body N N N N Grit Fine 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 OR 1 20-30 42 0.56 2.95 2.71 2.83 0.1979 14.77 9.55 1.5466 Body N N N N Sand Fine 10r5/8 10r3/3 10r3/3 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 43 2.96 8.51 6.62 7.565 0.3913 21.34 14.33 1.48918 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica, Sand Coarse 10r6/8 10r6/8 10r6/8 Oxidizing 3 lots of temper OR 1 20-30 45 1.4 4.69 3.89 4.29 0.3263 17.06 16.77 1.01729 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 46 1.52 3.94 3.73 3.835 0.3963 19.66 8.51 2.31022 Body N N N N Grit Fine 7.5yr4/4 5yr5/4 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 47 2.43 4.82 3.77 4.295 0.5658 21.78 19.82 1.09889 Body N N N N Grit Fine 7.5yr7/4 7.5yr4/2 7.5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 48 2.8 5.96 6.47 6.215 0.4505 23.99 17.74 1.35231 Body N N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 2.5yr5/8 10r3/1 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 49 5.06 6.9 5.48 6.19 0.8174 30.99 21.85 1.41831 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 50 2.94 8.5 7.77 8.135 0.3614 25.76 10.34 2.4913 Body Y N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r3/2 10r4/6 10r3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 51 3.3 5.56 5.64 5.6 0.5893 30.39 18.82 1.61477 Body N N N N Sand Fine 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr4/4 10r2/2 Oxidizing 3 Page 4 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments OR 1 20-30 52 7.15 7.11 6.28 6.695 1.068 27.41 26.62 1.02968 Rim Y Y N Impress grit w/ mica Coarse 7.5yr4/2 2.5yr3/2 10r5/8 Reducing 3 Impress on Body Straight Flat cord marked? OR 1 20-30 53 1.18 3.83 3.37 3.6 0.3278 15.08 14.98 1.00668 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Medium 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 54 0.97 4.44 4.36 4.4 0.2205 17.47 13.34 1.3096 Body N N N N Grit w/ Lava, Sand Fine 10r3/6 10r3/2 10r3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 55 3.56 8.76 4.13 6.445 0.5524 20.68 18.49 1.11844 Rim Y Y N Incising Sand Fine 10r5/8 7.5r3/8 2.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise Everted Flat OR 1 20-30 56 1.62 5.03 4.86 4.945 0.3276 18.12 11.43 1.5853 Body Y N N N Grit Fine 2.5yr5/8 10r3/2 5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 57 1.71 5.56 5.43 5.495 0.3112 18.5 16.04 1.15337 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica, Sand Fine 2.5yr4/0 10r3/0 2.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 OR 1 20-30 58 0.58 3.06 3.11 3.085 0.188 13.48 11.72 1.15017 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr3/4 7.5r4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 59 2.38 6.03 6.06 6.045 0.3937 20.76 16.04 1.29426 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 60 13.34 7.37 7.72 7.545 1.7681 61.74 25.04 2.46565 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 firing clouds OR 1 20-30 61 7.79 6.78 6.02 6.4 1.2172 37.74 18.19 2.07477 Rim N N Paint N Sand Fine 10r3/6 10r5/6 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 Red Paint Straight rounded OR 1 20-30 62 20.17 13.69 6.81 10.25 1.9678 44.43 27.82 1.59705 Body N N N N Grit Coarse 10r3/2 2.5yr3/0 10r3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 63 3.1 5.92 3.85 4.885 0.6346 31.86 18.6 1.7129 Body Y Y N N Grit Medium 2.5yr4/8 10r4/8 10r3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 64 8.52 8.29 5.63 6.96 1.2241 33.9 26.1 1.29885 Rim N N N Impress Sand Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Body Inverted Flat firing clouds to 10r3/2 OR 1 20-30 65 3.8 4.82 4.64 4.73 0.8034 27.62 13.4 2.06119 Body N N N N Grit Fine 5yr2.5/0 5yr5/4 5yr2.5/0 Reducing 3 coating on int OR 1 20-30 66 3.53 5.96 5.35 5.655 0.6242 17.68 12 1.47333 Rim N N Incising Impress Grit w/ Mica Varies 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Body Inverted Flat OR 1 20-30 67 3.2 4.13 3.67 3.9 0.8205 30.53 19.44 1.57047 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 68 1.12 3.54 3.26 3.4 0.3294 15.46 9.57 1.61546 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r3/4 10r3/4 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 69 3.8 5.24 4.88 5.06 0.751 26.21 17.87 1.4667 Body N N N Impress Grit w/ Mica Medium 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Body 2 parallel lines going around the pot OR 1 20-30 70 3.83 8.93 7.12 8.025 0.4773 23.46 21.76 1.07813 Neck N N N Punctate Grit w/ Coral Medium 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 Punctate OR 1 20-30 71 8.45 6.47 6.02 6.245 1.3531 35.37 29.01 1.21923 Rim N N N Incising Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r5/8 10r3/6 10r3/2 Oxidizing 3 Impress/ Incise Straight Crenalated, rounded OR 1 20-30 72 0.93 4.07 4.27 4.17 0.223 15.54 14.8 1.05 Body N Y N N Grit Fine 5yr3/2 5yr3/1 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 73 1.79 4.77 4.8 4.785 0.3741 25.93 13.11 1.97788 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Mica Fine 7.5yr3/0 2.5yr6/8 7.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise OR 1 20-30 74 5.03 8.16 9.43 8.795 0.5719 26.34 17.97 1.46578 Rim Y N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 7.5yr6/4 10r4/6 7.5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 Everted Flat OR 1 20-30 75 5.94 4.81 4.23 4.52 1.3142 30.61 24.46 1.25143 Neck N N N Punctate Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 10r4/4 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Punctate OR 1 20-30 76 6.51 8.05 5.35 6.7 0.9716 34.24 25.12 1.36306 Neck Y Y Pitting N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Varies 2.5yr4/0 10r4/8 10r4/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 20-30 77 5.31 7.19 5.09 6.14 0.8648 28.94 25.83 1.1204 Rim N N N Punctate, IncisingGr t w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/6 5yr6/8 5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 Multiple Design ElementsEv rted Rounded OR 1 20-30 78 4.54 5.32 5.12 5.22 0.8697 26.85 23.72 1.13196 Body N N N Incising Grit Fine 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr3/0 10r3/2 Oxidizing 3 Other Incise 2 parellel lines, 2 wavy lines atop that. Dashed lines below II lines OR 1 20-30 79 6.53 7.39 7.17 7.28 0.897 29.66 16.06 1.84682 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica, Sand Coarse 10r5/8 10r3/2 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 20-30 80 39.58 8.98 8.96 8.97 4.4125 72.62 23.52 3.08759 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r3/2 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 Ev-In Flat firing clouds OR 1 20-30 81 12.87 7.95 4.38 6.165 2.0876 47.83 22.92 2.08682 Rim N N N Incising Sand Fine 10r4/6 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Perpendicular InciseEverted Rounded incised lines rin perpendicular to rim; firing OR 1 20-30 82 60.88 19.83 11.95 15.89 3.8313 60.37 29.93 2.01704 Rim N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r3/2 5yr5/6 5yr3/1 Oxidizing 3 Other Incise Everted Damaged 2 II incised lines, series of wavy lines beneath; firing clouds OR 1 20-30 83 70.62 15.12 9.97 12.545 5.6293 77.09 66.6 1.15751 Rim N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Sand Varies 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Impress/ Incise Everted Flat 2 L rims? Roofing tile or non-pot sherd? 2 II lines on body, plus 3 incised lines on rim. OR 1 20-30 84 38.68 11.27 7.67 9.47 4.0845 66.06 37.11 1.78011 Rim N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Sand Varies 7.5r3/0 5yr3/2 7.5r3/0 Reducing 3 Impress/ Incise Straight Flat 2 L rims? non-pot sherd? 2 II lines on body, plus punctates on rim OR 1 20-30 85 38.35 14.81 10.18 12.495 3.0692 58.64 54.21 1.08172 Body N N N Impress Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Body incised lines may be part of mfg process, not continuous. Firing clouds. OR 1 20-30 86 28.76 24.03 16.03 20.03 1.4358 47.34 21.89 2.16263 Pig TongueN N N Incising Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r5/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 L&S #8- Anglo 2 sets of 2 II lines running down ext of leg/ OR 1 30-40 1 13.81 9.02 8.04 8.53 1.619 43.22 31.61 1.36729 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica, Shell Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r3/1 Oxidizing 3 trowel marks OR 1 30-40 2 4.39 7.16 5.24 6.2 0.7081 22.55 22.34 1.0094 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Sand Medium 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 3 5.36 4.23 2.27 3.25 1.6492 35.84 33.89 1.05754 Body N N N N Grit Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 firing clouds on int OR 1 30-40 4 6.54 7.61 6.52 7.065 0.9257 37.34 25.45 1.46719 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog Fine 2.5yr4/0 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 Reducing 3 OR 1 30-40 5 3.78 5.75 5.42 5.585 0.6768 26.17 25.39 1.03072 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 6 2.42 4.74 3.75 4.245 0.5701 25.16 22.47 1.11972 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 7 3.91 5.55 4.55 5.05 0.7743 27.47 20.71 1.32641 Body N N N N Grit Medium 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 8 4.44 5.14 4.94 5.04 0.881 30.46 20.55 1.48224 Body N N N N Grit Fine 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr7/4 2.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 9 8.15 6.48 8.89 7.685 1.0605 40.52 24.76 1.63651 Rim N N N N Sand Fine 2.5yr3/0 5yr4/2 5yr4/2 Reducing 3 Everted Pointed worn, outer layers sloughing off OR 1 30-40 10 1.02 3.51 2.73 3.12 0.3269 18.59 16.28 1.14189 Body N N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 5yr3/3 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 11 1.51 6.69 4.55 5.62 0.2687 20.59 18.04 1.14135 Body N N N N ?Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 aerated look OR 1 30-40 12 5.3 12.09 11.31 11.7 0.453 22.44 18.22 1.23161 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 13 1.69 4.85 4.55 4.7 0.3596 19.58 12.28 1.59446 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 14 4.8 10.7 10.62 10.66 0.4503 24.13 17.98 1.34205 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r3/2 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 15 9.38 6.35 5.05 5.7 1.6456 39.09 35.07 1.11463 Body N N N N Sand w/ Coral Fine 5yr4/3 7.5yr7/8 7.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 16 15.45 12.51 11.35 11.93 1.2951 46.85 24.89 1.88228 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 7.5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 17 2.25 7.42 5.6 6.51 0.3456 29.01 18.78 1.54473 Body N N N N ?Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 aerated, lots of missing temper OR 1 30-40 18 2.08 4.28 3.07 3.675 0.566 23.58 18.83 1.25226 Body N N N N Grit Fine 5yr6/8 5yr5/6 5yr3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 19 2.11 5.78 4.08 4.93 0.428 22.6 14.54 1.55433 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 some aerated, missing temper OR 1 30-40 20 2.72 6.14 6.11 6.125 0.4441 26.65 15.74 1.69314 Body N N N N ?Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 aerated, lots of missing temper OR 1 30-40 21 3.57 4.3 4.23 4.265 0.837 27.79 20.67 1.34446 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r3/6 10r3/6 10r3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 22 1.88 4.23 3.93 4.08 0.4608 22.55 15.78 1.42902 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 Reducing 3 OR 1 30-40 23 3.47 5.54 5.92 5.73 0.6056 26.58 22.63 1.17455 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r4/6 10r3/2 5yr2.5/1 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 24 4.64 9.13 8.01 8.57 0.5414 22.01 20.73 1.06175 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 25 2.75 5.84 6.11 5.975 0.4603 21.4 19.31 1.10823 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r3/1 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 26 2.81 6.93 7.41 7.17 0.3919 18.59 17.15 1.08397 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r5/8 7.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 27 3.48 5.46 4.57 5.015 0.6939 27.55 20.8 1.32452 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 10r4/6 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 28 5.46 6.35 5.61 5.98 0.913 30.54 25.5 1.19765 Body N N N N Grit Fine 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr5/6 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 29 4.35 4.32 3.59 3.955 1.0999 28.71 26.91 1.06689 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r3/2 10r3/2 5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 30 2.5 6.26 5.96 6.11 0.4092 21.08 20.19 1.04408 Body N N N N Sand Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 31 14.38 8.38 8.58 8.48 1.6958 38.59 26.29 1.46786 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr4/8 10r3/2 Reducing 3 OR 1 30-40 32 5.33 7.7 4.97 6.335 0.8414 29.82 20.86 1.42953 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 33 5.7 6.46 5.45 5.955 0.9572 36.04 29.3 1.23003 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/2 7.5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 34 1.33 5.28 5.18 5.23 0.2543 14.75 14.35 1.02787 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica, Sand Fine 5yr4/3 2.5yr4/8 5yr4/3 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 35 8.27 10.2 7.83 9.015 0.9174 31.16 24.9 1.25141 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog Coarse 2.5yr4/8 10r3/1 10r3/1 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 36 6.31 9.68 6.9 8.29 0.7612 29.72 21.8 1.3633 Neck N N N N Grit Coarse 10r3/4 10r3/4 10r3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 37 3.35 5.62 5.9 5.76 0.5816 24.26 17.59 1.37919 Body N N N N Sand Fine 10yr8/3 10yr8/3 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 30-40 38 1.52 6.09 4 5.045 0.3013 20.66 19.32 1.06936 Body N N N N ?Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 10r6/1 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 aerated look, missing temper OR 1 30-40 39 3.94 5.93 4.95 5.44 0.7243 22.39 19.98 1.12062 Body N N N N Grit Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 10r3/1 Reducing 3 some missing temper, aerated, but v. little OR 1 30-40 40 9.32 6.55 6.54 6.545 1.424 40.93 29.98 1.36524 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Sand Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 2.5yr2/0 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 41 1.55 3.99 3.3 3.645 0.4252 20 11.85 1.68776 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 42 1.87 4.57 3.77 4.17 0.4484 20.17 10.34 1.95068 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Medium 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 43 1.6 4.47 4.1 4.285 0.3734 22.57 15.47 1.45895 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Sand Medium 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 45 1.65 6.2 4.85 5.525 0.2986 22.12 15.1 1.4649 Rim N N N N Sand Fine 7.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Reducing 3 Everted Flat OR 1 30-40 46 3.14 4.52 5.67 5.095 0.6163 22.89 20.86 1.09732 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Sand Coarse 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 47 1.23 5.09 4.16 4.625 0.2659 15.81 15.05 1.0505 Body N N N N Grit w/ Sand Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 Page 5 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments OR 1 30-40 48 2.42 4.35 3.42 3.885 0.6229 22.3 20.68 1.07834 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r4/8 10r3/2 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 49 5.01 8.01 6.51 7.26 0.6901 24.94 21.47 1.16162 Body N N N N Grit Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 50 1.62 5.08 4.66 4.87 0.3326 17.42 16.99 1.02531 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 30-40 51 5.3 9.8 7.39 8.595 0.6166 25.46 18.67 1.36369 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r4/8 2.5yr3/0 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 52 0.81 4 3.48 3.74 0.2166 16.33 11.16 1.46326 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r4/8 10r3/3 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 53 1.11 3.64 3.42 3.53 0.3144 24.84 12.13 2.04782 Body N N N N Grit w/ Lava, Sand Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 54 8.35 8.37 9.25 8.81 0.9478 29.02 27.8 1.04388 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 55 8.49 7.56 8.02 7.79 1.0899 36.36 27.56 1.3193 Body N N N N Grit Coarse 10yr6/1 10r3/3 2.5yr6/0 Reducing 3 OR 1 30-40 56 3.31 6.02 4.05 5.035 0.6574 29.17 22.91 1.27324 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/4 10r4/4 10r3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 57 22.86 13.54 9.42 11.48 1.9913 42.56 35.57 1.19651 Base N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Sand Coarse 10r4/4 10r4/4 10r4/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 58 3.04 6.71 4.98 5.845 0.5201 21.33 19.99 1.06703 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 2.5yr3/6 10r3/1 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 59 3.3 4.97 4.06 4.515 0.7309 25.37 19.26 1.31724 Body N N Charred N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 2.5yr3/0 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 60 2.45 4.72 4.63 4.675 0.5241 33.97 15.89 2.13782 Body Y N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r5/8 10r4/6 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 61 4.87 6.68 4.65 5.665 0.8597 28.4 23.34 1.2168 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Medium 10r4/6 10r4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 coating all over it, probably dirt, but doesn’t wash off OR 1 30-40 62 4.25 5.04 5.1 5.07 0.8383 25.98 23.58 1.10178 Rim N Y N Impress Grit w/ Mica Medium 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Rim Straight Rounded OR 1 30-40 63 10.36 9.15 8.89 9.02 1.1486 38.05 28.92 1.3157 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise OR 1 30-40 64 1.99 5.49 5.08 5.285 0.3765 20.63 17.05 1.20997 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr3/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 65 5.09 5.52 4.48 5 1.018 35.23 18.61 1.89307 Rim N N Pitting Impress Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Rim Inverted Flat OR 1 30-40 66 4.99 5.61 3.87 4.74 1.0527 28.4 25.45 1.11591 Body N N N Punctate Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Semi-Circular Stamp OR 1 30-40 67 2.06 3.57 5.24 4.405 0.4677 23.6 17.18 1.37369 Rim N N N Ridge Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Straight Flat OR 1 30-40 68 4.34 7.83 5.32 6.575 0.6601 31.64 19.34 1.63599 Rim N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr3/2 10r3/1 Oxidizing 3 Parallel Incise Everted Rounded OR 1 30-40 69 3.7 6.85 5.59 6.22 0.5949 24.41 14.16 1.72387 Rim Y Y N Punctate, IncisingGr t w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 10r4/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 Parallel Incise Straight Flat OR 1 30-40 70 2.55 4.79 6.6 5.695 0.4478 21.91 21.8 1.00505 Rim Y Y N Impress Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/0 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 Impress on Rim Straight Flat OR 1 30-40 71 4.94 5.87 5.77 5.82 0.8488 24.87 21.4 1.16215 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Sand Fine 10r4/8 10r3/4 10r3/1 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 72 9.31 8.56 9.15 8.855 1.0514 33.57 32.92 1.01974 Body N N N Punctate, IncisingGr t w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Multiple Design Elements w/ incise above punctate OR 1 30-40 73 5.63 6.75 4.12 5.435 1.0359 36.09 29.91 1.20662 Neck N N N Impress Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 10r4/8 5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Body rocker impress OR 1 30-40 74 2.3 5.3 4.13 4.715 0.4878 23.04 18.21 1.26524 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 75 1.58 6.03 4.29 5.16 0.3062 18.52 17.92 1.03348 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Sand Coarse 10r4/4 10r4/4 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise OR 1 30-40 76 19.13 16.65 9.3 12.975 1.4744 62.61 18.22 3.43633 Rim Y Y N N Grit Fine 5yr6/8 10r5/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted rounded OR 1 30-40 77 2.13 6.92 5.27 6.095 0.3495 24.81 20.94 1.18481 Rim N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 2 Single Incise Straight Flat aerated, missing temper OR 1 30-40 78 8.91 7.89 8.85 8.37 1.0645 33.06 30.43 1.08643 Rim Y Y N N Grit Medium 10yr5/4 5yr6/6 5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 Straight rounded OR 1 30-40 79 5.58 8.17 6.31 7.24 0.7707 33.96 19.87 1.70911 Base N N N N Sand Fine 2.5yr5/0 10yr6/4 10r3/4 Reducing 3 OR 1 30-40 80 3.9 6.5 4.67 5.585 0.6983 31.28 21.36 1.46442 Neck N Y N N Grit Fine 2.5yr5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 81 2.25 3.91 3.77 3.84 0.5859 25.05 17.15 1.46064 Neck Y Y N N Grit Fine 2.5yr5/0 10r4/8 10r4/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 30-40 82 3.81 7.98 6.91 7.445 0.5118 23.34 19.43 1.20124 Body Y N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 30-40 83 1.66 4.02 4.03 4.025 0.4124 23.74 17.04 1.39319 Body N Y N N Grit Fine 5yr5/1 7.5yr5/4 10r3/6 Reducing 3 OR 1 30-40 84 8.92 6.07 6.34 6.205 1.4376 44.78 28.89 1.55002 Body Y N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise OR 1 30-40 85 1.11 3.82 3.58 3.7 0.3 18.4 17.37 1.0593 Body N N N Incising Grit Fine 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 Diagonal Hatch 2 incised chevrons OR 1 30-40 86 3.38 6.87 4.93 5.9 0.5729 23.89 18.28 1.30689 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Grog Fine 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 Parallel Perpendicular incised line w/ diagnols running down OR 1 30-40 87 6.86 7.17 6.93 7.05 0.973 33.01 30.03 1.09923 Rim N N Charred Impress Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 2.5yr4/6 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr4/0 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Rim Straight Rounded OR 1 40-50 1 3.9 9.6 11.55 10.575 0.3688 20.17 17.56 1.14863 Base N N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 2 2.52 4.38 4.67 4.525 0.5569 23.87 17.98 1.32759 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r2/1 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 3 1.14 3.53 3.62 3.575 0.3189 16.68 16.39 1.01769 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/0 5yr6/3 10r3/2 Reducing 3 OR 1 40-50 4 2.74 4.51 2.49 3.5 0.7829 24.96 22.4 1.11429 Body Y Y N N Grit Fine 2.5yr5/8 10r4/8 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 5 5.66 6.38 4.81 5.595 1.0116 35.56 25.04 1.42013 Body Y Y N N Grit Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr5/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 6 3.01 5.63 5.58 5.605 0.537 19.64 19.02 1.0326 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Lava Fine 2.5yr5/0 10r6/8 2.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 OR 1 40-50 7 10.19 6.55 7.35 6.95 1.4662 38.9 31.39 1.23925 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Sand Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 8 1.83 4.06 4.05 4.055 0.4513 19.94 16 1.24625 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 9 2.76 4.22 3.43 3.825 0.7216 28.02 22.2 1.26216 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r5/8 10r3/4 10r3/1 Oxidizing 3 charcoal? Temper OR 1 40-50 10 5.72 6.82 6.71 6.765 0.8455 26.76 22.32 1.19892 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 11 2.79 5.55 3.89 4.72 0.5911 23.82 20.4 1.16765 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Medium 10r5/8 2.5yr4/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 12 6.91 7.17 5.71 6.44 1.073 33.37 21.62 1.54348 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r3/1 10r4/8 10r4/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 40-50 13 2.35 4.26 4.22 4.24 0.5542 21.74 20.2 1.07624 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr5/8 10r5/8 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 14 1.34 4.38 4.47 4.425 0.3028 18.2 17.65 1.03116 Body N N N N Grit Coarse 10r3/6 10r3/6 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 15 2.47 3.32 2.91 3.115 0.7929 28.99 23.07 1.25661 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 16 2.95 6.84 6.65 6.745 0.4374 28.68 21.81 1.31499 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr5/0 10r5/8 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 lots of temper, crumbly. Trowel mark. OR 1 40-50 17 6.41 8.98 6.51 7.745 0.8276 28.45 27.68 1.02782 Body N N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 18 1.43 5.46 3.78 4.62 0.3095 16.92 12.68 1.33438 Body N N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 19 7.6 5.69 6 5.845 1.3003 40 28.23 1.41693 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr5/8 10r3/1 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 20 9.87 10 8.39 9.195 1.0734 31.75 26.04 1.21928 Body N N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/3 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 21 4.12 5.17 4.05 4.61 0.8937 33.62 22.95 1.46492 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr3/4 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 22 1.47 4.52 3.87 4.195 0.3504 25.58 13.78 1.85631 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r5/6 5yr6/6 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 23 1.32 5.51 4.79 5.15 0.2563 16.4 13.05 1.2567 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/1 10r3/1 10r3/2 Reducing 3 OR 1 40-50 24 4.76 6.09 5.65 5.87 0.8109 28.24 20.79 1.35835 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r3/6 10r3/1 10r3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 25 4.46 9.09 9.48 9.285 0.4803 26.66 21.09 1.26411 Body N N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 10r4/6 10r4/6 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 26 1.23 5.31 4.43 4.87 0.2526 15.09 13.14 1.1484 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r5/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 27 6.92 9.43 8.33 8.88 0.7793 27.1 24.52 1.10522 Body N N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 2.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 28 0.89 4.63 4.44 4.535 0.1963 15.15 14.99 1.01067 Body N N N N Grit Fine 5yr6/4 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 29 1.49 5.29 5.45 5.37 0.2775 21.13 13.43 1.57334 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 10r5/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 30 1.04 4.52 4.07 4.295 0.2421 17.77 10.67 1.66542 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog Fine 10r5/6 10r5/6 10r5/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 31 6.48 7.79 7.15 7.47 0.8675 36.4 19.64 1.85336 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Medium 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 32 4.01 7.29 5.69 6.49 0.6179 29.16 18.19 1.60308 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 33 13.16 8.4 7.17 7.785 1.6904 48.26 27.99 1.72419 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Medium 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 34 2.95 9.42 3.31 6.365 0.4635 24.03 19.44 1.23611 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 5yr4/4 5yr4/4 5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 35 0.77 3.99 3.75 3.87 0.199 11.72 11.67 1.00428 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Medium 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 36 1.35 4.95 5.13 5.04 0.2679 19.27 15.89 1.21271 Body Y Y N N ?Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 aerated, lots of missing temper OR 1 40-50 37 1.06 4.14 3.78 3.96 0.2677 15.48 14.02 1.10414 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr2.5/2 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 38 2.6 7.69 7.54 7.615 0.3414 16.75 15.12 1.1078 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r5/8 10r4/4 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 39 2.18 4.97 4.87 4.92 0.4431 22.21 17.79 1.24845 Body N N N N Sand Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/6 10r3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 40 14.94 13.93 12.63 13.28 1.125 36.36 25.13 1.44688 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 41 7.72 6.29 6.51 6.4 1.2063 32.68 24.41 1.3388 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Medium 2.5yr4/2 10r4/8 10r4/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 40-50 42 2.14 7.12 5.63 6.375 0.3357 19.12 13.44 1.42262 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Medium 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 43 5.38 7.6 6.13 6.865 0.7837 31.3 15.74 1.98856 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica, Sand Varies 10r5/8 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 45 2.65 5.26 5.29 5.275 0.5024 26.54 16.73 1.58637 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r5/8 10r3/3 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 Page 6 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments OR 1 40-50 46 28.43 11.39 13.26 12.325 2.3067 73.87 12.07 6.12013 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 47 2.13 5.88 4.48 5.18 0.4112 22.16 9.48 2.33755 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r5/8 10r4/4 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 48 9.36 11.34 8 9.67 0.9679 38.51 28.12 1.36949 Body N N N N Grit w/ ?Charcoal Coarse 10yr7/2 10r5/8 10yr7/2 Reducing 3 aerated, lots of missing temper OR 1 40-50 49 1.54 4.61 3.63 4.12 0.3738 24.93 19.31 1.29104 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 50 2.07 4.61 4.56 4.585 0.4515 17.43 13.11 1.32952 Body N Y Charred N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr4/0 10r2.5/1 10r3/4 Reducing 3 OR 1 40-50 51 1.14 3.86 4.1 3.98 0.2864 20.69 9.27 2.23193 Body N N N N Grit Fine 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 OR 1 40-50 52 0.63 2.82 2.87 2.845 0.2214 13.14 10.28 1.27821 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 53 1.86 4.52 3.03 3.775 0.4927 23.47 10.31 2.27643 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 7.5yr6/2 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 40-50 54 11.23 9.32 7.65 8.485 1.3235 36.85 22.89 1.60987 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 55 19.12 9.8 9.23 9.515 2.0095 49.9 20.85 2.39329 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr4/0 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 40-50 56 0.5 3.06 3.1 3.08 0.1623 11.48 7.13 1.6101 Body N N N N Grit Fine 2.5yr4/0 10r3/4 10r5/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 40-50 57 0.93 4.46 4.32 4.39 0.2118 13.78 12.25 1.1249 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r3/1 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 58 0.48 2.7 2.34 2.52 0.1905 13.11 11.43 1.14698 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 2.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 59 0.82 3.86 4.04 3.95 0.2076 13.48 13.73 0.98179 Body N N N N Sand Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 60 1.31 3.93 3.96 3.945 0.3321 21.3 6.2 3.43548 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 2.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 61 1.65 4 3.34 3.67 0.4496 23.01 9.34 2.4636 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr2.5/0 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 40-50 62 4.25 7.84 3.74 5.79 0.734 25.32 14.91 1.69819 Body N N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 10r4/4 10r4/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 63 1.13 3.47 3.53 3.5 0.3229 17.55 11.07 1.58537 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr5/8 10r3/2 10r4/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 64 3.71 10.53 7.2 8.865 0.4185 20.13 17.12 1.17582 Body N N N N Sand Fine 10r3/6 104/8 10r6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 65 1.3 3.89 3.74 3.815 0.3408 16.98 11.3 1.50265 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 10r3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 66 3.11 6.25 5.95 6.1 0.5098 21.49 19.55 1.09923 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/6 10r4/6 10r3/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 67 11.44 11.4 8.73 10.065 1.1366 35.13 27.84 1.26185 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 68 11.42 11.13 9.77 10.45 1.0928 35.97 13.09 2.7479 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r5/8 10r3/6 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 69 1.69 6.81 5.99 6.4 0.2641 15.82 13.45 1.17621 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r5/8 10yr6/3 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 70 4.35 9.2 9.34 9.27 0.4693 22.16 16.91 1.31047 Body Y N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 2.5yr6/6 10r4/8 2.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 71 2.01 4.17 3.74 3.955 0.5082 19.45 19.01 1.02315 Body N N Charred N Grit Coarse 10r2.5/1 10r2.5/1 2.5yr3/2 Reducing 3 OR 1 40-50 72 0.82 2.83 2.69 2.76 0.2971 16.73 14.08 1.18821 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r3/6 10r3/6 10r3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 73 2.93 2.47 2.93 2.7 1.0852 34.18 23.58 1.44953 Body N N N N Grit Fine 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 3 pcs glued together OR 1 40-50 74 3.93 8.91 7.21 8.06 0.4876 21.21 14.52 1.46074 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r3/3 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 75 1.32 4.38 4.09 4.235 0.3117 19.55 14.99 1.3042 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Medium 2.5yr6/8 10r3/1 10r3/3 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 76 6.93 10.82 9.84 10.33 0.6709 30.12 24.41 1.23392 Body N N N N ?Charcoal Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 aerated, missing temper. Trowel stab. OR 1 40-50 77 14.91 15.89 9.71 12.8 1.1648 33.51 29.98 1.11775 Lip N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/6 10r4/8 10r3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 78 5.01 6.34 6.25 6.295 0.7959 23.19 19.33 1.19969 Rim N N N Impress grit w/ mica Coarse 2.5yr3/0 10r3/1 10r4/8 Reducing 3 Impress on Rim Everted Flat OR 1 40-50 79 2.67 4.58 4.69 13.57 0.1968 22.45 17.45 1.28653 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Mica Varies 2.5yr4/0 10r4/8 10r4/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 40-50 80 44.85 10.11 7.56 8.835 5.0764 53.25 46.88 1.13588 Base N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr4/4 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 L&S #8- Anglo OR 1 40-50 81 6.24 7.95 6.17 7.06 0.8839 32.07 21.27 1.50776 Rim Y Y N Incising Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr4/4 10r4/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Parallel Incise Inverted Flat OR 1 40-50 82 10.15 10.01 8.18 9.095 1.116 33.92 33.52 1.01193 Rim N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Sand Fine 10r4/8 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 Parallel Incise Inverted Rounded 3 II lines OR 1 40-50 83 4.65 6.94 4.96 5.95 0.7815 33.04 19.81 1.66784 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral Fine 5yr6/6 5yr5/4 5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 Parallel Incise 2 II lines OR 1 40-50 84 2.35 5.56 3.59 4.575 0.5137 24.24 15.22 1.59264 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr3/2 10r3/1 Reducing 3 Parallel Incise 5 II lines OR 1 40-50 85 16 10.95 8.51 9.73 1.6444 38.23 36.54 1.04625 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/6 10r5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Inverted Flat OR 1 40-50 86 9.02 8.17 6.81 7.49 1.2043 35.53 22.52 1.57771 Rim Y Y N Incising Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r4/6 10r4/4 10r4/8 Reducing 3 Parallel Incise Straight Pointed OR 1 40-50 87 2.42 6.09 5.77 5.93 0.4081 24.69 7.75 3.18581 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Medium 10r3/2 10r3/4 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 88 2.34 5.91 3.95 4.93 0.4746 26.93 15.69 1.71638 Body N N N N Grit Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 89 7.66 10.62 7.99 9.305 0.8232 37.94 30.83 1.23062 Knob N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Sand Varies 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Other, knob Other, Knob flat pc w/ nub on end, 4 incised lined, 2 coming to a V, radiating from nub OR 1 40-50 90 11.76 7.78 6.2 6.99 1.6824 36 32.93 1.09323 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Inverted Flat OR 1 40-50 91 2.72 5.88 5.14 5.51 0.4936 21.16 15.98 1.32416 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Fine 2.5yr4/4 10r3/1 10r3/4 Oxidizing 3 Straight Flat OR 1 40-50 92 6.48 7.07 5.93 6.5 0.9969 27.4 26.2 1.0458 Body N N N N Sand Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 40-50 93 3.1 7.5 5.34 6.42 0.4829 20.24 13.3 1.5218 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral Medium 10r5/8 10r3/2 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise OR 1 40-50 95 3.17 6.72 6.46 6.59 0.481 22.87 8.91 2.56678 Rim N N N Incising grit w/ mica Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr2.5/4 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise Inverted Rounded 1 incised line below rim OR 1 40-50 96 11.94 9.14 7.84 8.49 1.4064 36.52 31.39 1.16343 Rim N N N N Sand Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Straight Rounded OR 1 40-50 97 21.21 10.42 6.95 8.685 2.4421 48.34 33.46 1.44471 Rim N N N Indent Sand Coarse 10r3/1 10r3/1 10r4/3 Oxidizing 3 Crenelated Rim Straight Rounded OR 1 40-50 98 21.75 12.14 10.25 11.195 1.9428 61.37 30.36 2.02141 Rim N N N N Sand Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Straight Flat L&S #3- Plate? rim of plate? OR 1 40-50 99 3.5 7.03 6.86 6.945 0.504 22.97 22.12 1.03843 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 5yr5/6 5yr4/3 5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 trowel mark? OR 1 40-50 100 2.03 5.93 5.52 5.725 0.3546 16.57 16.27 1.01844 Body Y N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Fine 2.5yr6/6 10r4/8 2.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 1 3.34 3.65 4.19 3.92 0.852 26.59 14.77 1.80027 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 2 3.71 3.87 3.19 3.53 1.051 29.17 24.39 1.19598 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r6/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 3 3.77 4.08 3.92 4 0.9425 27.98 23.74 1.1786 Body Y Y N N Grit Fine 10r5/8 10r4/6 10r3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 4 9.66 6.48 6.02 6.25 1.5456 41.57 31.53 1.31843 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 7.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 OR 1 50-60 5 3.46 4.98 2.77 3.875 0.8929 26.2 23.59 1.11064 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r3/2 10r4/8 10r3/3 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 6 2.53 5 4.73 4.865 0.52 24.1 12.01 2.00666 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 7 2.22 4.1 3.86 3.98 0.5578 21.09 11.75 1.79489 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Medium 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr4/4 7.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 Other Incise OR 1 50-60 8 2.03 4.89 3.95 4.42 0.4593 23.72 19.43 1.22079 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 7.5yr5/8 7.5yr5/8 7.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 9 1.57 4.23 4.73 4.48 0.3504 16.55 14.83 1.11598 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r5/8 10r4/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 10 0.91 5.09 5.59 5.34 0.1704 13.7 10.76 1.27323 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Medium 7.5r5/6 7.5r5/6 7.5r5/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 11 3.28 7.29 5.27 6.28 0.5223 25.97 20.12 1.29076 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Medium 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 12 1.36 6.17 6 6.085 0.2235 18.25 12.2 1.4959 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r3/2 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 13 1.74 4.4 4.3 4.35 0.4 20.01 17.19 1.16405 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 14 10.7 10.44 8.01 9.225 1.1599 32.34 25.55 1.26575 Shoulder N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted Damaged OR 1 50-60 15 13.63 7.27 6.45 6.86 1.9869 45.73 18.82 2.42986 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r5/8 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 16 10.76 7.29 5.47 6.38 1.6865 35.19 31.59 1.11396 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 17 7.66 11.52 11.16 11.34 0.6755 27.15 23.32 1.16424 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r3/4 10r5/8 7.5r3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 18 4.37 5.04 6.02 5.53 0.7902 27.35 18.48 1.47998 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r3/4 10r3/4 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 ext has broken off OR 1 50-60 19 4.93 6.37 5.81 6.09 0.8095 29.42 19.81 1.48511 Neck N N N N Grit w/ Grog Varies 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 7.5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 20 3.62 4.77 6.02 5.395 0.671 26.8 10.14 2.643 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r4/6 10r4/6 10r3/1 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 21 14.8 8.5 7.31 7.905 1.8722 49.31 14.6 3.3774 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 22 7.44 6.78 4.67 5.725 1.2996 40.25 32.53 1.23732 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr5/8 10r3/4 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 23 4.96 5.57 3.21 4.39 1.1298 39.64 25.47 1.55634 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/6 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 firing clouds OR 1 50-60 24 10.93 9.65 8.68 9.165 1.1926 45.85 21.53 2.12959 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 25 3.01 4.6 4.11 4.355 0.6912 23.11 20.59 1.12239 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/4 2.5yr5/8 5yr4/3 Reducing 3 OR 1 50-60 26 13.28 5.98 6.4 6.19 2.1454 41.85 19.89 2.10407 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/4 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 27 13.54 6.1 4.04 5.07 2.6706 45.3 42.05 1.07729 Neck Y Y N N Grit Fine 10yr7/4 10yr6/4 5yr7/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 50-60 28 7.42 6.45 5.5 5.975 1.2418 25.61 32.18 0.79584 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r5/8 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 firing clouds on ext OR 1 50-60 29 16.01 14.2 9.09 11.645 1.3748 37.07 35.73 1.0375 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/4 2.5yr3/0 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 Everted Flat ridge rim? OR 1 50-60 30 9.15 8.64 6.93 7.785 1.1753 31.08 18.18 1.70957 Neck N N N N Grit w/ Grog Coarse 10r3/4 10r5/8 10r4/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 31 11.87 10.58 10.23 10.405 1.1408 38.86 27.05 1.4366 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 32 3.14 4.41 3.51 3.96 0.7929 30 20.19 1.48588 Body N N N N Grit Medium 5yr6/6 7.5yr4/2 5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 33 2.99 5.7 5.63 5.665 0.5278 25.19 19.53 1.28981 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Medium 10r4/8 10r3/6 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 34 9.49 8.79 9.13 8.96 1.0592 41.84 21.55 1.94153 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 Page 7 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments OR 1 50-60 35 8.82 14.12 8.41 11.265 0.783 30.05 29.36 1.0235 Base N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 36 4.14 7.05 6.79 6.92 0.5983 23.41 23.11 1.01298 Neck Y N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 2.5yr2.5/2 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 37 4.06 7.75 7.43 7.59 0.5349 28.62 16.21 1.76558 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 38 1.31 3.75 3.43 3.59 0.3649 21.41 10.42 2.0547 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 39 4.31 4.41 4.42 4.415 0.9762 30.54 20.11 1.51865 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r4/8 2.5yr3/0 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 40 3.99 7.83 5.96 6.895 0.5787 24.42 16.18 1.50927 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Medium 10r4/8 10r5/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 41 10.22 8.06 7.67 7.865 1.2994 35.47 26.6 1.33346 Body N N N N Grit w/ Lava Fine 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 42 3.71 5.24 5.49 5.365 0.6915 25.59 20.59 1.24284 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 43 2.51 4.14 4.47 4.305 0.583 30.56 18.94 1.61352 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 10r3/4 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 45 5 4.86 4.52 4.69 1.0661 34.29 30.27 1.1328 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 46 5.51 6.6 7.28 6.94 0.7939 30.39 23.74 1.28012 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 47 1.26 4.24 3.52 3.88 0.3247 20.54 16.91 1.21467 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 48 2.76 4.17 2.73 3.45 0.8 30.53 20.41 1.49584 Body N N Charred N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr2.5/0 2.5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 49 1.71 3.99 3.62 3.805 0.4494 24.38 18.06 1.34994 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr4/4 2.5yr4/4 10r3/2 Oxidizing 3 int broken off OR 1 50-60 50 1.12 3.96 3.46 3.71 0.3019 16.37 13.15 1.24487 Body N N N N Grit Fine 2.5yr6/8 7.5yr6/4 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 51 1.28 4.21 4.31 4.26 0.3005 21.73 8.24 2.63714 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr3/4 Reducing 3 OR 1 50-60 52 3.65 6.21 5.26 5.735 0.6364 27.26 24.47 1.11402 Body N Y N N ?Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/4 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 aerated, lots of missing temper. Trowel mark on ext. OR 1 50-60 53 4.75 6.25 5.33 5.79 0.8204 33.3 23.14 1.43907 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica, Sand Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r4/3 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 54 3.67 6.7 5.8 6.25 0.5872 26.15 18.13 1.44236 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 10r3/1 Reducing 3 OR 1 50-60 55 3.37 6.73 4 5.365 0.6281 29.42 17.41 1.68983 Neck N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r3/2 10r4/3 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 56 4.56 7.61 7.79 7.7 0.5922 26.77 21.2 1.26274 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Lava Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r3/1 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 57 0.31 2.43 2.15 2.29 0.1354 11.44 9.55 1.19791 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica Fine 5yr7/4 5yr7/4 5yr7/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 58 1.01 4.17 4.09 4.13 0.2446 18.15 14.61 1.2423 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 59 4.99 5.12 5.11 5.115 0.9756 35.73 27.21 1.31312 Rim N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 Single Incise Everted Rounded 1 incised line below rim OR 1 50-60 60 4.41 5.2 4.99 5.095 0.8656 32.67 22.48 1.45329 Body N N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 2.5yr5/8 5yr3/1 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 61 2.7 6.75 6.97 6.86 0.3936 25.24 16.39 1.53996 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Sand Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 62 1.41 7.14 6.16 6.65 0.212 15.82 13.96 1.13324 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 5yr7/8 10yr6/3 7.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 Everted Rounded OR 1 50-60 63 1.7 3.79 3.31 3.55 0.4789 24.41 12.18 2.00411 Body N N N N Grit Fine 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 OR 1 50-60 64 1.82 4.1 3.88 3.99 0.4561 21.93 17.83 1.22995 Neck Y Y N N Grit w/ Grog Fine 10r5/8 10r4/3 10r3/2 Oxidizing 3 bottle neck? OR 1 50-60 65 2.43 6.83 6.57 6.7 0.3627 20.91 20.37 1.02651 Neck N Y N Pinch Grit w/ Coral Varies 10r5/8 10r4/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 Other, pinch OR 1 50-60 66 9.43 7.33 4.14 5.735 1.6443 42.45 27.3 1.55495 Neck Y Y N Impress Grit w/ Coral Medium 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Body OR 1 50-60 67 9.74 4.6 7.12 5.86 1.6621 43.82 34.88 1.25631 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r5/8 10r4/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted Flat OR 1 50-60 68 14.5 10.15 7.82 8.985 1.6138 37.52 37.05 1.01269 Neck N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r5/8 10r4/8 10r4/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 69 4.4 5 3.87 4.435 0.9921 35.01 21.76 1.60892 Neck N N N Pinch Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Other, pinch OR 1 50-60 70 10.88 6.4 5.3 5.85 1.8598 43.75 31.03 1.40993 Rim N N N Impress Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 Impress on Rim Everted Rounded impress on rim. Part of neck, too OR 1 50-60 71 19.72 10.64 6.93 8.785 2.2447 47.94 37.97 1.26258 Neck N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 72 32.19 10.87 9.84 10.355 3.1086 49.51 43.46 1.13921 Rim Y N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava Coarse 10r5/8 10r4/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded firing clouds on ext OR 1 50-60 73 0.98 5.44 4.43 4.935 0.1986 14.92 14.67 1.01704 Body N N N Incising Sand Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Parallel Perpendicular OR 1 50-60 74 1.85 5.44 5.04 5.24 0.3531 22.46 17.73 1.26678 Neck N N N Incising Sand Fine 2.5yr5/0 10r5/8 5yr6/6 Reducing 3 Single Incise OR 1 50-60 75 1.95 4.39 4.59 4.49 0.4343 21.08 20.49 1.02879 Neck N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral Fine 5yr6/6 5yr7/4 5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 Diagonal Hatch OR 1 50-60 76 1.08 4.41 4.07 4.24 0.2547 16.7 12.68 1.31703 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 5yr4/1 5yr4/2 10r5/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 50-60 77 2.35 5.46 4.65 5.055 0.4649 19.45 17.67 1.10074 Body N N N Fingernail ImpressGrit w/ Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 manufacturing mark, fingernail impress OR 1 50-60 78 2.75 3.65 2.54 3.095 0.8885 32.57 22.72 1.43354 Body N Y N Incising Grit Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Other Incise OR 1 50-60 79 11.18 8.6 5.57 7.085 1.578 37.09 31.04 1.19491 Rim N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise Inverted Rounded OR 1 50-60 80 7.17 6.82 6.96 6.89 1.0406 33.24 24.94 1.3328 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r5/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Straight Rounded OR 1 50-60 81 1.68 3.24 2.81 3.025 0.5554 22.37 20.25 1.10469 Rim N N N Impress Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr4/0 5yr6/4 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 Impress on Rim Everted Rounded OR 1 50-60 82 1.62 5.2 4.19 4.695 0.345 21.64 15.86 1.36444 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica, Sand Fine 10r5/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Inverted Flat OR 1 50-60 83 29.35 10.43 6.51 8.47 3.4652 56.75 45.47 1.24808 Rim N N N Excising Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 Crenelated Rim Inverted Rounded pos. plate? Looks like rim has crennelations, like top of castle OR 1 50-60 84 9.34 5.53 4.72 5.125 1.8224 40.15 33.85 1.18612 Neck N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr6/8 5yr5.6 5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 Other Incise some trowel marks on ext OR 1 50-60 85 3.64 3.68 4.1 3.89 0.9357 27.99 26.72 1.04753 Body N N Incising N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise 1 incised line on int OR 1 50-60 86 2.35 7.22 6.16 6.69 0.3513 20.01 18.1 1.10552 Rim Y Y N N Sand Fine 2.5yr4/0 10r5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 Everted Damaged OR 1 50-60 87 2.13 5.96 2.22 4.09 0.5208 21.42 15.54 1.37838 Rim N N N N Grit Fine 10r5/6 2.5yr3/4 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 Straight Rounded OR 1 50-60 88 1.21 4.6 4.47 4.535 0.2668 17.14 10.4 1.64808 Body N N N Incising Sand Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 Other Incise OR 1 50-60 89 2.81 8.67 6.67 7.67 0.3664 19.39 17.06 1.13658 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Mica Medium 10r5/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded OR 1 50-60 90 35.22 14 10.47 12.235 2.8786 53.19 46.27 1.14956 Neck N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 50-60 91 3.93 6.53 6.08 6.305 0.6233 30.86 20.87 1.47868 Body N Y Impress Incising Grit w/ Mica Medium 7.5yr5/6 10r5/8 2.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 Parallel Incise 2 II incesed lines on ext; chevrons OR 1 50-60 92 8.79 5.02 4.34 4.68 1.8782 36.5 31.28 1.16688 Body Y Y N Impress Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r5/8 10r3/1 2.5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Body OR 1 50-60 93 7.97 8.67 7.73 8.2 0.972 31.95 23.08 1.38432 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica, Sand Fine 7.5yr4/0 5yr3/1 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 Everted Rounded OR 1 50-60 95 9.05 8.94 7.17 8.055 1.1235 29.53 27.64 1.06838 Rim N N N Incising grit w/ mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r3/4 10r3/1 Reducing 3 Crenelated Rim Inverted Rounded firing clouds int and ext OR 1 50-60 96 2.62 0 #DIV/0! Bits 7 fine bits, too fine to measue. Same tpe as #26 and #29. OR 1 60-70 1 11.12 5.4 3.47 4.435 2.5073 47.76 42.54 1.12271 Body Y Y N N Grit Fine 10r5/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 2 12.65 5.61 5.79 5.7 2.2193 49.36 27.68 1.78324 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r5/8 10r3/4 10r3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 3 6.43 5.81 2.45 4.13 1.5569 37.37 23.75 1.57347 Body Y N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r5/8 10r4/3 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 4 6.05 4.51 3.37 3.94 1.5355 46.43 30.91 1.5021 Body N N N N Sand Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 60-70 5 1.05 3.69 3.65 3.67 0.2861 19.78 13.9 1.42302 Body N N N N Sand Fine 2.5yr4/0 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 60-70 6 8.22 4.64 5.26 4.95 1.6606 38.39 34.23 1.12153 Body N N N N Grit Fine 2.5yr7/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 7 4.18 4.74 3.98 4.36 0.9587 32.69 25.79 1.26755 Body N N N N Sand Fine 2.5yr4/8 10r3/6 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 8 5.8 3.97 3.82 3.895 1.4891 38.33 30.69 1.24894 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr5/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 9 13.64 9.66 8.45 9.055 1.5064 41.92 25.03 1.67479 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr6/8 5yr6/6 7.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 10 14.31 7.57 5.23 6.4 2.2359 52.61 38.55 1.36472 Neck N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r3/2 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 11 6.06 4.3 4.24 4.27 1.4192 35.62 32.98 1.08005 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr5/8 10r4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 12 7.55 6.09 5.1 5.595 1.3494 34.04 18.93 1.7982 Body Y Y N N Sand Fine 10r4/6 10r3/2 10r4/3 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 13 16.96 11.12 8.47 9.795 1.7315 43.57 32.79 1.32876 Neck N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Sand Coarse 5yr6/8 7.5yr5/4 5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 14 10.76 8.71 7.7 8.205 1.3114 46.6 23.31 1.99914 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 15 2.25 3.9 3.37 3.635 0.619 23.44 9.58 2.44676 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica, Sand Fine 10r4/8 10r5/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 16 14.48 6.93 4.97 5.95 2.4336 52.13 38.21 1.3643 Neck N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Varies 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr5/8 5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 17 33.04 17.73 8.06 12.895 2.5622 55.84 35.84 1.55804 Corner N N N N Grit w/ Lava, Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr3/6 Oxidizing 3 Roofing Tile roofing tile? Flat top w/ ~90 degree angle. Not round pot. Page 8 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments OR 1 60-70 18 4.44 4.49 3.81 4.15 1.0699 36.14 26.3 1.37414 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Lava, Mica, Fine 10yr6/3 10yr6/3 2.5yr2.5/0 Reducing 3 OR 1 60-70 19 27.03 16.1 11.17 13.635 1.9824 54.28 38.43 1.41244 Corner N N N N Grit w/ Lava, Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/8 10yr6/3 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Roofing Tile similar to #17 OR 1 60-70 20 9.75 6.21 6.27 6.24 1.5625 39.58 33.39 1.18538 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 10r3/2 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 21 4.63 6.86 2.66 4.76 0.9727 33.21 22.96 1.44643 Neck N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr4/0 7.5r5/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 60-70 22 23.14 12.62 8.61 10.615 2.1799 58.74 38.44 1.5281 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r3/4 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 23 3.27 5.43 5.18 5.305 0.6164 31.33 19.75 1.58633 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r5/8 10r3/2 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 24 8.65 10.83 9.86 10.345 0.8362 30.81 21.05 1.46366 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 5yr5/6 10r3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 25 1.11 5.41 5.31 5.36 0.2071 16.08 12.77 1.2592 Body N N N N Grit Fine 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 60-70 26 3.75 4.82 5.26 5.04 0.744 28.19 21.16 1.33223 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 27 4.69 3.73 3.45 3.59 1.3064 36.58 32.35 1.13076 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r5/8 5yr3/1 7.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 28 11.08 8.83 9.07 8.95 1.238 42.45 21.85 1.94279 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 29 9.08 9.78 8.3 9.04 1.0044 32.91 30.1 1.09336 Neck N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 5yr6/8 10r3/6 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 30 5.8 6.81 6.51 6.66 0.8709 26.73 23.44 1.14036 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 5yr6/8 7.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 31 12.56 6.7 5.45 6.075 2.0675 39.59 38.65 1.02432 Rim N N N Impress Grit w/ Mica Medium 5yr3/1 5yr3/3 5yr3/1 Reducing 3 Impress on Rim Straight Rounded L&S #1- Globular Jarimpress on rim OR 1 60-70 32 10.54 7.74 5.84 6.79 1.5523 37.49 34.21 1.09588 Neck N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 33 5.99 5.66 5.85 5.755 1.0408 30.39 27.13 1.12016 Neck N N N N Grit w/ Coral Medium 10r3/2 2.5yr3/0 10r3/2 Reducing 3 OR 1 60-70 34 2.27 3.01 2.7 2.855 0.7951 32.44 23.09 1.40494 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r3/6 10r3/6 10r3/1 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 35 2.83 4.39 4.1 4.245 0.6667 30.48 17.73 1.71912 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 10r5/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 36 1.79 4.72 3.06 3.89 0.4602 19.79 18.36 1.07789 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 37 1.81 5.18 5.35 5.265 0.3438 19.35 19.14 1.01097 Body N N N N Sand Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 38 2.83 6.42 5.11 5.765 0.4909 27.37 20.83 1.31397 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 7,5yr4/0 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 firing clouds OR 1 60-70 39 2.68 5.29 5.05 5.17 0.5184 21.56 20.02 1.07692 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica, Sand Fine 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 40 6.41 6.81 6.03 6.42 0.9984 29.31 22.82 1.2844 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r6/8 10r6/8 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 Everted Flat OR 1 60-70 41 17.32 9.36 8.97 9.165 1.8898 47.82 33.7 1.41899 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr5/8 10r3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 42 1.46 3.69 2.62 3.155 0.4628 27.21 19.06 1.4276 Body Y Y N N Grit Fine 2.5yr5/0 10yr6/3 10r4/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 60-70 43 2.1 6.47 6.22 6.345 0.331 18.59 14.84 1.2527 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr6/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 45 1.07 5.17 5.21 5.19 0.2062 15.53 12.81 1.21233 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r5/8 5yr3/1 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 46 12.84 10.5 9.14 9.82 1.3075 46.08 27.44 1.6793 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/6 10r4/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 47 1.71 4.38 3.71 4.045 0.4227 22.08 18.84 1.17197 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r5/8 10r3/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 48 2.22 5.1 4.08 4.59 0.4837 24.49 15.11 1.62078 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr5/8 10r3/1 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 49 5.64 5.83 4 4.915 1.1475 35.09 27.99 1.25366 Rim N N N Impress Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Rim Everted Flat impress on rim OR 1 60-70 50 3 3.43 2.91 3.17 0.9464 27.59 24.36 1.13259 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r5/8 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 51 2.18 3.84 3.47 3.655 0.5964 23.18 22.03 1.0522 Body N Y N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/6 10r4/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 Parallel Incise OR 1 60-70 52 2.2 4.31 4.5 4.405 0.4994 23.4 21.54 1.08635 Body N Y N N Grit Fine 5yr6/3 5yr6/3 5yr7/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 60-70 53 5 7.06 6.47 6.765 0.7391 25.7 22.2 1.15766 Body N N N N Sand Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 54 1.93 4.01 4.28 4.145 0.4656 24.39 15.76 1.54759 Body N N N N Sand w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 OR 1 60-70 55 3.6 4.31 3.94 4.125 0.8727 32.66 23.01 1.41938 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr5/4 5yr7/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 56 3.16 6.69 4.36 5.525 0.5719 22.22 21.95 1.0123 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/4 5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 Straight Flat OR 1 60-70 57 6.41 4.55 2.59 3.57 1.7955 36.17 31.3 1.15559 Rim N Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 5yr5/1 5yr6/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Evr/Inv Round OR 1 60-70 58 1.87 3.72 3.25 3.485 0.5366 23.88 18.26 1.30778 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r5/8 10r4/4 10r3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 59 2.69 5.78 5.04 5.41 0.4972 24.4 16.9 1.44379 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r5/8 7.5yr6/4 5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 60 2.57 5.81 4.29 5.05 0.5089 27.05 15.06 1.79615 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr3/2 10r3/2 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 Everted Round OR 1 60-70 61 2.44 4.19 3.95 4.07 0.5995 32.14 16.52 1.94552 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr2.5/0 2.5yr3/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 62 3.71 4.94 4.81 4.875 0.761 23.68 20.2 1.17228 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Varies 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 63 2.4 3.93 3.78 3.855 0.6226 22.63 21.35 1.05995 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/6 10r3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 64 1.44 4.32 4.16 4.24 0.3396 18.01 14.22 1.26653 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 65 1.04 4.28 3.19 3.735 0.2784 16.2 13.28 1.21988 Body N N N N Sand Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 66 1.25 4.52 5.02 4.77 0.2621 16.26 13.55 1.2 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r3/4 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 67 10.71 5.99 4.28 5.135 2.0857 41.31 34.7 1.19049 Rim Y Y N Impress, InciseGrit w/ Coral, Lava Fine 10r3/3 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Multiple Design ElementsInver ed Round L&S #1- Globular Jar3 II lines below rim, 2 rope? Impressions OR 1 60-70 68 11.5 7.97 8.93 8.45 1.3609 49.05 21.35 2.29742 Base N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/6 10r5/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 69 11.23 8.36 5.71 7.035 1.5963 44.25 37.69 1.17405 Rim Y Y N Impress Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yyr6/6 10r4/8 Reducing 3 Impress on Body Inverted Damaged top of rim is pink, like int, the rest is red OR 1 60-70 70 12.77 8.09 6.17 7.13 1.791 51.08 29.71 1.71929 Rim N Y N Impress, InciseGrit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 2.5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 Impress/ Incise Everted Pointed rim has scalloping, 2 II below rim OR 1 60-70 71 14.7 13.16 9.55 11.355 1.2946 41.4 31.92 1.29699 Neck N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r3/3 10r4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 Parallel Perpendicular T incised, but likely 1 line II to rim, w/ perpendicular lines coming down OR 1 60-70 72 1.88 3.8 4.25 4.025 0.4671 22.44 19.44 1.15432 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/6 10r3/3 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 73 1.25 4.47 5.32 4.895 0.2554 16.6 14.98 1.10814 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/6 10r4/6 10r3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 74 2.22 4.19 3.41 3.8 0.5842 27.39 24.92 1.09912 Body N N N N ?Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/0 7.5r5/6 10r6/4 Reducing 3 aerated, missing temper OR 1 60-70 75 1.28 3.67 3.62 3.645 0.3512 21.09 10.94 1.92779 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 firing clouds OR 1 60-70 76 0.72 3.32 2.84 3.08 0.2338 14.61 10.6 1.3783 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise OR 1 60-70 77 0.6 5.07 5.14 5.105 0.1175 13.59 8.19 1.65934 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr5/0 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 OR 1 60-70 78 1 6.52 6.3 6.41 0.156 16.72 10.65 1.56995 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise OR 1 60-70 79 0.77 6.52 6.75 6.635 0.1161 17.12 11.3 1.51504 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r3/6 10r3/6 10r3/1 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 80 0.68 3.23 3.25 3.24 0.2099 15.48 10.37 1.49277 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r2.5/1 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 60-70 81 0.99 5.47 3.8 4.635 0.2136 15.07 13.63 1.10565 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral Medium 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Straight Rounded OR 1 60-70 82 1.86 4.79 4.04 4.415 0.4213 20.58 16.02 1.28464 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Mica Varies 2.5yr3/4 10r3/1 10r3/1 Oxidizing 3 Parallel Incise 3 II lines below rim, multiple curvilinear lines perpendicular below lines. OR 1 60-70 83 5.27 7.78 5.14 6.46 0.8158 26.78 26.79 0.99963 Neck N N N Impress Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/6 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Body OR 1 60-70 84 2.37 5.39 4.96 5.175 0.458 21.48 20.09 1.06919 Neck N N N Impress Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 10r3/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Body OR 1 60-70 85 1.17 4.62 5.54 5.08 0.2303 22.67 10.26 2.20955 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise OR 1 60-70 86 5.4 8.71 6.56 7.635 0.7073 31.13 20.95 1.48592 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/0 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded L&S #3- Plate OR 1 60-70 87 21.34 11.75 11.36 11.555 1.8468 42.38 31.3 1.35399 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Diagonal Hatch 1 perpendicular line, zigzag to the right; zigzag on the left, lower. OR 1 60-70 88 2.38 5.48 5.14 5.31 0.4482 19.38 19.09 1.01519 Body N N N Impress Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Body multiple lines of pos. cord-wrapped OR 1 60-70 89 13.52 11.75 6.58 9.165 1.4752 56.32 26.16 2.15291 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r3/3 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Straight Rounded OR 1 60-70 90 9.4 5.41 3.65 4.53 2.0751 39.27 36.18 1.08541 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10yr6/1 7.5yr6/4 10yr6/4 Reducing 3 Other Incise top line II to rim (?), perpendicular lines bisected by 2 diagonal lines OR 1 60-70 91 2.01 5.33 3.74 4.535 0.4432 22.58 20.24 1.11561 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Straight Rounded OR 1 60-70 92 8.8 7.68 6.1 6.89 1.2772 34.21 28.04 1.22004 Rim N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr4/0 10r4/8 10r4/8 Reducing 3 Parallel Incise Everted Flat rim has punctate, neck has incising around OR 1 60-70 93 27.2 10.56 6.46 8.51 3.1962 47.27 46.52 1.01612 Rim N N N Impress Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/6 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Rim Inverted Rounded punctate on rim OR 1 60-70 95 5.15 7.98 6.33 7.155 0.7198 28.31 25.84 1.09559 Rim Y Y N Impress Grit w/ Coral, Lava Coarse 2.5yr5/0 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 Reducing 3 Impress on Body Straight Flat impress right below rim OR 1 60-70 96 8.59 9.46 9.75 9.605 0.8943 36.68 28.86 1.27096 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr3/4 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 3 II lines OR 1 60-70 97 37.08 9.82 7.61 8.715 4.2547 58.6 49.21 1.19081 Rim N N N Impress Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r3/6 10r5/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Rim Inverted Pointed rim is impressed and impressions going down the neck OR 1 70-80 1 15.59 11.89 9.06 10.475 1.4883 35.77 31.76 1.12626 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Lava Fine 10r5/8 2.5yr2.5/0 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Inverted Rounded L&S #3-Bowl OR 1 70-80 2 8.67 7.99 5.79 6.89 1.2583 38.15 24.36 1.56609 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 Page 9 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments OR 1 70-80 3 2.03 6.06 5.55 5.805 0.3497 18.59 17.19 1.08144 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 OR 1 70-80 4 5.31 5.04 4.41 4.725 1.1238 32.76 24.36 1.34483 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Fine 2.5yr4/6 5yr5/6 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 5 6.08 7.24 5.7 6.47 0.9397 30.58 25.85 1.18298 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr3/2 Reducing 3 OR 1 70-80 6 3.21 6.03 5.16 5.595 0.5737 23.07 19.86 1.16163 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Lava, Mica Fine 2.5yr5/0 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 7 9.83 8.19 8.69 8.44 1.1647 37.23 26.34 1.41344 Body N N Incising Incising Grit w/ Grog Coarse 5yr3/3 5yr3/4 5yr3/4 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise 1 incised line on either side OR 1 70-80 8 4.34 6.88 6.37 6.625 0.6551 29.06 20.5 1.41756 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 9 5.77 6.51 5.67 6.09 0.9475 33.19 30.3 1.09538 Neck Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Varies 2.5yr4/4 5yr4/2 5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 10 2.31 2.59 2.24 2.415 0.9565 33.65 22.76 1.47847 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr3/0 7.5yr4/2 7.5yr4/6 Reducing 3 OR 1 70-80 11 11.7 10.64 9.65 10.145 1.1533 39.73 24.04 1.65266 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 12 1.12 3.05 2.96 3.005 0.3727 23.01 14.54 1.58253 Body N N N N Sand Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 5yr6/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 70-80 13 4.44 9.73 8.93 9.33 0.4759 25.31 19.24 1.31549 Body N N N N Grit w/ Lava Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 14 1.23 3.59 3.28 3.435 0.3581 25.08 19.21 1.30557 Body N N N N Sand Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 70-80 15 3.5 5.53 4.23 4.88 0.7172 25.33 16.77 1.51044 Body Y N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 16 4.09 4.81 3.2 4.005 1.0212 27.89 25.92 1.076 Shoulder N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 5yr6/8 7.5yr6/6 5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 17 1.79 4.5 4.28 4.39 0.4077 18.66 19.69 0.94769 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 7.5yr7/2 7.5yr7/2 5yr6/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 70-80 18 5.4 5.27 5.51 5.39 1.0019 30.8 27.77 1.10911 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr4/8 5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 19 0.9 3.51 3.63 3.57 0.2521 16.7 12.09 1.38131 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r5/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 20 3.36 6.94 4.82 5.88 0.5714 26.94 16.42 1.64068 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded OR 1 70-80 21 2.14 5.03 4.87 4.95 0.4323 18.3 17.21 1.06334 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr3/4 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 22 1.06 3.75 3.21 3.48 0.3046 20.67 12.56 1.6457 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/6 Reducing 3 OR 1 70-80 23 0.47 2.86 2.35 2.605 0.1804 15.43 13.44 1.14807 Body N N N N Sand Fine 2.5yr5/0 7.5yr6/6 5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 24 2.77 5.53 4.22 4.875 0.5682 29.2 24.54 1.18989 Body N N N N ?Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 aerated look, lots of missing temper OR 1 70-80 25 3.1 5.62 5.21 5.415 0.5725 26.21 17.78 1.47413 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr5/4 2.5yr3/2 Reducing 3 OR 1 70-80 26 0.65 4.08 4.09 4.085 0.1591 16.06 10.96 1.46533 Body N N N N Sand Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 70-80 27 1.66 4.32 4.21 4.265 0.3892 20.54 16.57 1.23959 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 10r3/4 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 28 1.19 2.82 2.82 2.82 0.422 18.98 15.84 1.19823 Body Y N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr5/2 2.5yr4/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 70-80 29 1.02 3.51 2.8 3.155 0.3233 16.74 13.71 1.22101 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 30 0.72 3.35 3.42 3.385 0.2127 14.2 11.7 1.21368 Body N N N N Sand Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 31 0.72 3.7 3.17 3.435 0.2096 17.87 9.46 1.88901 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 32 3.68 5.21 3.96 4.585 0.8026 30.44 21.69 1.40341 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/6 Reducing 3 OR 1 70-80 33 2.75 4.46 3.92 4.19 0.6563 24.69 21.42 1.15266 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/4 2.5yr3/2 Reducing 3 OR 1 70-80 34 3.92 5.37 3.59 4.48 0.875 27.82 20.64 1.34787 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r3/2 10r3/2 10r3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 35 1.81 4.74 4.07 4.405 0.4109 22.01 16.92 1.30083 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica, Sand Varies 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 36 2.31 4.99 4.81 4.9 0.4714 19.54 21.11 0.92563 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica, Sand Varies 10r4/8 5yr2.5/1 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 37 3.01 6.19 6.07 6.13 0.491 20.14 18.92 1.06448 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 38 1.82 4.7 3.78 4.24 0.4292 18.93 18.71 1.01176 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr2.5/2 2.5yr3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 39 4.56 7.89 4.96 6.425 0.7097 28.59 22.54 1.26841 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica, Sand Varies 10r4/8 2.5yr3/2 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 40 3.88 6.91 6.02 6.465 0.6002 28.39 18.46 1.53792 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Varies 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 41 5.17 7.19 6.84 7.015 0.737 30.74 24.97 1.23108 Neck N N Grooves Grooves Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Varies 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 grooves on the int and ext, probably mfg remains OR 1 70-80 42 6.51 7.05 6.46 6.755 0.9637 27.98 24.58 1.13832 Neck N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Sand Varies 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/8 7.5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 43 1.55 5.58 4.87 5.225 0.2967 20.61 10.7 1.92617 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 10yr6/4 Reducing 3 OR 1 70-80 45 2.53 4.98 4.6 4.79 0.5282 22.76 16.46 1.38275 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 46 1.46 3.95 4.14 4.045 0.3609 17.27 16.57 1.04225 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr6/8 5yr5/6 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 47 0.9 4.7 4.44 4.57 0.1969 13.97 13.66 1.02269 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r5/8 5yr2.5/1 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 48 2.03 5.2 4.61 4.905 0.4139 23.3 14.17 1.64432 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica, Sand Fine 7.5yr4/2 7.5yr4/2 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 OR 1 70-80 49 0.66 3.7 3.59 3.645 0.1811 13.79 11.68 1.18065 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr3/2 10r4/3 2.5yr3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 50 0.85 4.3 4.34 4.32 0.1968 18.41 13.66 1.34773 Body N N N N Sand Fine 7.5yr7/2 7.5yr7/2 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 OR 1 70-80 51 1.56 5.32 4.5 4.91 0.3177 18.1 16.15 1.12074 Body N N N N Grit w/ Lava, Sand Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 52 1.49 3.69 3.16 3.425 0.435 24.71 14.76 1.67412 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 53 4.74 6.85 6.82 6.835 0.6935 23.79 21.94 1.08432 Body Y Y N N grit w/ mica Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/8 10r6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 54 4.9 8.98 7.4 8.19 0.5983 30.51 19.51 1.56381 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr3/6 10r4/8 10r3/1 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 55 4.02 5.2 5.36 5.28 0.7614 24.46 21.82 1.12099 Body Y Y N N Grit Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr2.5/0 5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 56 4.6 6.25 6.32 6.285 0.7319 32.07 27.88 1.15029 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r3/1 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 57 6.6 7.17 6.31 6.74 0.9792 37.6 22.47 1.67334 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 58 4.85 7.31 5.28 6.295 0.7705 29.56 22.68 1.30335 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 59 6.01 4.98 4.73 4.855 1.2379 33.24 28.98 1.147 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 2.5yr3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 60 2.73 5.28 4.28 4.78 0.5711 21.42 21.02 1.01903 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 5yr3/1 5yr3/1 5yr3/1 Reducing 3 OR 1 70-80 61 5.54 6.92 6.53 6.725 0.8238 26.71 26.26 1.01714 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Varies 2.5yr5/0 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 70-80 62 3.99 4.07 4.57 4.32 0.9236 41.44 20.14 2.0576 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Varies 7.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr3/4 Reducing 3 OR 1 70-80 63 0.98 4.41 4.27 4.34 0.2258 16.35 14.35 1.13937 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Lava Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted Flat OR 1 70-80 64 0.68 4.45 3.77 4.11 0.1655 13.34 11.45 1.16507 Body N N N N Sand Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 5yr6/6 Reducing 3 OR 1 70-80 65 1.37 4.94 4.85 4.895 0.2799 20.79 13.39 1.55265 Body N N N Impress Grit w/ Coral, Grog Fine 5yr6/8 5yr4/2 10r5/4 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Body OR 1 70-80 66 0.65 3.43 2.87 3.15 0.2063 17.58 10.01 1.75624 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 Parallel Incise OR 1 70-80 67 8.18 10.49 9.51 10 0.818 32.53 24.06 1.35204 Body N N N Incising Sand Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 Diagonal Hatch 2 incised lines making ~60 degree angle. Pos zigzag, chevron? OR 1 70-80 68 4.42 10.35 9.67 10.01 0.4416 28.03 16.09 1.74208 Neck Y Y N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Grog Varies 5yr4/3 10r4/6 5yr3/2 Reducing 3 Other Incise OR 1 70-80 69 9.2 9.06 9.45 9.255 0.9941 34.34 28.71 1.1961 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Lava Varies 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 Diagonal Hatch 2 II lines below, multiple diagonal lines OR 1 70-80 70 10.43 5.66 4.05 4.855 2.1483 52.91 35.45 1.49252 Neck Y Y N Impress Grit w/ Coral, Lava Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr2.5/0 Reducing 3 Impress on Body II impressed lines on the neck OR 1 70-80 71 4.82 7.05 4.86 5.955 0.8094 30.36 27.1 1.1203 Rim Y Y N Impress Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r3/4 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Rim Everted Pointed impress on rim OR 1 70-80 72 24.81 9.13 9.28 9.205 2.6953 67.35 38.47 1.75071 Rim N N Impress N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr5/0 7.5yr4/2 7.5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 impress Straight Flat impress on int- probably surface treatment, not dec; impress on rim OR 1 70-80 73 2.51 5.95 4.79 5.37 0.4674 24.32 18.24 1.33333 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Lava Varies 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Diagonal Hatch 1 line w/ diagonals OR 1 70-80 74 6.35 10.4 8.65 9.525 0.6667 27.7 24.47 1.132 Rim N N N Impress Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Fine 10r4/6 10r4/4 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Rim Everted Flat impress on rim Page 10 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments OR 1 70-80 75 6.95 8.1 5.1 6.6 1.053 31.7 26.48 1.19713 Neck N N N Punctate Grit w/ Coral, Lava Fine 5yr6/8 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 Punctate OR 1 70-80 76 3.56 7.33 3.9 5.615 0.634 30.16 17.1 1.76374 Neck Y N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 7.5yr5/6 10r4/6 7.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 70-80 77 13.85 9.61 5.21 7.41 1.8691 44.26 41.38 1.0696 Neck Y Y N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 2.5yr3/6 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 Parallel Incise Everted Flat 2 II lines at shoulder, neck junction OR 1 70-80 78 6.75 9.33 8.76 9.045 0.7463 35.45 20.68 1.71422 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/4 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded OR 1 70-80 79 7.09 7.01 6.13 6.57 1.0791 37.39 23.15 1.61512 Shoulder Y Y N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Varies 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 Single Incise OR 1 70-80 80 3.89 5.21 4.95 5.08 0.7657 33.09 21.21 1.56011 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 Other Incise 2 II lines, 3 lines II and perpendicular below; 2 curvilinear lines OR 1 70-80 81 2.55 6.3 3.16 4.73 0.5391 24.34 23.02 1.05734 Rim Y Y N Impress Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr3/6 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Rim Straight Rounded OR 1 70-80 82 7.23 4.09 4.49 4.29 1.6853 36.12 26.43 1.36663 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr3/4 Reducing 3 Inverted Flat OR 1 70-80 83 2 4.88 4.56 4.72 0.4237 21.22 16.41 1.29311 Rim N N N Impress Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Rim Straight Rounded impress on rim OR 1 70-80 84 17.6 8.09 6.47 7.28 2.4176 46.4 40.8 1.13725 Rim N N N Impress Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Rim Everted Flat impress on rim OR 1 70-80 85 2.21 6.13 2.99 4.56 0.4846 21.68 18.36 1.18083 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/8 5yr6/8 Reducing 3 Everted Flat OR 1 70-80 86 2.64 4.06 3.18 3.62 0.7293 21.65 19.9 1.08794 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Varies 2.5yr3/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded OR 1 70-80 87 7.69 7.82 5.82 6.82 1.1276 34.42 29.85 1.1531 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Lava, Mica Fine 7.5yr6/8 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded OR 1 70-80 88 2.73 5.4 3.78 4.59 0.5948 26.56 19.72 1.34686 Neck N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr6/4 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise OR 1 70-80 89 2.04 4.94 4.79 4.865 0.4193 21.5 20.22 1.0633 Body N N N Impress Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Body OR 1 70-80 90 3.88 6.19 3.01 4.6 0.8435 26.34 20.27 1.29946 Rim Y N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 5yr6/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded OR 1 70-80 91 18.74 14.56 9.76 12.16 1.5411 44.83 26.84 1.67027 Rim N N N Incising Grit w/ Grog, Sand, Shell Fine 7.5yr7/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 Parallel Incise Everted Pointed OR 1 70-80 92 22.94 9.56 8.14 8.85 2.5921 54 39.85 1.35508 Body N Y N Incising Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise OR 1 70-80 93 35.96 13.4 9.51 11.455 3.1392 60.04 46.88 1.28072 Rim N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Diagonal Hatch Straight Concave OR 1 70-80 95 5.48 7.22 6.84 7.03 0.7795 29.12 19.23 1.5143 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Lava, Mica Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 Diagonal Hatch 5 radiating lines OR 1 70-80 96 9.83 10.22 7.98 9.1 1.0802 25.77 25.54 1.00901 Rim N N N Incising Grit w/ Lava, Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 Diagonal Hatch Straight Flat OR 1 70-80 97 4.3 5.08 3.63 4.355 0.9874 27.82 22.35 1.24474 Body Y Y N Incising Grit w/ Mica Fine 7.5yr7/0 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr7/4 Reducing 3 Single Incise 1 line w/ diagonal impressions OR 1 80-90 1 38.56 8.61 6.32 7.465 5.1654 61.38 59.68 1.02849 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica, Sand Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 Inverted Flat L&S #3-Bowl OR 1 80-90 2 9.84 7.3 4.1 5.7 1.7263 38.74 26.45 1.46465 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Sand Varies 2.5yr3/2 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded OR 1 80-90 3 33.46 8.18 6.14 7.16 4.6732 87.08 41.91 2.07779 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Sand Varies 2.5yr5/8 5yr5/8 10yr6/3 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 4 4.16 4.66 3.59 4.125 1.0085 24.66 24.38 1.01148 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Grog, Lava, Mica, Varies 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded OR 1 80-90 5 2.38 6.53 4.92 5.725 0.4157 23.5 19.54 1.20266 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica, Sand Varies 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 Straight Rounded firing clouds OR 1 80-90 6 18.3 6.84 5.8 6.32 2.8956 47.09 43.72 1.07708 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica, Sand Varies 10r4/8 5yr3/3 5yr3/3 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 7 11.49 8.13 6.5 7.315 1.5707 48.52 30.78 1.57635 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica, Sand Varies 2.5yr5/8 5yr5/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 8 18.01 8.65 7.65 8.15 2.2098 49.76 44.36 1.12173 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 5yr5/8 7.5yr4/6 7.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 9 9.13 5.47 4.89 5.18 1.7625 38.81 31.48 1.23285 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 10yr3/1 2.5yr3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 10 20.41 12.67 12.96 12.815 1.5927 43.83 30.35 1.44415 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 11 9.36 4.52 4 4.26 2.1972 45.07 36.74 1.22673 Body Y N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Varies 10r5/8 10r5/6 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 12 6.47 6.33 4.96 5.645 1.1461 30.14 29.85 1.00972 Neck N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 13 11.41 6.76 5.79 6.275 1.8183 39.01 35.89 1.08693 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica, Sand Fine 10r5/8 5yr6/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 14 11.13 6.23 5.18 5.705 1.9509 40.06 39.15 1.02324 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Sand Coarse 7.5yr4/2 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 15 47.21 11.85 10.8 11.325 4.1687 60.26 52.01 1.15862 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr3/6 2.5yr3/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 16 23.8 6.8 7.23 7.015 3.3927 54.91 44.32 1.23894 Body Y N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica, Sand Varies 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 17 6.82 5.53 3.63 4.58 1.4891 38.27 26.88 1.42374 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Sand Fine 2.5yr4/8 10r4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 18 7.86 8.16 8.24 8.2 0.9585 35.81 29.32 1.22135 Neck N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Varies 5yr5/8 5yr5/8 5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 19 3.78 4.44 3.73 4.085 0.9253 31.35 22.76 1.37742 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Varies 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 20 5.03 5.63 4.56 5.095 0.9872 32.58 24.1 1.35187 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Varies 10r5/8 7.5yr4/2 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 21 3.98 6.33 6.08 6.205 0.6414 23.44 21.18 1.1067 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise OR 1 80-90 22 10.87 7.12 6.63 6.875 1.5811 40.03 32.14 1.24549 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 23 12.97 9.17 7.01 8.09 1.6032 43.97 27.8 1.58165 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 5yr6/8 5yr5/6 5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 Straight Flat OR 1 80-90 24 2.61 4.59 3.6 4.095 0.6374 28.45 18.57 1.53204 Body N N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 10yr6/3 10yr6/3 10yr6/3 Reducing 3 OR 1 80-90 25 2 3.64 3.26 3.45 0.5797 22.65 20.67 1.09579 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr4/6 5yr4/4 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 26 1.1 3.43 3.11 3.27 0.3364 20.81 13.24 1.57175 Shoulder N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 7.5yr7/0 5yr7/8 5yr7/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 80-90 27 1.72 5.56 3.74 4.65 0.3699 18.02 13.78 1.30769 Neck N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 28 3.09 4.55 4.63 4.59 0.6732 25.94 21.2 1.22358 Neck N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 29 1.38 3.38 3.56 3.47 0.3977 19.4 16.54 1.17291 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 30 1.79 4.54 3.38 3.96 0.452 21.36 16.68 1.28058 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 Inverted Rounded OR 1 80-90 31 1.93 4.25 2.96 3.605 0.5354 21.79 20.15 1.08139 Shoulder N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Varies 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 32 0.87 3.66 3.91 3.785 0.2299 14.54 12.79 1.13683 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Varies 2.5yr3/6 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 33 2.95 4.32 4.1 4.21 0.7007 23.13 20.91 1.10617 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog Fine 7.5yr7/0 7.5yr7/2 2.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 OR 1 80-90 34 1.55 6.24 6.33 6.285 0.2466 18.79 #VALUE! Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr5/8 10yr3/1 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 35 0.36 3.29 3.21 3.25 0.1108 11.42 9.77 1.16888 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r4/8 2.5yr3/6 2.5yr3/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 36 0.34 2.83 2.39 2.61 0.1303 13.36 7.49 1.78371 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr5/0 10r4/8 2.5yr4/8 Reducing 3 OR 1 80-90 37 0.68 3.28 3.24 3.26 0.2086 14.3 11.47 1.24673 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 38 0.75 4.06 4.12 4.09 0.1834 12.4 12.17 1.0189 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 39 1.6 4.39 3.72 4.055 0.3946 20.75 15.07 1.37691 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Sand Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 40 0.6 3.01 3.04 3.025 0.1983 12.72 12.13 1.04864 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 41 0.97 4.52 3.84 4.18 0.2321 15.67 15.38 1.01886 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr6/6 7.5yr7/4 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 42 1.11 4.65 3.71 4.18 0.2656 16.92 15.43 1.09657 Body N N N N Grit w/ Lava, Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 43 1.12 3.92 3.42 3.67 0.3052 16.84 15.33 1.0985 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 5yr6/8 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 44 2.14 4.24 3.81 4.025 0.5317 26.27 20.24 1.29792 Rim N Y N N Sand Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 Straight Rounded OR 1 80-90 45 19.59 7.64 8.71 8.175 2.3963 55.69 28.55 1.95061 Body Y N N N Grit w/ Lava, Mica Coarse 7.5yr6/8 10r4/8 7.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 Page 11 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments OR 1 80-90 46 11.05 6.37 5.47 5.92 1.8666 43.44 32.46 1.33826 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Varies 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 47 2.72 4.13 3.55 3.84 0.7083 33.76 17.01 1.98471 Body Y Y Incising N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr5/8 5yr6/6 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 Other Incise OR 1 80-90 48 2.8 5.46 5.95 5.705 0.4908 18.95 18.64 1.01663 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 49 3.67 7.17 7.12 7.145 0.5136 31.21 16.6 1.88012 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10yr6/4 10yr6/4 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 50 2.68 4.76 4.56 4.66 0.5751 25.77 17.4 1.48103 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica, Sand Fine 2.5yr4/4 2.5yr4/4 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 51 1.69 3.44 2.51 2.975 0.5681 21.93 18.54 1.18285 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Sand Varies 10r4/8 5yr6/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 52 2.52 4.48 4.59 4.535 0.5557 26.35 19.98 1.31882 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Sand Varies 5yr5/6 7.5yr4/4 7.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 53 2.82 4.81 3.87 4.34 0.6498 28.41 14.87 1.91056 Neck N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica, Sand Fine 5yr6/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 54 2.04 3.36 3.31 3.335 0.6117 23.18 22.13 1.04745 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica Fine 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr4/4 7.5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 55 1.64 3.27 2.88 3.075 0.5333 22.36 17.45 1.28138 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica Fine 10r5/6 5yr5/4 5yr4/3 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 56 8.54 7.61 5.27 6.44 1.3261 38.72 28.06 1.3799 Shoulder Y Y N Drilled Grit w/ Coral, Mica, Sand Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Other, drilled hole Other, Drilled Hole OR 1 80-90 57 1.64 4.84 3.9 4.37 0.3753 19.84 15.12 1.31217 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica, Sand Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 58 0.47 3.07 2.98 3.025 0.1554 11.52 10.36 1.11197 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise OR 1 80-90 59 1.43 5.35 5.89 5.62 0.2544 17.02 12.71 1.3391 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 Parallel Incise OR 1 80-90 60 0.96 4.82 2.96 3.89 0.2468 12.32 12.43 0.99115 Base N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 61 1.77 5.14 5.4 5.27 0.3359 21.97 14.85 1.47946 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 62 1.22 3.76 3.59 3.675 0.332 19.13 14.04 1.36254 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 63 1.52 4.13 3.97 4.05 0.3753 21.2 12.64 1.67722 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 64 0.5 3.6 3.36 3.48 0.1437 11.25 10.91 1.03116 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 65 1.35 4.71 4.68 4.695 0.2875 15.6 13.58 1.14875 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 66 2.08 4.99 4.65 4.82 0.4315 24.01 16.14 1.48761 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica, Sand Fine 2.5yr4/8 5yr4/6 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 80-90 67 3.02 9.36 9.28 9.32 0.324 19.01 15.43 1.23202 Neck Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica, Sand Varies 5yr6/4 5yr7/6 5yr7/6 Reducing 3 OR 1 80-90 68 3.11 8.1 4.34 6.22 0.5 24.47 19.18 1.27581 Neck Y Y N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r5/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Diagonal Hatch OR 1 80-90 69 17.3 8.74 6.36 7.55 2.2914 45.35 43.82 1.03492 Neck N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica, Sand Coarse 2.5yr4/9 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 Other Incise OR 1 80-90 70 5.47 5.33 3.7 4.515 1.2115 42.09 22.88 1.8396 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Sand Coarse 7.5yr7/0 5yr7/8 5yr7/8 Reducing 3 Everted Rounded most of slip on ext was washed off OR 1 80-90 71 8.54 7.42 3.88 5.65 1.5115 38.82 29.15 1.33173 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica, Sand Varies 10r5/6 10r5/6 10r5/6 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded plate? Shoulder is 90 degree angle to rim OR 1 80-90 72 12.44 7.28 4.5 5.89 2.1121 48.14 27.99 1.7199 Rim N N Impress Impress Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Lava Varies 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Rim Everted Rounded impress on int and ext of rim OR 1 80-90 73 7.46 7.35 3.3 5.325 1.4009 32.47 29.1 1.11581 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica, Sand Fine 2.5yr4/8 5yr6/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded OR 1 80-90 74 12.84 10.22 13.19 11.705 1.097 35.66 24.26 1.46991 Corner N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica, Sand Coarse 2.5yr4/2 7.5yr4/2 7.5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 Roofing Tile 90 degree angle. OR 1 90-100 1 13.93 7.48 6.58 7.03 1.9815 43.64 39.85 1.09511 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Coarse 5yr5/8 5yr7/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 90-100 2 22.46 9.13 5.78 7.455 3.0127 65.49 38.11 1.71845 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/8 5yr4/1 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 90-100 3 17.33 10.01 7.62 8.815 1.966 42.72 42.54 1.00423 Body Y N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 2.5yr5/0 10r4/8 7.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 90-100 4 18.89 13.65 11.94 12.795 1.4764 51.95 31.34 1.65763 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 5yr5/8 5yr5/8 5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 Inverted Flat OR 1 90-100 5 7.79 6.89 5.02 5.955 1.3081 39.99 30.46 1.31287 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r5/8 2.5yr5/8 5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded OR 1 90-100 6 4.41 6.99 6.45 6.72 0.6563 28.27 21.03 1.34427 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 5yr4/3 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 90-100 7 17.52 7.31 5.53 6.42 2.729 50.39 37.32 1.35021 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 5yr5/8 5yr5/8 7.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 90-100 8 14.91 8.06 7.65 7.855 1.8982 38.54 38.11 1.01128 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr3/6 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 90-100 9 14.06 13.07 12 12.535 1.1217 41.74 24.86 1.679 Body N N N N Grit w/ Lava Coarse 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 90-100 10 5.31 6.95 7.02 6.985 0.7602 30.08 22.77 1.32104 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Coarse 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise OR 1 90-100 11 9.61 9.13 9.69 9.41 1.0213 48.02 22.46 2.13802 Body Y N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 90-100 12 3.24 5.42 4.7 5.06 0.6403 25.83 22.18 1.16456 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 90-100 13 3.69 4.99 5.04 5.015 0.7358 25.27 22.01 1.14811 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica, Sand Coarse 10yr6/4 10yr6/4 10yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 90-100 14 6.41 6.45 5.23 5.84 1.0976 28.31 27.51 1.02908 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 90-100 15 27.99 8.14 4.42 6.28 4.457 60.59 56.21 1.07792 Rim N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 5yr4/1 2.5yr3/6 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 Perpendicular InciseEverted Flat some incising on shoulder OR 1 90-100 16 5.48 6.5 5.19 5.845 0.9376 34.97 24.47 1.4291 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 90-100 17 11.57 5.56 3.85 4.705 2.4591 46.76 38.06 1.22859 Rim Y N N Impress Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r5/8 10r4/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Rim Inverted Rounded impress on rim OR 1 90-100 18 14.32 10.25 9 9.625 1.4878 38.26 38.17 1.00236 Neck Y N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 5yr5/3 10r4/8 5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 90-100 19 6.89 5.97 5.76 5.865 1.1748 33.56 29.18 1.1501 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 5yr6/8 5yr5/6 7.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 90-100 20 5.66 7.39 6.42 6.905 0.8197 27.77 26.69 1.04046 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 90-100 21 3.55 6.32 5.81 6.065 0.5853 26.56 17.88 1.48546 Rim Y N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r3/6 10r4/8 10r3/4 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded OR 1 90-100 22 3.91 6.4 6.82 6.61 0.5915 25.2 23.53 1.07097 Body Y N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 5yr6/6 10r4/8 5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 90-100 23 2.35 7.03 6.29 6.66 0.3529 22.04 12.76 1.72727 Body Y N N N Grit w/ Lava, Mica Varies 5yr6/4 10r4/8 5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 90-100 24 5.37 8.26 5.02 6.64 0.8087 27.49 27.47 1.00073 Shoulder Y N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 7.5yr6/6 10r4/6 7.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 90-100 25 1.21 4.53 4.63 4.58 0.2642 17.73 12.51 1.41727 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr5/6 5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise OR 1 90-100 26 2.96 5.17 4.43 4.8 0.6167 23.01 20.41 1.12739 Body N N Charred N grit w/ mica Coarse 10r4/8 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 90-100 27 4.19 5.54 5.2 5.37 0.7803 29.32 24.1 1.2166 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 5yr5/8 5yr4/2 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 OR 1 90-100 28 0.51 2.78 2.46 2.62 0.1947 13.05 11.39 1.14574 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 90-100 29 1.92 5.76 5.4 5.58 0.3441 18.85 13.26 1.42157 Body N N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr3/0 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 90-100 30 2.14 7.21 7.37 7.29 0.2936 17.32 17.27 1.0029 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Lava, Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 90-100 31 7.28 7.67 7.34 7.505 0.97 37.46 20.02 1.87113 Rim Y N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Lava Coarse 7.5yr6/6 10r4/8 7.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 Perpendicular InciseUnknown Unknown incised lines, perpendicular to rim; some red slip on ext? OR 1 90-100 32 2.46 5.99 5.74 5.865 0.4194 21.99 18.33 1.19967 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 Parallel Perpendicular 1 line, 2 lines II but perpendicular to 1st line OR 1 90-100 33 2.6 6.39 6.11 6.25 0.416 25.22 20.91 1.20612 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Sand Coarse 7.5yr6/8 7.5yr6/8 7.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 90-100 34 7.22 5.36 3.82 4.59 1.573 40.28 29.37 1.37147 Neck N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica, Sand Fine 5yr6/8 5yr5/4 5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 Parallel Perpendicular 1 line, 3 lines II but perpendicular to 1st line Page 12 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments OR 1 90-100 35 1.91 5.13 4.7 4.915 0.3886 21.13 17.19 1.2292 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Lava Fine 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 90-100 36 30.3 12.85 10.41 11.63 2.6053 60.02 42.38 1.41623 Body Y N N Drilled Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r5/8 10r4/8 5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Other, drilled hole Other, Drilled Hole int slip flaking off, looks like a hole was drilled for repair? Wider on ext than int OR 1 90-100 37 2.17 5.66 4.43 5.045 0.4301 23.88 16.07 1.486 Body N N Charred N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 90-100 38 1.62 4.42 4.52 4.47 0.3624 17.95 17.17 1.04543 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 2.5yr4/4 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 90-100 39 0.62 4.56 4.14 4.35 0.1425 15.06 12.06 1.24876 Rim N N N Incising Grit w/ Mica Fine 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise Straight Rounded OR 1 90-100 40 7.02 8.79 5.52 7.155 0.9811 27.27 23.48 1.16141 Rim Y N N Incising Grit w/ Mica Fine 5yr5/8 10r4/8 7.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 Diagonal Hatch Everted Rounded diagonal, radiating lines from rim OR 1 90-100 41 4.57 5.8 4.37 5.085 0.8987 32.23 22.7 1.41982 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr2.5/0 7.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 OR 1 90-100 42 4.24 5.74 3.74 4.74 0.8945 31.29 23.9 1.30921 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica, Sand Medium 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 1 90-100 43 13.22 6.93 5.18 6.055 2.1833 49.16 35.48 1.38557 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica, Sand Varies 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 Diagonal Hatch OR 1 90-100 44 3.15 6.85 5.28 6.065 0.5194 21.38 19.43 1.10036 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Varies 5yr3/1 5yr5/6 5yr6/6 Reducing 3 Everted Flat OR 1 90-100 45 31.63 9.52 4.87 7.195 4.3961 55.13 43.73 1.26069 Rim Y Y N Incising Grit w/ Mica Varies 7.5yr3/0 5yr5/8 5yr7/0 Reducing 3 Incise-Nested SquaresInverted Rounded L&S #1- Globular Jar interior looks like there's 3 layers of slip- white, black, red; ext has nested rectangles, incised. OR 1 90-100 46 12.55 9.04 6.13 7.585 1.6546 42.2 40 1.055 Rim N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 5yr5/8 5yr3/1 5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 Diagonal Hatch Everted Damaged OR 2 surface 1 39.71 14.45 7.94 11.195 3.5471 62.15 49.67 1.25126 Shoulder N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 5yr6/8 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 OR 2 surface 2 4.1 10.11 4.43 7.27 0.564 30.02 23.12 1.29844 Base N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 5yr7/8 2.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 OR 2 surface 3 2.35 5.59 4.19 4.89 0.4806 19.69 18.19 1.08246 Body N N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 surface 4 3.75 5.3 5 5.15 0.7282 26.99 21.82 1.23694 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Varies 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 surface 5 1.26 5.19 4.62 4.905 0.2569 17.92 15.1 1.18675 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 surface 6 4.36 6.3 4.99 5.645 0.7724 28.04 20.36 1.37721 Rim N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica, Sand Varies 10r4/8 10r4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Rim Everted Flat impress on rim OR 2 surface 7 2.07 5.9 6.62 6.26 0.3307 19.53 17.79 1.09781 Body N N N N Sand Fine 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr4/2 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 surface 8 2.02 8.04 7.38 7.71 0.262 18.83 15.18 1.24045 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 surface 9 2.9 5.21 5.31 5.26 0.5513 20.57 19.28 1.06691 Body N N N N Grit Fine 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 surface 10 0.81 3.36 3.15 3.255 0.2488 18.1 16.68 1.08513 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/3 5yr4/1 5yr6/3 Reducing 3 OR 2 surface 11 2.12 6.28 5.41 5.845 0.3627 23.23 13.36 1.73877 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr7/1 2.5yr3/0 5yr7/1 Reducing 3 OR 2 0-10 1 20.03 9.19 7.55 8.37 2.3931 52.79 39.55 1.33477 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr6/1 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 0-10 2 10.72 9.9 7.21 8.555 1.2531 36.13 27.61 1.30858 Rim N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/6 2.5yr4/8 2.5r3/4 Oxidizing 3 Impress/ Incise Everted Rounded v. hard, high fired, core is red, but (s) by grey in parts, ext is mostly red. High iron content? This one is a bit weird. Rim is impressed, 2 II lines beneath. OR 2 0-10 3 8.34 6.1 6.3 6.2 1.3452 36.32 32.18 1.12865 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/0 10yr6/1 10yr6/1 Reducing 3 OR 2 0-10 4 7.28 6.31 5.72 6.015 1.2103 40.32 28.6 1.40979 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r5/8 10r4/8 2.5yr3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 5 3.47 3.93 4.01 3.97 0.8741 34.67 24.05 1.44158 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r6/3 2.5yr5/8 5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 core is both red and grey, so pink. Oxidizng and reducing atmosphere? Too thin-walled to keep out the O2? OR 2 0-10 6 5.91 7.52 7.06 7.29 0.8107 37.94 21.54 1.76137 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 10yr6/4 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 aerated look, missing lots of temper OR 2 0-10 7 2.46 3.62 3.89 3.755 0.6551 24.82 23.83 1.04154 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 5yr4/6 5yr6/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 0-10 8 9.13 6.59 5.8 6.195 1.4738 41.68 35.76 1.16555 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr4/0 5yr5/8 5yr5/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 0-10 9 3.88 5.11 4.15 4.63 0.838 32.87 30.13 1.09094 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr7/4 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 OR 2 0-10 10 13.77 6.81 6.87 6.84 2.0132 47.52 33.51 1.41808 Body Y N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/2 5yr3/4 Reducing 3 hard, high fired. Firing clouds OR 2 0-10 11 5.22 6.59 5.73 6.16 0.8474 33.84 21.78 1.55372 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 7.5yr3/2 7.5yr3/2 7.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 OR 2 0-10 12 4.6 5.6 4.79 5.195 0.8855 29.9 22.09 1.35355 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r5/6 10yr3/1 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 13 4.03 6.46 5.35 5.905 0.6825 30.32 21.21 1.42951 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Sand Varies 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 14 7.93 8.71 5.25 6.98 1.1361 30.9 28.43 1.08688 Shoulder N N N N Grit w/ Lava, Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 15 7.16 6.8 6.33 6.565 1.0906 28.4 24.72 1.14887 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 16 2.59 5.23 4.34 4.785 0.5413 32.29 17.6 1.83466 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Fine 10r4/8 2.5yr4/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 17 2.7 5.32 3.77 4.545 0.5941 26.99 22.37 1.20653 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr7/0 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 0-10 18 3.12 5.21 3.82 4.515 0.691 26.19 25.9 1.0112 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 19 4.17 7.63 4.66 6.145 0.6786 26.11 22.57 1.15685 Shoulder N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 5yr6/6 10r3/4 5yr3/1 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 20 9.38 11.23 9.09 10.16 0.9232 27.87 24.86 1.12108 Body N N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 2.5yr3/6 2.5yr3/6 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 21 11.37 11.71 7.33 9.52 1.1943 31.46 29.34 1.07226 Base N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 2.5yr3/4 7.5yr4/2 10r3/2 Oxidizing 3 Other Incise looks like a line encircling the base and diagonal lines going up from that OR 2 0-10 22 4.09 6.77 6.7 6.735 0.6073 32.64 22.48 1.45196 Neck N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 5yr5/6 5yr7/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 0-10 23 2.85 5.14 3.76 4.45 0.6404 32.86 24.03 1.36746 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr7/0 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 0-10 24 5.33 7.32 7.11 7.215 0.7387 30.46 21.67 1.40563 Body N N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 10r4/8 2.5yr3/6 10r3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 25 4.4 5.91 5.3 5.605 0.785 25.55 21.59 1.18342 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r3/2 10r3/2 10r3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 26 5.8 8.09 7.68 7.885 0.7356 24.95 24.01 1.03915 Body N N N N Grit w/ Shell Fine 2.5yr5/0 7.5yr2.5/0 5yr3/1 Reducing 3 OR 2 0-10 27 0.77 3.28 3.18 3.23 0.2384 16.97 13.17 1.28853 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Sand Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 28 3.02 6.34 5.1 5.72 0.528 27.72 19.5 1.42154 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/6 5yr4/6 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 29 2.03 4.43 4.37 4.4 0.4614 21.47 19.44 1.10442 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 10yr5/2 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 aerated OR 2 0-10 30 1.9 5.15 4.81 4.98 0.3815 19.38 17.25 1.12348 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 31 1.93 5.75 5.32 5.535 0.3487 20.49 14.54 1.40922 Body N N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r5/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 32 4.71 7.33 7.02 7.175 0.6564 33.74 19.09 1.76742 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 0-10 33 1.93 6.22 6.48 6.35 0.3039 20.58 14.86 1.38493 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 5yr6/2 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 0-10 34 3.54 6.53 4.88 5.705 0.6205 29.37 19.61 1.49771 Rim N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r3/4 2.5yr3/2 10r3/4 Oxidizing 3 Diagonal Hatch Inverted Damaged carinated OR 2 0-10 35 1.86 4.64 4.9 4.77 0.3899 23.21 17.82 1.30247 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 10yr5/4 2.5yr5/0 Reducing 3 OR 2 0-10 36 1.14 2.95 2.47 2.71 0.4207 19.6 18.5 1.05946 Body N N N N Unknown Fine 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 terra cotta? Different from other sherds. OR 2 0-10 37 2.63 6.68 5.88 6.28 0.4188 24.38 18.12 1.34547 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 5yr3/1 2.5yr5/8 5yr2.5/1 Reducing 3 OR 2 0-10 38 7.85 6.35 5.94 6.145 1.2775 36.49 28.28 1.29031 Rim N N Incising Impress grit w/ mica Coarse 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 Impress/ Incise Everted Flat impress on rim, 2 II lines on rim OR 2 0-10 39 2.02 6.19 4.77 5.48 0.3686 18.52 17.96 1.03118 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 5yr6/8 7.5yr5/6 7.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 40 6.18 12.72 7.52 10.12 0.6107 25.83 25.41 1.01653 Body N N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 41 4.6 7.73 8.18 7.955 0.5783 23.55 20.86 1.12895 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr3/6 7.5yr2.5/0 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 42 2.51 6.01 4.59 5.3 0.4736 21.84 16.85 1.29614 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 5yr6/6 5yr3/4 Reducing 3 aerated OR 2 0-10 43 5.74 10.03 9.71 9.87 0.5816 25.55 18.38 1.3901 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Sand Fine 10yr3/1 10yr3/1 10yr3/2 Reducing 3 Straight rounded OR 2 0-10 44 1.46 4.37 4.31 4.34 0.3364 19.59 17.99 1.08894 Body Y N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/2 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 0-10 45 2.81 6.97 6.4 6.685 0.4203 23.47 16.56 1.41727 Body N N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 46 1.63 4.31 3.13 3.72 0.4382 23.18 19.92 1.16365 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 OR 2 0-10 47 3.71 6.09 5.42 5.755 0.6447 31.15 17.48 1.78204 Body N N N N Grit w/ Lava, Mica, Sand Fine 5yr6/6 2.5yr3/0 5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 Page 13 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments OR 2 0-10 48 4.97 6.12 5.78 5.95 0.8353 30.49 22.47 1.35692 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr6/6 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 OR 2 0-10 49 6.41 7.04 10.22 8.63 0.7428 30.79 26.59 1.15795 Rim Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 Inverted pointed OR 2 0-10 50 3.71 9 4.85 6.925 0.5357 24.79 16.34 1.51714 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r3/6 10r3/6 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 Straight rounded v. red, high iron content? OR 2 0-10 51 3.29 4.5 5.28 4.89 0.6728 23.9 22.33 1.07031 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr5/2 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 52 2.51 5.14 4.97 5.055 0.4965 22.56 19.29 1.16952 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 aerated OR 2 0-10 53 1.71 4.41 3.92 4.165 0.4106 20.69 20.59 1.00486 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/2 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/8 Reducing 3 aerated OR 2 0-10 54 3.64 7.14 5.13 6.135 0.5933 27.42 16.53 1.6588 Rim Y N N Incising Grit w/ Coral Coarse 7.5yr5/4 10r4/8 10r4/8 Reducing 3 Diagonal Hatch Straight Rounded may have had slip on ext that I washed off. Chevrons? Incised going down from rim. OR 2 0-10 55 3.12 8.33 7.05 7.69 0.4057 23.91 20.04 1.19311 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Shell Fine 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr5/6 7.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 OR 2 0-10 56 4.04 6.86 6.48 6.67 0.6057 26.53 22.56 1.17598 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/4 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 0-10 57 3.04 5.76 4.63 5.195 0.5852 26.57 20 1.3285 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 5yr4/3 5yr3/2 5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 58 3.14 6.01 5.76 5.885 0.5336 22.35 19.55 1.14322 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 5yr3/1 5yr3/1 5yr3/3 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 59 3.11 8.27 6.69 7.48 0.4158 20.77 17.82 1.16554 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr3/0 7.5yr4/4 2.5yr4/6 Reducing 3 Straight Rounded OR 2 0-10 60 8.29 10.36 5.41 7.885 1.0514 28 25.88 1.08192 Rim Y N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr6/6 10r4/8 2.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 Red Paint Everted Rounded red line around top of rim on int and ext. OR 2 0-10 61 8.71 8.32 5.14 6.73 1.2942 45.21 26.19 1.72623 Shoulder N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10yr4/1 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 62 1.57 6.03 5.64 5.835 0.2691 18.1 16.87 1.07291 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 0-10 63 1.89 5.55 5.97 5.76 0.3281 19.56 15.83 1.23563 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/6 10r5/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 0-10 64 0.7 5.77 5.47 5.62 0.1246 15.17 10.19 1.48871 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr4/0 5yr5/2 Reducing 3 OR 2 0-10 65 1.65 4.44 3.88 4.16 0.3966 24.47 18.28 1.33862 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/1 2.5yr5/8 5yr4/2 Reducing 3 OR 2 0-10 66 6.81 11.89 11.24 11.565 0.5888 25.57 20.35 1.25651 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica, Sand Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 67 1.04 4.03 3.77 3.9 0.2667 18.71 15.72 1.1902 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr7/0 5yr5/8 5yr5/3 Reducing 3 OR 2 0-10 68 1.99 5.92 5.08 5.5 0.3618 20.67 18.97 1.08962 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r3/4 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 69 1.94 5.32 5.29 5.305 0.3657 24.82 13.83 1.79465 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Sand Coarse 7.5yr5/2 2.5yr5/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 70 3.41 8.17 6.79 7.48 0.4559 23.79 22.25 1.06921 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Sand Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Straight Rounded OR 2 0-10 71 4.89 5.14 5.27 5.205 0.9395 31.47 30.23 1.04102 Body N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 Diagonal Hatch 2 II lines w/ lines radiating from corner OR 2 0-10 72 4.61 7.47 6.23 6.85 0.673 27.86 22.83 1.22032 Shoulder N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica, Sand Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 OR 2 0-10 73 2.39 5.02 5.2 5.11 0.4677 19.79 16 1.23688 Body N N N N Grit w/ Sand Coarse 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr5/4 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 74 2.1 6.54 5.61 6.075 0.3457 17.41 16.72 1.04127 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica, Sand Coarse 7.5yr5/4 2.5yr5/8 5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 75 2.01 4.71 4.75 4.73 0.4249 20.65 14.45 1.42907 Body N N N N Sand Fine 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 7.ryr6/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 76 2.07 7.4 7.5 7.45 0.2779 17.75 14.71 1.20666 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10yr4/1 10yr4/1 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 77 0.53 3.72 4.17 3.945 0.1343 16.63 11.1 1.4982 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/1 5yr5/8 5yr5/3 Reducing 3 OR 2 0-10 78 0.45 3.26 3.11 3.185 0.1413 17.1 13.01 1.31437 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 0-10 79 0.99 4.48 4.35 4.415 0.2242 13.54 12.48 1.08494 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr5/4 2.5yr3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 80 2.71 8.4 7.58 7.99 0.3392 25.91 15.67 1.65348 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Reducing 3 Straight pointed OR 2 0-10 81 1.05 5.2 4.7 4.95 0.2121 15.48 12.05 1.28465 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 7.5yr4/0 2.5yr3/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 82 1.21 7.47 7.18 7.325 0.1652 16.07 11.47 1.40105 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/4 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 0-10 83 2.21 7.85 5.91 6.88 0.3212 21.76 17.92 1.21429 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 5yr3/1 5yr3/1 5yr3/3 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 84 1.44 3.64 3.43 3.535 0.4074 19.18 15.76 1.21701 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r3/1 10r3/1 10r3/1 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 85 2.67 7.02 6.34 6.68 0.3997 20.48 15.82 1.29456 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 2.5yr4/8 7.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 86 1.69 6.24 6.21 6.225 0.2715 15.55 14.62 1.06361 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 5yr6/3 7.5yr7/0 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 87 3.53 7.93 7.45 7.69 0.459 20.49 19.61 1.04488 Body N N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 88 5.8 10.1 6.63 8.365 0.6934 25.88 23.79 1.08785 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Mica, Sand Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/8 10yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 Straight rounded OR 2 0-10 89 1.05 4.73 3.94 4.335 0.2422 18.54 16.2 1.14444 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr7/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/0 Reducing 3 OR 2 0-10 90 0.86 4.9 4.42 4.66 0.1845 16.45 13.01 1.26441 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 OR 2 0-10 91 2.16 6.76 6.53 6.645 0.3251 17.72 17.07 1.03808 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 92 1.74 5.59 4.86 5.225 0.333 24.03 15.3 1.57059 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 Inverted Flat OR 2 0-10 93 1.46 4.52 4.23 4.375 0.3337 19.69 14.87 1.32414 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 5yr5/6 5yr3/3 7.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 0-10 94 1.38 4.72 4.43 4.575 0.3016 22.76 16.05 1.41807 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Shell Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 OR 2 0-10 95 0.53 3.6 3.45 3.525 0.1504 11.91 10.96 1.08668 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Sand Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 10-20 1 9.44 12.39 11.16 11.775 0.8017 26.74 24.92 1.07303 Body N N N N Sand Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 10-20 2 6.87 8.05 7.07 7.56 0.9087 35.43 27.32 1.29685 Rim Y N N Incising Grit w/ Grog, Lava, Mica, Coarse 7.5yr4/6 10r4/6 7.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 Other Incise Everted Flat nested rectangles on ext, thick red slip on int OR 2 10-20 3 8.25 9.32 7.16 8.24 1.0012 34.59 24.87 1.39083 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 4 1.73 4.68 3.48 4.08 0.424 25 15.97 1.56544 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 5 5.22 6.52 5.91 6.215 0.8399 30.54 28.27 1.0803 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 5yr6/4 5yr6/6 10r5/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 6 4.37 7.49 7.67 7.58 0.5765 23.68 22.84 1.03678 Body N N N N Sand Fine 2.5yr4/8 10yr4/1 2.5yr3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 10-20 7 1.35 4.78 5.21 4.995 0.2703 19.49 15.85 1.22965 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 8 3.95 7.44 6.46 6.95 0.5683 26.64 22.38 1.19035 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 10-20 9 5.41 9.38 10.63 10.005 0.5407 32.84 21.36 1.53745 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica, Sand Coarse 2.5yr5/6 10yr3/1 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 10-20 10 4.01 6.22 5.43 5.825 0.6884 26.71 24.56 1.08754 Body N N N N Sand Fine 5yr6/6 7.5yr5/6 7.5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 10-20 11 56.48 14.02 39.75 26.885 2.1008 49.4 34.73 1.4224 Pig TongueN N N Punctate Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr3/6 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 L&S #8- Anglo 2 rows of 3 wedge impressions on ext of OR 2 10-20 12 4.93 6.42 6.59 6.505 0.7579 31.3 30.32 1.03232 Body N N N N Sand Fine 10yr6/4 10yr6/2 10yr5/2 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 13 4.7 4.71 4.86 4.785 0.9822 30.53 26.72 1.14259 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Sand Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 14 4.13 8.09 7.02 7.555 0.5467 26.87 21.76 1.23483 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 15 5.76 7.11 5.02 6.065 0.9497 32.35 23.93 1.35186 Shoulder N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Sand Fine 10r4/8 2.5yr4/8 7.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 10-20 16 3.11 6.5 7.23 6.865 0.453 26.58 21.56 1.23284 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 5yr6/6 2.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 17 5.27 9.06 6.67 7.865 0.6701 29.81 29.38 1.01464 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 18 2.1 4.72 4.49 4.605 0.456 22.85 18.66 1.22454 Body N N N N Sand Fine 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 10-20 19 5.83 7.16 6.52 6.84 0.8523 28.52 25.01 1.14034 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 7.5yr4/2 7.5yr5/4 2.5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 high fired OR 2 10-20 20 2.32 4.55 5.06 4.805 0.4828 23.99 20.04 1.19711 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/8 5yr6/6 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 21 1.76 4.39 3.86 4.125 0.4267 25.17 22.7 1.10881 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 7.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 22 3.21 7.86 7.5 7.68 0.418 22.01 16.34 1.347 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 23 3.88 5.84 4.85 5.345 0.7259 29.3 21.42 1.36788 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Sand Coarse 2.5yr5/4 2.5yr4/8 7.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 10-20 24 1.99 5.89 3.58 4.735 0.4203 25.45 19.98 1.27377 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr6/2 7.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 25 4.17 4.73 5.47 5.1 0.8176 29.57 24.01 1.23157 Body Y Y N Punctate Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/6 5yr3/4 Oxidizing 3 Semi-circular stamp OR 2 10-20 26 3.17 7.35 7.51 7.43 0.4266 22.92 19.19 1.19437 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/2 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 27 1.42 3.74 4.05 3.895 0.3646 17.76 17.55 1.01197 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica Fine 2.5yr5/6 5yr6/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 10-20 28 2.39 5.41 5.45 5.43 0.4401 20.47 17.58 1.16439 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded OR 2 10-20 29 1.27 7.23 7.29 7.26 0.1749 21.37 14.7 1.45374 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 Page 14 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments OR 2 10-20 30 0.93 3.89 4.38 4.135 0.2249 17.21 13.06 1.31776 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr7/0 5yr6/6 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 31 2.24 6.29 5.69 5.99 0.374 22.11 18.38 1.20294 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Sand Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 7.5yr4/4 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 32 2.17 5.02 5.11 5.065 0.4284 28.31 14.71 1.92454 Shoulder N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 2.5yr6/8 5yr6/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 33 0.53 3.57 3.12 3.345 0.1584 12.61 12.25 1.02939 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 5yr7/4 5yr6/6 7.5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 10-20 34 2.79 6.06 5.95 6.005 0.4646 20.7 15.91 1.30107 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 7.5yr5/2 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 35 2.09 4.15 3.96 4.055 0.5154 21.98 18.83 1.16729 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 10-20 36 0.69 2.94 3.34 3.14 0.2197 14.78 13.87 1.06561 Body N N N N ?Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 37 2.78 7.8 8.24 8.02 0.3466 21.28 18.85 1.12891 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 10-20 38 1.41 5.21 4.35 4.78 0.295 17.75 16.18 1.09703 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica, Sand Fine 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr5/6 7.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 39 1.94 4.29 3.96 4.125 0.4703 19.36 18.13 1.06784 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica, Sand Coarse 7.5yr6/4 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 10-20 40 1.96 6.82 6.59 6.705 0.2923 21.01 11.37 1.84785 Body N N N N ?Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/2 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 41 0.98 4.07 3.77 3.92 0.25 16.61 12.82 1.29563 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r5/6 2.5yr5/6 10r5/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 10-20 42 2.09 4.28 4.02 4.15 0.5036 21.42 16.15 1.32632 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 5yr6/1 2.5yr4/8 10yr6/4 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 43 1.64 5.26 3.36 4.31 0.3805 25.18 16.25 1.54954 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr6/2 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 44 1.49 5.07 3.91 4.49 0.3318 21.54 15.44 1.39508 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Sand Coarse 5yr5/2 5yr5/3 5yr6/4 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 45 1.62 4 3.83 3.915 0.4138 19.58 18.41 1.06355 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr3/6 7.5yr4/2 7.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 46 2.42 6.36 5.8 6.08 0.398 23.24 15.34 1.51499 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Sand Fine 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 Everted Rounded OR 2 10-20 47 1.58 4.75 4.88 4.815 0.3281 24.51 16.91 1.44944 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 48 2.07 4.32 4.07 4.195 0.4934 28.12 15.47 1.81771 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 5yr5/8 5yr5/6 2.5yr3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 10-20 49 1.66 5.92 5.63 5.775 0.2874 21.3 17.92 1.18862 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/4 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 50 1.23 5.53 5.93 5.73 0.2147 21 13.04 1.61043 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr7/8 5yr6/6 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 51 2.09 5.66 5.31 5.485 0.381 18.27 14.5 1.26 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 10-20 52 1.59 5.17 3.84 4.505 0.3529 19.59 17.03 1.15032 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 int has sloughed off OR 2 10-20 53 1.01 6.12 5.97 6.045 0.1671 16.38 12.94 1.26584 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/4 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 54 1.79 5.49 4.58 5.035 0.3555 22.25 18.65 1.19303 Neck N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Fine 5yr5/8 5yr5/8 5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 10-20 55 0.57 2.58 2.71 2.645 0.2155 14.5 13.91 1.04242 Body N N N N Grit w/ Shell Fine 5yr5/1 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 56 1.08 4.31 4.22 4.265 0.2532 21.88 12.3 1.77886 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 5yr6/6 10r5/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 57 0.6 4.64 4.44 4.54 0.1322 12.83 12.66 1.01343 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr7/4 5yr7/3 10r5/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 58 0.92 3.7 2.98 3.34 0.2754 16.55 14.7 1.12585 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 59 1.43 4.63 4.83 4.73 0.3023 18.99 15.11 1.25678 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Mica Fine 5yr4/3 5yr4/3 5yr4/3 Reducing 3 Single Incise circular line incised OR 2 10-20 60 1.01 4.67 4.57 4.62 0.2186 19.68 11.04 1.78261 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr7/6 7.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 61 1.55 6.37 6.25 6.31 0.2456 16.7 16.06 1.03985 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr7/6 5yr6/6 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 62 1.06 4.27 4.06 4.165 0.2545 17.55 13.38 1.31166 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 5yr4/3 2.5yr4/6 5yr4/6 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 63 1.45 3.19 3.11 3.15 0.4603 24.19 16.54 1.46252 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 5yr4/3 5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 10-20 64 0.66 4.95 4.99 4.97 0.1328 15.75 12.94 1.21716 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 65 2.2 7.4 7.02 7.21 0.3051 18.16 11.64 1.56014 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr2.5/4 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Parallel Incise OR 2 10-20 66 0.61 2.53 2.02 2.275 0.2681 15.8 14.4 1.09722 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 67 0.33 2.92 2.76 2.84 0.1162 15.56 11.84 1.31419 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr7/6 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 68 0.42 3.86 4.26 4.06 0.1034 12.85 12.32 1.04302 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr7/1 5yr7/3 5yr6/4 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 69 1.08 4.41 4.34 4.375 0.2469 15.05 12.28 1.22557 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 5yr4/4 5yr3/4 5yr3/3 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 10-20 70 0.71 2.72 3.1 2.91 0.244 16.48 15.03 1.09647 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 7.5yr7/4 7.5yr7/4 10r4/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 71 1.52 5.06 5 5.03 0.3022 16.44 15.88 1.03526 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r3/4 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 10-20 72 0.65 4.14 4.05 4.095 0.1587 16.96 10.24 1.65625 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 slip and core is red, but there is an outer layer of grey- 2.5yr4/0 OR 2 10-20 73 1.1 5.29 5.25 5.27 0.2087 17.99 10.56 1.7036 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 10-20 74 0.57 3.13 3.07 3.1 0.1839 16.95 13.41 1.26398 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr4/0 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 75 0.88 4.93 4.99 4.96 0.1774 14.22 13.57 1.0479 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 5yr5/8 7.5yr5/6 7.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 10-20 76 0.93 6.16 4.79 5.475 0.1699 14.75 13.62 1.08297 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 10-20 77 1.02 3.21 2.4 2.805 0.3636 18.53 17.69 1.04748 Body N N N N Grit Fine 2.5yr3/0 10r5/8 10r4/8 Reducing 3 firing clouds; 2 pcs glued together. OR 2 10-20 78 0.81 4.95 3.71 4.33 0.1871 14.13 11.74 1.20358 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 10-20 79 0.33 2.64 2.47 2.555 0.1292 12.17 11.92 1.02097 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr5/4 5yr4/2 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 80 0.53 3.21 3.3 3.255 0.1628 13.53 9.61 1.40791 Body N N N N Sand Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 81 0.59 3.78 3.66 3.72 0.1586 14.89 8.83 1.6863 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 5yr5/8 10r5/8 2.5yr3/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 10-20 82 0.79 5.51 3.83 4.67 0.1692 14.17 12.62 1.12282 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 5yr6/4 2.5yr5/8 5yr5/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 10-20 83 1.16 5.39 5.31 5.35 0.2168 15.84 11.83 1.33897 Body N N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 10-20 84 0.79 4.12 3.87 3.995 0.1977 18.38 9.72 1.89095 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 10-20 85 0.16 2.1 1.88 1.99 0.0804 9.35 7.85 1.19108 Body N N N N Grit w/ Sand Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 1 93.83 17.07 8.92 12.995 7.2205 94.24 64.57 1.4595 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr3/4 Oxidizing 3 Multiple Design Elements deep incising on rim, some bits broken off, chevrons? OR 2 20-30 2 25.04 7.93 9.26 8.595 2.9133 58.76 42.35 1.38749 Body N N Impress N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Body shallow impressions on int from mfg OR 2 20-30 3 42.8 10.78 7.99 9.385 4.5605 62.63 52.33 1.19683 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 4 27.05 12.52 10.42 11.47 2.3583 50.73 48.38 1.04857 Rim N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/6 2.5yr3/6 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 Impress/ Incise Straight Rounded 2 II lines below rim, impressions on rim OR 2 20-30 5 28.67 15.88 7.38 11.63 2.4652 49.54 39.92 1.24098 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Straight Rounded chevrons, (s) by incised line w/ punctate b/w. Base? OR 2 20-30 6 21.39 11.28 7.08 9.18 2.3301 51.03 47.5 1.07432 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 7 5.29 5.99 4.09 5.04 1.0496 31.19 29.44 1.05944 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 8 10.19 7.47 6.43 6.95 1.4662 35.85 35.61 1.00674 Rim Y Y N Incising Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise Straight Rounded OR 2 20-30 9 8.31 7.67 6.24 6.955 1.1948 39.64 35.01 1.13225 Body N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr4/2 10yr5/2 Reducing 3 Single Incise OR 2 20-30 10 9.42 7.03 6.46 6.745 1.3966 34.56 33.19 1.04128 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 5yr5/6 5yr4/1 5yr7/6 Oxidizing 3 Everted Flat OR 2 20-30 11 4.43 5.16 4.07 4.615 0.9599 30.2 28.21 1.07054 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr5/8 10yr3/1 2.5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 12 6.22 7.05 4.41 5.73 1.0855 26.73 24.72 1.08131 Rim N N N Impress Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Rim Everted Rounded OR 2 20-30 13 3.99 7.66 8.32 7.99 0.4994 36.63 16.93 2.16361 Rim Y N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 5yr5/2 2.5yr4/6 Reducing 3 Straight Rounded ridge rim OR 2 20-30 14 3.59 7.36 6.08 6.72 0.5342 25.97 20.83 1.24676 Body N N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r5/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 15 3.53 6.62 6.67 6.645 0.5312 26.7 17.87 1.49412 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 16 1.78 3.99 3.33 3.66 0.4863 22.08 21.65 1.01986 Body N N Charred N Grit w/ Coral Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 10r4/6 Reducing 3 OR 2 20-30 17 2.12 3.76 3.91 3.835 0.5528 24.48 16.07 1.52334 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 5yr5/4 Reducing 3 OR 2 20-30 18 2.56 5.04 4 4.52 0.5664 25.51 21.59 1.18157 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 7.5yr5/0 5yr3/1 5yr3/1 Reducing 3 OR 2 20-30 19 1.9 4.35 3.15 3.75 0.5067 22.23 19.62 1.13303 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Sand Fine 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr4/2 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 Everted Flat OR 2 20-30 20 4.91 7.87 7.51 7.69 0.6385 25.76 19.76 1.30364 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica, Sand Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr3/2 10yr5/2 Reducing 3 OR 2 20-30 21 1.91 4.55 4.14 4.345 0.4396 20.15 19.81 1.01716 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr4/8 10yr6/3 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 22 3.34 4.75 4.9 4.825 0.6922 24.15 20.55 1.17518 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 firing clouds OR 2 20-30 23 3.45 4.91 4.36 4.635 0.7443 24.04 23.37 1.02867 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 5yr6/6 2.5yr4/8 10yr5/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 24 3.26 6.36 6.12 6.24 0.5224 28.11 20.46 1.3739 Body N N N N Sand Fine 5yr5/2 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr4/8 Reducing 3 Page 15 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments OR 2 20-30 25 3.57 6.99 6.26 6.625 0.5389 28.7 17.64 1.62698 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 5yr4/2 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr4/8 Reducing 3 firing clouds OR 2 20-30 26 8.35 5.24 3.7 4.47 1.868 45.61 34.58 1.31897 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 5yr5/4 5yr6/6 5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 27 4.82 5.68 4.7 5.19 0.9287 28.01 26.56 0.18148 Rim N N N Impress Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Rim Everted Pointed punctate on neck, below rim OR 2 20-30 28 1.53 5.24 5.57 5.405 0.2831 18.2 17.35 1.04899 Body Y N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr7/1 5yr7/1 7.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 abundant temper OR 2 20-30 29 3.15 6.73 7.14 6.935 0.4542 24.24 15.3 1.58431 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 30 3.64 5.79 4.68 5.235 0.6953 29.48 22.12 1.33273 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 OR 2 20-30 31 3.36 6.09 5.39 5.74 0.5854 22.7 16.9 1.3432 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 5yr3/2 5yr2.5/2 5yr4/3 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 32 2.23 4.04 3.89 3.965 0.5624 21.82 17.77 1.22791 Body N N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 10r3/6 10r3/6 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 33 1.57 3.99 3.9 3.945 0.398 24.57 16.86 1.4573 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r3/4 2.5yr3/2 10r3/1 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 34 3.9 5.74 6.25 5.995 0.6505 24.11 21.91 1.10041 Rim Y Y N Impress grit w/ mica Coarse 2.5yr3/2 10r3/6 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Rim Straight Flat impress on rim OR 2 20-30 35 2.77 4.9 5.04 4.97 0.5573 27.46 19 1.44526 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Sand Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 int has sloughed off, sherd is erroding OR 2 20-30 36 5.31 9.28 7.29 8.285 0.6409 24.2 20.24 1.19565 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr4/8 7.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 37 1.88 4.72 4.4 4.56 0.4123 23.51 17.5 1.34343 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Sand Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr3/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 38 2.62 5.94 6.58 6.26 0.4185 28.27 14.5 1.94966 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Sand Fine 7.5yr4/0 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr4/8 Reducing 3 sherd is eroding OR 2 20-30 39 3.6 6.82 4.66 5.74 0.6272 19.87 23.82 0.83417 Rim Y Y N Impress Grit w/ Mica Coarse 10r5/8 10r4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Rim Everted Rounded impress on rim OR 2 20-30 40 2.46 5.42 4.73 5.075 0.4847 21.79 20.68 1.05368 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 41 5.62 8.65 7.3 7.975 0.7047 26.05 23.83 1.09316 Rim N N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 Straight Rounded OR 2 20-30 42 1.03 3.28 2.97 3.125 0.3296 22.4 17.1 1.30994 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr7/2 7.5yr4/0 5yr6/6 Reducing 3 OR 2 20-30 43 1.57 4.95 3.61 4.28 0.3668 19.29 19.06 1.01207 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/6 10r4/6 2.5yr3/4 Oxidizing 3 Inverted Flat OR 2 20-30 44 2.03 5.07 4.05 4.56 0.4452 21.2 16.39 1.29347 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/4 10r3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 45 1.65 4.58 3.04 3.81 0.4331 21.59 17.76 1.21565 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Fine 5yr6/6 5yr5/6 5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 46 2.4 5.41 5.7 5.555 0.432 20.38 14.25 1.43018 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr3/0 10r3/2 2.5yr3/4 Reducing 3 OR 2 20-30 47 2.9 7.44 6.82 7.13 0.4067 21.97 14.4 1.52569 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 5yr5/6 5yr5/4 5yr7/3 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 48 0.76 2.68 2.34 2.51 0.3028 19.52 13.48 1.44807 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 5yr6/6 5yr6/3 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 49 2.03 4.72 4.97 4.845 0.419 20.55 17.03 1.20669 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 5yr6/6 5yr7/6 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 50 2.97 8.51 5.04 6.775 0.4384 21.52 16.14 1.33333 Neck N N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 10r3/3 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 51 1.24 2.69 2.32 2.505 0.495 21.64 15.87 1.36358 Body N N N N Grit w/ Lava, Mica Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 52 1.53 5.5 4.25 4.875 0.3138 19.02 15.97 1.19098 Body N N N N Grit Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr2.5/0 5yr3/2 Reducing 3 OR 2 20-30 53 1.69 6.62 5.26 5.94 0.2845 19.44 16.58 1.1725 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 54 2.83 4.85 3.24 4.045 0.6996 28.93 20.47 1.41329 Neck N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr5/8 10r3/3 10r3/3 Oxidizing 3 Diagonal Hatch 3 II lines w/ diagonal line going up OR 2 20-30 55 2.51 6.08 5.61 5.845 0.4294 21.34 17.41 1.22573 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 56 1.57 4.88 4.27 4.575 0.3432 18.79 16.36 1.14853 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr2.5/0 2.5yr2.5/0 10r6/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 20-30 57 2.5 6.14 6.2 6.17 0.4052 18.57 18.3 1.01475 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr3/6 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 58 2.3 6.04 5.2 5.62 0.4093 22.21 15.92 1.3951 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r3/6 10r3/6 10r3/3 Oxidizing 3 int has sloughed off OR 2 20-30 59 2.7 7.49 7.25 7.37 0.3664 21.71 15.71 1.38192 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 60 1.88 5.08 5.16 5.12 0.3672 22.7 14.03 1.61796 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 61 2.33 5.91 5.29 5.6 0.4161 20.26 11.11 1.82358 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Varies 10r3/2 10r3/1 10r3/1 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 62 1.55 5.36 5.03 5.195 0.2984 16.68 15.84 1.05303 Rim N Y N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r5/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Parallel Incise Inverted Rounded OR 2 20-30 63 0.98 3.37 3.64 3.505 0.2796 16.75 12.37 1.35408 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 64 1.51 6.3 5.92 6.11 0.2471 20.15 10.04 2.00697 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 5yr7/3 5yr7/3 10r5/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 20-30 65 1.19 3.78 3.47 3.625 0.3283 19.21 15.01 1.27981 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 yellow (10yr6/8) coating on int and ext OR 2 20-30 66 1.37 7 6.97 6.985 0.1961 17.34 14.27 1.21514 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr5/2 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 black staining on ext OR 2 20-30 67 2.63 7.63 6.23 6.93 0.3795 21.29 14.52 1.46625 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 68 1.49 4.27 3.73 4 0.3725 18.72 14.36 1.30362 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 69 1.5 7.79 6.2 6.995 0.2144 17.15 13.09 1.31016 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise OR 2 20-30 70 1.72 6.02 6.52 6.27 0.2743 17.08 14.44 1.18283 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/6 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 71 1 4.57 4.1 4.335 0.2307 17.02 12.34 1.37925 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 72 1.08 3.68 3.78 3.73 0.2895 16.14 14.37 1.12317 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 5yr3/1 5yr3/1 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 73 0.61 3.57 3.59 3.58 0.1704 13.21 11.55 1.14372 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 5yr4/2 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 74 1.94 6.74 5.59 6.165 0.3147 20.43 13.36 1.52919 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 75 0.43 4.47 4.26 4.365 0.0985 13.3 11.63 1.14359 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/3 10r5/8 5yr4/2 Reducing 3 pink core OR 2 20-30 76 1.19 5.69 3.07 4.38 0.2717 16.85 15.24 1.10564 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r3/4 10r3/4 10r3/1 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 77 0.7 4.23 4.3 4.265 0.1641 14.37 10.16 1.41437 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/2 Reducing 3 OR 2 20-30 78 0.97 3.76 3.7 3.73 0.2601 16.17 14.91 1.08451 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r3/1 10r3/1 10r3/3 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 79 1.62 5.69 6.01 5.85 0.2769 18.73 13.76 1.36119 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr5/8 10r4/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 80 1.1 7.15 7.3 7.225 0.1522 14.44 13.57 1.06411 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr3/2 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 81 2.22 7.56 6.95 7.255 0.306 22.74 12.49 1.82066 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr5/8 10r4/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 82 1 3.79 3.73 3.76 0.266 17.78 15.71 1.13176 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/4 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 20-30 83 0.48 3.07 2.9 2.985 0.1608 11.52 11.44 1.00699 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 5yr3/1 5yr3/3 5yr3/1 Reducing 3 OR 2 20-30 84 0.91 5.76 5.43 5.595 0.1626 16.12 10.16 1.58661 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 5yr7/3 5yr7/3 5yr6/3 Reducing 3 OR 2 20-30 85 1.17 4.58 4.08 4.33 0.2702 16.18 15.16 1.06728 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 86 0.77 5.95 5.66 5.805 0.1326 11.72 11.49 1.02002 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r6/8 10r6/8 10r6/8 Oxidizing 3 Inverted Rounded OR 2 20-30 87 1.7 7.17 3.91 5.54 0.3069 17.21 16.29 1.05648 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr4/6 5yr5/4 5yr4/3 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 88 1.91 4.58 4.38 4.48 0.4263 21.99 18.11 1.21425 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 89 0.94 4.26 3.99 4.125 0.2279 16.07 14.61 1.09993 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr5/2 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 OR 2 20-30 90 0.93 5.37 5.18 5.275 0.1763 19.86 11.32 1.75442 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr7/0 7.5yr7/0 7.5yr7/0 Reducing 3 OR 2 20-30 91 1.66 3.52 3.84 3.68 0.4511 20.37 15.08 1.3508 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r5/8 2.5yr4/6 10r5/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 20-30 92 2.69 5.71 6.23 5.97 0.4506 27.53 16.38 1.68071 Rim N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r3/1 10r3/2 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Rim Inverted Flat 2 lines incised, impress on rim. Slight curve to lines,might be part of base w/ decoration? OR 2 20-30 93 0.55 3.85 3.8 3.825 0.1438 14.27 10.85 1.31521 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 20-30 94 1.22 4.72 4.5 4.61 0.2646 15.78 11.19 1.41019 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 1 23.42 12.26 7.75 10.005 2.3408 57.52 43.16 1.33272 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 2.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/4 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 2 5.77 5.89 4.57 5.23 1.1033 32.29 27.67 1.16697 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 OR 2 30-40 3 4.76 6.73 6.1 6.415 0.742 35.84 19.1 1.87644 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/6 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 I incised line; 1 punctate, probably from trowel OR 2 30-40 4 13.43 8.9 7.92 8.41 1.5969 38.59 39.69 0.97229 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 7.5yr7/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 5 8.65 7.07 6.17 6.62 1.3066 36.3 29.73 1.22099 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 6 3.58 4.26 4.32 4.29 0.8345 35.47 24.17 1.46752 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 7.5yr5/6 7.5yr6/6 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 7 20.11 10.4 9.18 9.79 2.0541 48.92 43.42 1.12667 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr3/4 Oxidizing 3 white coating on int OR 2 30-40 8 13.71 9.68 10.52 10.1 1.3574 37.29 32.21 1.15771 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr6/8 10yr5/2 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 9 11.41 6.92 7.32 7.12 1.6025 36.34 30.7 1.18371 Neck N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 10r4/8 10r4/8 Reducing 3 coating on whole thing (even broken edges, so not slip). Washed 2x, so probably not dirt. OR 2 30-40 10 10.4 7.37 7.67 7.52 1.383 42.08 30.87 1.36314 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 5yr7/6 2.5yr3/0 5yr7/6 Oxidizing 3 v. flat. Maybe tile of some sort? OR 2 30-40 11 8.4 7.9 5.13 6.515 1.2893 40.57 27.89 1.45464 Base N N N Punctate, IncisingGr t w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr3/6 2.5yr4/8 5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 Multiple Design Elements punctates-> straight line-> circular line OR 2 30-40 12 7.17 5.76 4.74 5.25 1.3657 34.52 33.62 1.02677 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r4/6 7.5yr5/4 2.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 firing clouds OR 2 30-40 13 6.42 6.61 4.34 5.475 1.1726 44.33 23.5 1.88638 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr3/4 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Page 16 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments OR 2 30-40 14 4 4.62 4.24 4.43 0.9029 39.92 27.83 1.43442 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr5/4 2.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 OR 2 30-40 15 4.05 4.31 4.22 4.265 0.9496 30.4 27.4 1.10949 Rim N Y Incising N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr4/2 7.5yr5/0 Reducing 3 Single Incise Straight Rounded OR 2 30-40 16 8.51 7.05 6.67 6.86 1.2405 38.51 24.44 1.5757 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 17 4.84 6.21 4.23 5.22 0.9272 34.96 28.72 1.21727 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 7.5yr7/0 10yr6/3 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 OR 2 30-40 18 4.56 5.72 4.95 5.335 0.8547 33.39 21.47 1.55519 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r3/2 7.5yr4/2 10r3/1 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 19 6.82 7.6 7.74 7.67 0.8892 29.84 26.41 1.12988 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 20 4.33 4.29 4.51 4.4 0.9841 33.45 22.94 1.45815 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica, Sand Fine 5yr6/8 7.5yr5/4 5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 21 5.68 7.74 6.55 7.145 0.795 26.17 25.42 1.0295 Shoulder N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/8 5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 22 3.93 6.31 3.47 4.89 0.8037 28.96 20.98 1.38036 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr3/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 23 5.6 6.96 5.6 6.28 0.8917 31.2 24.45 1.27607 Neck N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 7.5yr7/2 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 OR 2 30-40 24 2.87 4.06 3.51 3.785 0.7583 24.07 19.57 1.22994 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 2.5yr4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 25 3.41 4.67 3.78 4.225 0.8071 26.26 24.82 1.05802 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 5yr6/8 7.5yr5/6 7.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 26 2.74 4.62 4.05 4.335 0.6321 30.47 16.8 1.81369 Body N N N N Grit Fine 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr7/4 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 firing cloud on ext OR 2 30-40 27 3.9 5.75 4.52 5.135 0.7595 33.05 21.36 1.54728 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/6 7.5yr5/6 7.5yr4/0 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 28 4.4 7.1 6.26 6.68 0.6587 28.56 22.58 1.26484 Rim N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr6/8 7.5yr5/6 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 Other Incise Inverted Flat curvilinear line OR 2 30-40 29 2.74 7.77 5.87 6.82 0.4018 29.76 20.97 1.41917 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr4/6 Reducing 3 OR 2 30-40 30 2.6 5.42 5.03 5.225 0.4976 26.9 18.54 1.45092 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 31 1.45 3.25 3.31 3.28 0.4421 20.37 20.51 0.99317 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr4/0 5yr4/3 5yr3/1 Reducing 3 OR 2 30-40 32 4.67 5.75 4.78 5.265 0.887 32.89 23.68 1.38894 Rim N N Impress Impress Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Body Everted Flat impress line around rim on int and ext OR 2 30-40 33 2.72 4.53 4.31 4.42 0.6154 21.78 19.84 1.09778 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 34 1.99 5.95 5.45 5.7 0.3491 26.42 16.49 1.60218 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Sand Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 30-40 35 2.99 5.01 4.72 4.865 0.6146 23.05 18.58 1.24058 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 36 5.03 7.82 6.18 7 0.7186 21.71 26.38 0.82297 Rim N N N Incising Grit w/ Mica Fine 5yr4/4 5yr5/8 5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 Diagonal Hatch Inverted Damaged incised line below rim OR 2 30-40 37 2.8 5.13 5.21 5.17 0.5416 25.07 15.97 1.56982 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 38 4.31 6.09 4.9 5.495 0.7843 29.95 23.66 1.26585 Body N N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 5yr5/8 7.5yr6/6 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 firing clouds on ext OR 2 30-40 39 3.33 4.96 2.9 3.93 0.8473 24.46 17.99 1.35964 Rim N N N N Grit w/ ?Grog, Mica Fine 7.5yr4/0 5yr4/2 5yr4/2 Reducing 3 Straight Rounded OR 2 30-40 40 4.56 6.75 6.71 6.73 0.6776 27.58 19.63 1.40499 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 41 3.04 6.25 5.87 6.06 0.5017 20.3 20.11 1.00945 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 42 1.88 7.79 6.88 7.335 0.2563 23.1 15.53 1.48744 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 5yr6/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 43 1.54 5.86 5.71 5.785 0.2662 18.72 13.09 1.4301 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr3/6 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 44 1.59 3.3 2.93 3.115 0.5104 26.13 20.53 1.27277 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Sand Fine 7.5yr5/0 5yr6/3 5yr7/1 Reducing 3 firing clouds on ext OR 2 30-40 45 2.02 4.33 3.99 4.16 0.4856 21.01 19.22 1.09313 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/2 5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 46 2.37 6.21 6.54 6.375 0.3718 18.95 17.52 1.08162 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r5/8 10r4/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 Everted Rounded red slip OR 2 30-40 47 2.59 5.33 5.42 5.375 0.4819 23.9 19.39 1.23259 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr3/6 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr3/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 48 4.52 5.76 6.09 5.925 0.7629 27.92 22.51 1.24034 Neck N N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 2.5yr4/8 10r4/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 49 2.51 7.19 6.84 7.015 0.3578 25.15 15.65 1.60703 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 50 3.61 6.21 6 6.105 0.5913 27.9 17.21 1.62115 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica, Sand Fine 5yr3/2 5yr3/1 5yr3/2 Reducing 3 OR 2 30-40 51 3.24 8.8 7.13 7.965 0.4068 22.18 20.94 1.05922 Rim N N N Impress Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica, Sand Coarse 5yr4/1 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 Impress on Rim Straight Rounded 2 II lines below rim, impress on rim OR 2 30-40 52 3.74 5.78 5.74 5.76 0.6493 32.98 17.64 1.86961 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 5yr6/8 2.5yr5/8 5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise OR 2 30-40 53 3.58 7.05 6.56 6.805 0.5261 25.1 18.75 1.33867 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr6/6 5yr7/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 54 3.16 4.92 5.14 5.03 0.6282 25.83 25.5 1.01294 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Other Incise 1 straight line, 2 curvilinear lines beneath OR 2 30-40 55 2.96 5.91 5.57 5.74 0.5157 24.12 21.59 1.11718 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 2.5yr3/2 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 56 2.25 5.15 5.23 5.19 0.4335 17.37 16.18 1.07355 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 57 5.41 9.78 6.95 8.365 0.6467 28.24 26.55 1.06365 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Mica Varies 2.5yr5/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Inverted Rounded OR 2 30-40 58 2.96 7.74 8.18 7.96 0.3719 25.01 15.62 1.60115 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 5yr4/3 5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 59 2.61 5.33 4.45 4.89 0.5337 30.87 17.76 1.73818 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r5/8 10r4/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 60 2.64 3.97 3.42 3.695 0.7145 25.17 22.58 1.1147 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/4 5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 61 2.58 5.59 5.38 5.485 0.4704 23.15 16.56 1.39795 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 OR 2 30-40 62 3.08 5.34 5.09 5.215 0.5906 23.04 19.22 1.19875 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise 1 incised line OR 2 30-40 63 2.39 6.45 5.06 5.755 0.4153 20.3 20.13 1.00845 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica, Sand Coarse 2.5yr3/6 2.5yr3/6 2.5yr3/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 64 1.98 4.78 4.11 4.445 0.4454 24.63 16.93 1.45481 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 7.5yr5/0 10r6/8 5yr6/3 Reducing 3 OR 2 30-40 65 2.32 4.93 4.77 4.85 0.4784 20.59 18.42 1.11781 Neck N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 7.5yr5/0 10r4/8 10r4/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 30-40 66 2.55 5.46 4.55 5.005 0.5095 28.13 15.44 1.82189 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Sand Coarse 5yr5/8 5yr5/8 5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 67 3.53 5.73 5.9 5.815 0.6071 27.48 21.94 1.25251 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 7.5yr6/0 5yr7/4 7.5yr6/0 Reducing 3 OR 2 30-40 68 1.6 4.23 4.43 4.33 0.3695 23.87 15.38 1.55202 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Other Incise diagonal slashes OR 2 30-40 69 1.6 5.94 5.85 5.895 0.2714 21.42 14.85 1.44242 Body Y N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Fine 10r5/8 10r4/6 5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 70 5.14 4.3 5.39 19 0.2705 19.22 18.68 1.02891 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 71 1.48 4.27 4.14 4.205 0.352 17.11 14.65 1.16792 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 5yr3/1 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 72 0.69 3.68 3.22 3.45 0.2 15.61 11.79 1.324 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr7/2 10r3/3 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 73 1.48 3.67 4.16 3.915 0.378 24.23 13.9 1.74317 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 5yr6/8 5yr6/6 5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 74 2.68 7.47 3.56 5.515 0.4859 21.71 21.04 1.03184 Rim Y N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r3/4 10r4/6 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded OR 2 30-40 75 1.76 4.34 4.2 4.27 0.4122 19.46 17.18 1.13271 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 76 1.19 3.06 3.2 3.13 0.3802 23.95 15.07 1.58925 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 77 1.43 3.97 3.06 3.515 0.4068 21.65 14.67 1.4758 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 78 2 7.51 7.91 7.71 0.2594 19.58 13.23 1.47997 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 79 1.05 3.96 4.11 4.035 0.2602 18.64 14.3 1.3035 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 80 1.37 3.36 3.53 3.445 0.3977 20.37 13.73 1.48361 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 10r3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 81 0.79 2.54 2.48 2.51 0.3147 18.72 15.92 1.17588 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 82 2.69 6.18 5.71 5.945 0.4525 19.44 18.07 1.07582 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 83 2.28 5.77 5.42 5.595 0.4075 20.57 16.46 1.2497 Body N N N N Grit w/ Sand Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 coating around sherd, more than just dirt OR 2 30-40 84 1.75 6.22 6.26 6.24 0.2804 18.82 13.65 1.37875 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r3/6 10r3/6 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 85 0.73 3.2 3.15 3.175 0.2299 14.55 13.67 1.06437 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr3/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 86 1.55 4.46 3.86 4.16 0.3726 19.17 17.68 1.08428 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/6 10r4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 87 0.79 3.04 3.33 3.185 0.248 16.16 12.52 1.29073 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 5yr6/1 5yr5/4 5yr5/4 Reducing 3 OR 2 30-40 88 0.77 4.25 4.12 4.185 0.184 18.03 8.77 2.05587 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 2.5yr3/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 89 1.15 5.52 5.25 5.385 0.2136 17.12 11.54 1.48354 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Sand Coarse 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 90 1.33 4.33 4.31 4.32 0.3079 18.9 15.77 1.19848 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 91 1.73 4.71 4.22 4.465 0.3875 22.17 15.17 1.46144 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr5/8 5yr3/1 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 92 0.88 3.02 3.2 3.11 0.283 18.49 17.17 1.07688 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Mica Fine 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 Reducing 3 Parallel Incise OR 2 30-40 93 2.86 5.09 4.41 4.75 0.6021 29.07 16.06 1.81009 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Grog, Mica Fine 5yr6/1 5yr7/4 5yr7/4 Reducing 3 Diagonal Hatch 3 II lines, 2 diagonal lines going up Page 17 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments OR 2 30-40 94 2.69 4.85 5.43 5.14 0.5233 25.55 16.04 1.59289 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 5yr4/1 Oxidizing 3 Other Incise 2 II lines, 2 diagonal lines going up OR 2 30-40 95 2.06 5.91 4.98 5.445 0.3783 18.05 16.64 1.08474 Rim Y N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Sand Fine 10r4/8 10r4/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Parallel Incise Everted Flat OR 2 30-40 96 0.75 4.29 3.94 4.115 0.1823 15.53 11.52 1.34809 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr4/6 Reducing 3 OR 2 30-40 97 1.15 4.73 4.99 4.86 0.2366 15.37 11.13 1.38095 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise OR 2 30-40 98 0.48 3.89 3.95 3.92 0.1224 12.42 11.94 1.0402 Body N Y N N Grit Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 30-40 99 0.46 5.61 5.76 5.685 0.0809 10.52 7.99 1.31665 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr3/2 10r4/6 10r4/6 Reducing 3 OR 2 40-50 1 7.32 7.08 6.26 6.67 1.0975 34.45 27.77 1.24055 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/3 10r4/1 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 2 8.86 7.31 5.72 6.515 1.3599 40.42 32.26 1.25294 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 3 6.41 4.51 4.26 4.385 1.4618 44.75 24.2 1.84917 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 4 11.79 6.1 6.75 6.425 1.835 41.49 32.27 1.28571 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r3/6 10r5/8 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 5 14.12 8.4 6.83 7.615 1.8542 47.83 28.39 1.68475 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 5yr4/4 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 6 5.23 5.37 5.17 5.27 0.9924 36.79 26.59 1.3836 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica, Sand Fine 5yr4/3 5yr4/3 5yr4/3 Reducing 3 OR 2 40-50 7 17.62 13.81 12.84 13.325 1.3223 39.61 37.07 1.06852 Neck N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr3/4 2.4yr4/8 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 8 20.04 11.03 11.86 11.445 1.751 59.95 40.66 1.47442 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica, Sand Coarse 7.5yr3/0 10r4/8 10r4/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 40-50 9 3.49 6.2 5.75 5.975 0.5841 31.1 20.68 1.50387 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 10 3.84 5.8 3.18 4.49 0.8552 33.66 30.7 1.09642 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 11 3.07 7.16 3.55 5.355 0.5733 27.18 19.47 1.39599 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica, Sand Fine 2.5yr5/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 12 2.66 5.82 3.64 4.73 0.5624 24.47 19.53 1.25294 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 13 2.89 6.9 7.21 7.055 0.4096 24.69 17.65 1.39887 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r3/2 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 14 1.78 5.44 4.07 4.755 0.3743 23.16 15.61 1.48366 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 15 1.54 5.65 5.69 5.67 0.2716 18.71 16.21 1.15423 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 7.5yr6/8 7.5yr6/8 7.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 crumbly, soft texture, abundant temper. OR 2 40-50 16 10.78 9.13 2.99 6.06 1.7789 47.83 33.57 1.42478 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/4 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 17 2.67 5.53 4.71 5.12 0.5215 28.39 17.86 1.58959 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 18 2.26 4.53 4.46 4.495 0.5028 27.65 19.64 1.40784 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr6/6 7.5r5/6 7.5r3/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 19 2.41 3.5 3.26 3.38 0.713 33.04 23.32 1.41681 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 5yr5/8 5yr5/8 5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 20 4.05 4.18 3.33 3.755 1.0786 21.23 26.99 0.78659 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 21 12.85 9.42 5.85 7.635 1.683 47.24 29.23 1.61615 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r3/4 10r4/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded L&S #3-Bowl OR 2 40-50 22 5.34 4.72 5.19 4.955 1.0777 28.63 25.46 1.12451 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 10r3/6 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded OR 2 40-50 23 4.13 6.7 4.03 5.365 0.7698 26.97 23.42 1.15158 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Sand Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 24 4.81 9.14 8.64 8.89 0.5411 25.79 18.79 1.37254 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 5yr7/8 5yr7/8 5yr7/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 25 2.89 5.12 5.31 5.215 0.5542 28.11 18.02 1.55993 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica, Sand Fine 7.5yr6/8 5yr5/6 5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 26 1.94 3.01 3.37 3.19 0.6082 22.47 22.5 0.99867 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r5/8 7.5r3/0 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 27 5.87 8.35 7.4 7.875 0.7454 24.77 23.21 1.06721 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica, Shell Fine 7.5yr7/4 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 OR 2 40-50 28 3.31 5.65 4.15 4.9 0.6755 34.02 22.29 1.52624 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/8 5yr5/8 5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 29 2.44 4.69 4.7 4.695 0.5197 24.22 18.32 1.32205 Body N N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 2.5yr3/2 5yr5/4 5yr3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 30 4.74 6.21 5.8 6.005 0.7893 26.79 26.37 1.01593 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 31 5.38 6.77 5.57 6.17 0.1881 28.6 22.63 1.26381 Rim Y N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 5yr6/4 10r4/6 7.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded OR 2 40-50 32 14.1 12.33 8.34 10.335 1.3643 41.52 38.52 1.07788 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 33 16.59 9.46 8.21 8.835 1.8778 40.9 31.71 1.28981 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 7.5yr4/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 34 8.56 3.37 8.52 5.945 1.4399 35.68 30.88 1.15544 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 35 11.2 8.09 9.91 9 1.2444 33.63 28.78 1.16852 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 36 24.47 9.96 9.27 9.615 2.545 54.94 37.82 1.45267 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r3/4 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted Flat OR 2 40-50 37 4.26 6.73 4.57 5.65 0.754 32.64 21.14 1.54399 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica, Sand Fine 10r5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 38 18.25 11.48 9.66 10.57 1.7266 46.6 26.51 1.75783 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r3/4 10r4/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 39 4.21 5.78 4.87 5.325 0.7906 29.41 23.2 1.26767 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 40 3.31 5.13 4.31 4.72 0.7013 32.17 23.69 1.35796 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr3/0 10r4/8 10r4/6 Reducing 3 OR 2 40-50 41 5.62 6.03 6.67 6.35 0.885 32.28 23.48 1.37479 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 Parallel Incise OR 2 40-50 42 2.63 5.78 3.8 4.79 0.5491 21.48 18.72 1.14744 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Fine 5yr4/1 5yr4/6 2.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 Inverted Rounded impress on rim OR 2 40-50 43 5.89 5.96 6.05 6.005 0.9808 32.73 26.43 1.23837 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 7.5yr3/2 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 44 3.62 7.02 6.03 6.525 0.5548 22.6 19.88 1.13682 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r5/8 5yr5/6 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 45 1.99 5.48 4.89 5.185 0.3838 21.02 18.56 1.13254 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r3/4 10r4/3 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 46 1.6 4.93 4.19 4.56 0.3509 20.53 14.77 1.38998 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 47 0.75 2.83 2.55 2.69 0.2788 16.1 15.63 1.03007 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr4/6 Reducing 3 dirt (?) coating all around OR 2 40-50 48 1.22 3.65 3.43 3.54 0.3446 19.31 15.37 1.25634 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 49 17.77 9.09 4.79 6.94 2.5605 41.53 28.75 1.44452 Base Y N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 5yr5/3 10r5/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 Other Incise base is black; chevrons incised on side OR 2 40-50 50 2.38 5.83 5.47 5.65 0.4212 24.58 18.64 1.31867 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r3/3 5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 dirt (?) coating all around OR 2 40-50 51 2.01 4.83 4.12 4.475 0.4492 22.07 16.29 1.35482 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 7.5yr7/2 10r4/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 40-50 52 1.15 4.19 4.09 4.14 0.2778 17.17 14.97 1.14696 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 5yr6/8 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 53 2.82 8.15 8.05 8.1 0.3481 17.48 17.92 0.97545 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Varies 10r4/6 10r4/8 5yr3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 54 2.73 5.31 7.03 6.17 0.4425 23.16 20.64 1.12209 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded OR 2 40-50 55 1.36 3.86 3.62 3.74 0.3636 20.34 18.54 1.09709 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 2.5yr3/0 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 56 1.29 4.74 4.52 4.63 0.2786 16.56 16.32 1.01471 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/0 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 57 3.78 6.71 4.53 5.62 0.6726 27.62 21.65 1.27575 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r5/8/8 5yr3/1 5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 58 2.86 5.68 4.74 5.21 0.5489 22.24 21.31 1.04364 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 59 1.61 3.46 3.54 3.5 0.46 19.63 18.03 1.08874 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise OR 2 40-50 60 4.33 7.63 6.17 6.9 0.6275 31.68 15.99 1.98124 Rim Y Y Impress Impress Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Rim Straight Rounded impress on rim OR 2 40-50 61 1.26 3.71 3.48 3.595 0.3505 18.73 17.06 1.09789 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 62 1.77 5.25 4.89 5.07 0.3491 22.36 15.57 1.4361 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Sand Coarse 2.5yr5/8 10r3/4 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 63 2.33 4.58 4.72 4.65 0.5011 21.25 20.44 1.03963 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava Coarse 7.5yr4/2 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 Page 18 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments OR 2 40-50 64 1.46 4.56 4.17 4.365 0.3345 19.13 16.99 1.12596 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica, Sand Fine 10r4/8 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr3/6 Oxidizing 3 Everted Flat OR 2 40-50 65 1.42 4.41 3.07 3.74 0.3797 19.3 17.18 1.1234 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 66 1.6 4.41 4.23 4.32 0.3704 22.33 13.14 1.69939 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 5yr7/6 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 67 12.32 10.54 10.13 10.335 1.1921 30.83 30.7 1.00423 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 coating on ext OR 2 40-50 68 0.8 3.89 3.76 3.825 0.2092 17.82 11.13 1.60108 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r3/1 10r3/1 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 69 2.5 8.31 5.31 6.81 0.3671 20.18 13.27 1.52072 Shoulder Y Y N Incising Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr3/6 2.5yr4/6 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise OR 2 40-50 70 3.38 3.29 2.82 3.055 1.1064 29.41 28.22 1.04217 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 10r4/4 5yr3/3 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise OR 2 40-50 71 10.71 7.72 6.73 7.225 1.4824 53.09 24.58 2.15989 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r3/4 10r4/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 coating all around, hard to wash off. OR 2 40-50 72 3.22 7.84 8.37 8.105 0.3973 20.91 16.64 1.25661 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica, Shell Fine 7.5yr3/0 10r4/6 7.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 coating all around, hard to wash off. OR 2 40-50 73 1.04 4.65 4.55 4.6 0.2261 20.95 10.4 2.01442 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 7.5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 74 1.35 4.3 4.08 4.19 0.3222 21.24 13.21 1.60787 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 5yr3/1 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 75 5.56 10.43 9.04 9.735 0.5711 25.38 20.06 1.2652 Rim Y N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r5/8 10r4/6 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 Diagonal Hatch Inverted Flat diagonal lines coming down from rim OR 2 40-50 76 1.78 4.39 4.62 4.505 0.3951 17.82 17.2 1.03605 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r5/8 7.5yr4/6 7.5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 77 1.95 6.03 6.2 6.115 0.3189 20.9 14.73 1.41887 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Fine 7.5r5/8 7.5r3/4 7.5r4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 78 0.86 4.43 4.55 4.49 0.1915 18.26 13.52 1.35059 Body N N N N Grit w/ Shell Fine 10r4/2 10r3/4 10r3/4 Reducing 3 OR 2 40-50 79 0.84 3.52 4.2 3.86 0.2176 15.66 10.9 1.4367 Rim N Y N Impress Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r3/1 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Rim Straight Flat OR 2 40-50 80 1.34 4.29 3.71 4 0.335 19.4 13.85 1.40072 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/6 7.5r3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 81 2.59 4.96 4.58 4.77 0.543 22.76 18.27 1.24576 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 5yr5/8 5yr5/8 5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 82 0.88 3.82 3.75 3.785 0.2325 16.39 15.8 1.03734 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Sand Fine 5yr6/8 2.5yr5/8 5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 83 1.33 4.22 4.18 4.2 0.3167 19.79 13.5 1.46593 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr6/8 7.5r3/0 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 84 1.64 6.23 5.99 6.11 0.2684 13.94 13.42 1.03875 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 85 3.77 10.74 11.14 10.94 0.3446 22.74 12.5 1.8192 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 86 0.39 2.88 2.74 2.81 0.1388 15.31 8.15 1.87853 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r3/6 10r3/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 40-50 87 2.97 5.36 7.15 6.255 0.4748 24.73 23.43 1.05548 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 5yr5/8 5yr5/8 5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Parallel Incise OR 2 40-50 88 7.2 5.71 6.68 6.195 1.1622 34.74 29.27 1.18688 Body Y Y N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/8 10r6/8 5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 Chevron + Stamp diamond grid w/ punctate circles w/in each diamond OR 2 40-50 89 6.34 5.6 5.79 5.695 1.1133 41.11 26.17 1.57088 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 Diagonal Hatch 5 shallow incised lines, don't look parallel, but not enough to see what design is OR 2 40-50 90 2.59 4.21 3.52 3.865 0.6701 30.92 20.36 1.51866 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 Diagonal Hatch 4 II lines, diagonals going down OR 2 40-50 91 7.47 3.84 3.92 3.88 1.9253 47.7 33.85 1.40916 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 5yr6/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Diagonal Hatch 3 pcs glued together. 4 II lines, diagonal lines coming down. Same design as OR.2.40-50.Erw.90. Probably same pot. Also posssibly the same as OR.2.40- 50.Erw.89 OR 2 40-50 92 7.47 3.84 3.92 3.88 1.9253 29.05 19.67 1.47687 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 5yr6/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Diagonal Hatch same as OR.2.40-50.91 OR 2 40-50 93 7.47 3.84 3.92 3.88 1.9253 22.34 12.78 1.74804 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 5yr6/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Diagonal Hatch same as OR.2.40-50.91 OR 2 50-60 1 15.53 8.53 7.48 8.005 1.94 42.38 40.61 1.04359 Body Y N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Lava Coarse 10r5/8 10r4/8 7.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 Parallel Incise 2 II lines OR 2 50-60 2 29.06 18.83 7.29 13.06 2.2251 39.11 38.33 1.02035 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava Coarse 10r5/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Inverted Flat firing clouds on int OR 2 50-60 3 7.8 7.81 7.7 7.755 1.0058 30.57 28.88 1.05852 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded OR 2 50-60 4 28.27 14.12 10.19 12.155 2.3258 54.8 40.7 1.34644 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Coarse 7.5r5/0 5yr6/8 7.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 OR 2 50-60 5 10.32 5.67 4.22 4.945 2.087 42.86 34.72 1.23445 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr6/2 7.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 OR 2 50-60 6 11.26 5.03 5.87 5.45 2.0661 40.95 39.34 1.04093 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 7 3.69 5.52 5.17 5.345 0.6904 35.9 18.24 1.9682 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 8 2.79 5.87 5.54 5.705 0.489 21.56 20.9 1.03158 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 9 4.2 6.98 6.81 6.895 0.6091 30.03 20.45 1.46846 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Sand Coarse 10r4/8 10yr3/1 10yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 10 4.93 4.98 5.12 5.05 0.9762 31.83 25.62 1.24239 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 7.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/8 5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 11 8.53 5.57 4.44 5.005 1.7043 39.88 39.17 1.01813 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Diagonal Hatch 2 II lines w/ diagonals (triangles?) coming OR 2 50-60 12 2.23 5.3 4.11 4.705 0.474 35.81 14.43 2.48164 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica, Sand Coarse 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 13 3.66 6.14 5.67 5.905 0.6198 26.64 17.85 1.49244 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica, Sand Fine 2.5yr4/8 5yr4/4 5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 14 1.16 4.15 3.91 4.03 0.2878 18.61 14.01 1.32834 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica, Sand Fine 10r4/8 7.5r3/0 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 15 3.37 3.93 3.34 3.635 0.9271 32.02 22.69 1.41119 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 5yr5/8 5yr5/8 5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 16 3.83 6.23 5.88 6.055 0.6325 35.03 14.83 2.3621 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr5/4 2.5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 Diagonal Hatch firing clouds on int OR 2 50-60 17 8.28 6.5 6.04 6.27 1.3206 33.76 30.49 1.10725 Body Y N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r3/3 10r4/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 firing clouds on ext OR 2 50-60 18 6.46 4.23 4.45 4.34 1.4885 39.82 28.32 1.40607 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise OR 2 50-60 19 9.13 7.85 5.69 6.77 1.3486 46.92 35.46 1.32318 Body Y N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 5yr7/3 10r4/6 2.5yr6/2 Reducing 3 Diagonal Hatch 4 radiating lines OR 2 50-60 20 8.68 11.3 8.81 10.055 0.8633 35.06 32.84 1.0676 Body Y N N N Grit w/ Coral Varies 7.5yr5/0 10r4/6 5yr7/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 50-60 21 4.74 3.74 2.97 3.355 1.4128 35.19 27.84 1.26401 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 7.5yr3/0 10yr4/3 10yr3/1 Reducing 3 OR 2 50-60 22 4.31 6.29 5.59 5.94 0.7256 25.24 21.83 1.15621 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr3/6 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 23 6.03 7.54 6.89 7.215 0.8358 26.34 25.28 1.04193 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 24 2.65 3.8 2.99 3.395 0.7806 27.89 26.14 1.06695 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Diagonal Hatch 1 straight line w/ 4 nesting triangles beneath OR 2 50-60 25 5.84 6.78 7.26 7.02 0.8319 35.7 21.05 1.69596 Body Y N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 26 3.37 5.03 4.22 4.625 0.7286 31.07 23.69 1.31152 Body Y N N N Grit Fine 2.5yr6/0 10r6/8 10yr7/3 Reducing 3 stoneware? Seems harder than others and a bit odd comparatively OR 2 50-60 27 6.8 9.47 5.45 7.46 0.9115 30.2 27.12 1.11357 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 28 3.24 5.05 5.19 5.12 0.6328 28.64 19.24 1.48857 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Sand Fine 10r4/8 5yr3/3 5yr3/3 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 29 2.55 4.3 3.77 4.035 0.632 26.23 20.96 1.25143 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 5yr3/1 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 30 2.08 3.95 3.81 3.88 0.5361 28.19 15.89 1.77407 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica, Sand Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 31 3.22 5.49 5.94 5.715 0.5634 23.89 19.66 1.21516 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 32 4.16 5.18 5.08 5.13 0.8109 26.79 21.83 1.22721 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 7.5yr3/4 5yr2.5/2 2.5yr3/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 33 4.5 8.77 9.12 8.945 0.5031 22.89 22.38 1.02279 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Sand Fine 5yr5/1 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 Reducing 3 OR 2 50-60 34 2.56 6.96 4.77 5.865 0.4365 24.43 15.74 1.5521 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded OR 2 50-60 35 2.03 4.75 5.23 4.99 0.4068 23.12 15.29 1.5121 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 36 1.04 4.25 4.53 4.39 0.2369 18.25 11.06 1.65009 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r5/8 10r4/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Page 19 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments OR 2 50-60 37 1.68 5.39 5.18 5.285 0.3179 19.61 17.22 1.13879 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 2 abundant temper, crumbly texture OR 2 50-60 38 1.83 6.57 4.69 5.63 0.325 20.79 16.72 1.24342 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 2 abundant temper, crumbly texture OR 2 50-60 39 3.24 7.46 7.64 7.55 0.4291 23.11 18.95 1.21953 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 2 abundant temper, crumbly texture OR 2 50-60 40 3.8 7.76 5.48 6.62 0.574 32.15 16.31 1.97118 Shoulder N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Coarse 5yr3/4 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 2 abundant temper, crumbly texture. 2 bits glued together OR 2 50-60 41 3.6 7.46 5.8 6.63 0.543 27 14.53 1.85822 Shoulder N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Coarse 5yr3/4 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 2 abundant temper, crumbly texture. 2 bits glued together OR 2 50-60 42 7.97 8.61 8.02 8.315 0.9585 32.12 26.49 1.21253 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Coarse 5yr3/4 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 2 abundant temper, crumbly texture OR 2 50-60 43 3.27 8.36 7.6 7.98 0.4098 23.63 16.11 1.46679 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Coarse 10r3/6 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 2 Everted Flat abundant temper, crumbly texture OR 2 50-60 44 0.98 4.64 4.71 4.675 0.2096 16.77 14.44 1.16136 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Coarse 10r3/6 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 2 abundant temper, crumbly texture OR 2 50-60 45 3.23 5.51 3.37 4.44 0.7275 25.87 20.58 1.25705 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 2 abundant temper, crumbly texture OR 2 50-60 46 2.72 6.35 5.32 5.835 0.4662 18.67 20.47 0.91207 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Coarse 10r3/4 10r4/8 10r3/4 Oxidizing 2 abundant temper, crumbly texture OR 2 50-60 47 1.43 4.86 3.58 4.22 0.3389 17.84 15.36 1.16146 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Coarse 10r3/4 10r5/6 10r3/4 Oxidizing 2 abundant temper, crumbly texture OR 2 50-60 48 3.14 4.1 5.23 4.665 0.6731 23.42 21.41 1.09388 Shoulder N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Coarse 5yr5/8 10yr5/4 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 OR 2 50-60 49 0.82 3.65 3.3 3.475 0.236 14.91 13.06 1.14165 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 coating all around OR 2 50-60 50 3.21 7.48 3.56 5.52 0.5815 30.34 25.07 1.21021 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r5/8 10r4/6 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 one end much thinker than the other, mungkin shoulder/ neck? Transition b/w thick part and thin part. OR 2 50-60 51 2.04 4.73 3.73 4.23 0.4823 24.61 20.51 1.1999 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 52 3.59 5.92 5.83 5.875 0.6111 30.56 18.48 1.65368 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica, Sand Fine 10r5/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 53 3.72 7.13 5.33 6.23 0.5971 25.08 19.74 1.27052 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/6 2.5yr3/0 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 54 1.78 5.4 3.68 4.54 0.3921 24.82 16.98 1.46172 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r5/8 2.5yr5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise OR 2 50-60 55 1.52 6.35 5.42 5.885 0.2583 26.14 10.56 2.47538 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 56 2.25 5.69 5.14 5.415 0.4155 26.63 19.99 1.33217 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Sand Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr5/8 5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 57 3.47 5.79 5.99 5.89 0.5891 31.73 19.74 1.6074 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 58 2.87 5.01 4.95 4.98 0.5763 24.33 22.76 1.06898 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 59 3.34 5.57 5.72 5.645 0.5917 24.79 21.6 1.14769 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr3/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 60 2.27 5.59 5.13 5.36 0.4235 25.04 17.88 1.40045 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr4//8 5yr3/3 5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 61 0.85 3.29 3.13 3.21 0.2648 14.96 14.09 1.06175 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 5yr6/6 5yr6/8 5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 62 1.79 3.83 4.22 4.025 0.4447 30.6 15.86 1.92938 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Fine 5yr6/8 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 63 2.62 5.05 4.59 4.82 0.5436 22.7 20.06 1.13161 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 64 2.22 4.72 3.99 4.355 0.5098 20.42 19.58 1.0429 Body N N N N Grit w/ Lava, Mica Coarse 7.5yr5/8 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 65 1.85 4.27 3.66 3.965 0.4666 21.49 17.17 1.2516 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 66 1.56 4.13 4.24 4.185 0.3728 27.13 16.08 1.68719 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Coarse 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 67 2.02 5.23 5.3 5.265 0.3837 18.49 18.46 1.00163 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/4 2.5yr4/4 5yr4/3 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 68 3.04 7.15 6.94 7.045 0.4315 23.69 17.96 1.31904 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica, Sand Fine 5yr6/8 5yr3/2 2.5yr3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 69 2.58 5.03 5.53 5.28 0.4886 21.03 16.78 1.25328 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 50-60 70 1.84 3.75 3.49 3.62 0.5083 21.05 18.03 1.1675 Body N N N N grit w/ mica Coarse 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 71 1.47 3.99 4.12 4.055 0.3625 19.44 14.18 1.37094 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 2.5yr3/6 5yr3/3 10r3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 72 2.43 4.54 4.9 4.72 0.5148 19.43 18.86 1.03022 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r5/8 10r4/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 73 4.21 7.17 6.26 6.715 0.627 21.92 21.27 1.03056 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 2.5yr4/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 74 2.56 5.06 5.25 5.155 0.4966 21 20.54 1.0224 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 2 abundant temper, crumbly texture OR 2 50-60 75 2.45 4.23 4.67 4.45 0.5506 21.36 17.15 1.24548 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/6 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 76 1.42 4.56 3.8 4.18 0.3397 21.27 15.18 1.40119 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Inverted Rounded OR 2 50-60 77 1.17 4.66 4.56 4.61 0.2538 20.74 11.73 1.76812 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 coating all around OR 2 50-60 78 1.16 4.02 3.54 3.78 0.3069 19.03 15.44 1.23251 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 79 1.84 6.37 6.32 6.345 0.29 19.74 17.1 1.15439 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 5yr5/1 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 crumbly, but different type than 37-42 OR 2 50-60 80 1.68 4.95 4.09 4.52 0.3717 20.3 13.36 1.51946 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 50-60 81 3.3 4.78 3.92 4.35 0.7586 29.36 22.79 1.28828 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Lava, Mica Fine 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 Single Incise OR 2 50-60 82 0.84 4 3.3 3.65 0.2301 14.55 12.66 1.14929 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 83 0.61 4.5 4.27 4.385 0.1391 11.35 11.5 0.98696 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 5yr5/8 2.5yr3/0 5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 84 1.05 3.4 3.37 3.385 0.3102 19.69 15.12 1.30225 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 2.5yr3/0 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 85 4.31 5.8 4.77 5.285 0.8155 27.37 26.6 1.02895 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 5yr5/3 Oxidizing 3 Incise-Nested Squares nested chevrons? OR 2 50-60 86 0.61 2.41 2.31 2.36 0.2585 17.12 11.02 1.55354 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/4 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 87 0.83 3.92 3.75 3.835 0.2164 16.73 11.17 1.49776 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 5yr4/4 5yr4/4 5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 88 0.95 4.02 3.84 3.93 0.2417 18.12 12.3 1.47317 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 7.5yr6/8 7.5yr6/8 7.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 89 1.33 5.41 5.31 5.36 0.2481 17.85 11.01 1.62125 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 OR 2 50-60 90 6.5 6.65 5.32 5.985 1.086 38.43 24.11 1.59394 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 Other Incise leaves incised OR 2 50-60 91 2.59 5.29 5.84 5.565 0.4654 25.18 17.18 1.46566 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 Diagonal Hatch horiz line, chevron above. Same type as OR.2.50-60.90 OR 2 50-60 92 0.82 3.51 3.82 3.665 0.2237 16.61 11.93 1.39229 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 5yr6/6 7.5yr6/4 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 Page 20 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments OR 2 50-60 93 1.26 3.4 2.92 3.16 0.3987 21.18 19.81 1.06916 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral Coarse 5yr3/1 5yr5/6 10r4/8 Reducing 3 Parrallel Incise 2 II lines OR 2 50-60 94 1.92 4.15 4.06 4.105 0.4677 20.7 18.42 1.12378 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 95 1.18 4.57 4.35 4.46 0.2646 14.9 13.62 1.09398 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr3/0 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 96 1.11 3.84 3.72 3.78 0.2937 17.87 17.27 1.03474 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 7.5yr4/4 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 97 1.21 3.43 2.98 3.205 0.3775 17.51 16.42 1.06638 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10yr5/1 2.5yr3/0 10yr6/4 Reducing 3 OR 2 50-60 98 0.93 3.13 2.96 3.045 0.3054 21.56 13.5 1.59704 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr4/2 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 OR 2 50-60 99 0.52 3.97 4.07 4.02 0.1294 13.92 9.2 1.51304 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 100 0.57 3.22 3.17 3.195 0.1784 15.24 10.47 1.45559 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10yr5/3 10yr5/3 10yr5/3 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 101 0.89 4.32 4.42 4.37 0.2037 18.07 10.72 1.68563 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Coarse 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 102 0.43 2.82 2.7 2.76 0.1558 15.15 8.7 1.74138 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/8 5yr5/8 7.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 103 1.83 8.04 6.73 7.385 0.2478 21.34 11.76 1.81463 Rim N N Incising Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 7.5yr7/0 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 Parallel Incise Straight Rounded 2 II lines beneath rim on int and ext OR 2 50-60 104 1.06 3.63 3.89 3.76 0.2819 15.66 13.02 1.20276 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 coating all around OR 2 50-60 105 1.67 5.07 5.16 5.115 0.3265 22.64 13.02 1.73886 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 5yr6/8 10yr5/3 5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 106 1.76 5.4 5.14 5.27 0.334 22.75 13.17 1.72741 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Fine 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 107 1.36 3.41 3.3 3.355 0.4054 18.69 17.37 1.07599 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 108 0.58 2.88 2.8 2.84 0.2042 15.83 15.18 1.04282 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 coating all around OR 2 50-60 109 1.09 4.11 4.41 4.26 0.2559 16.77 13.4 1.25149 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Coarse 10r4/6 2.5yr3/0 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 110 1.69 4.66 4.58 4.62 0.3658 18.91 16.34 1.15728 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 111 1.2 4.55 4.61 4.58 0.262 16.25 15.35 1.05863 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Coarse 10r4/6 2.5yr3/0 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 same as 109 OR 2 50-60 112 0.64 3.47 3.11 3.29 0.1945 15.24 11.9 1.28067 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise OR 2 50-60 113 0.46 2.08 2.1 2.09 0.2201 16.74 13.18 1.27011 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 114 1.08 8.02 8.46 8.24 0.1311 12.92 11.77 1.09771 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr4/2 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 OR 2 50-60 115 1.17 6.11 6.21 6.16 0.1899 17.46 14.85 1.17576 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 116 0.5 4.21 4.26 4.235 0.1181 11.71 11.49 1.01915 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 50-60 117 2.54 Bits bits OR 2 60-70 1 1.58 2.56 2.45 2.505 0.6307 27.1 19.55 1.38619 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r4/4 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 coating all around OR 2 60-70 2 9.23 5.36 4.14 4.75 1.9432 36.54 34.78 1.0506 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r3/6 10r4/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 60-70 3 0.7 2.87 2.46 2.665 0.2627 15.51 13.68 1.13377 Body N N Charred N Grit w/ Coral Fine 5yr4/6 10r3/6 2.5yr3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 60-70 4 1.56 3.42 2.97 3.195 0.4883 24.31 18.16 1.33866 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 7.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 coating all around OR 2 60-70 5 0.81 2.5 2.53 2.515 0.3221 19.05 16.36 1.16443 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 7.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 Parallel Incise firing clouds OR 2 60-70 6 4.03 5.77 5.87 5.82 0.6924 33.67 23.91 1.4082 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10yr6/3 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 60-70 7 2.7 10.78 12.14 11.46 0.2356 20.77 17.18 1.20896 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr4/4 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 Other Incise very crumbly, thick OR 2 60-70 8 1.12 4.54 4.48 4.51 0.2483 20.3 14.07 1.44279 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r6/6 10r6/6 10r6/6 Oxidizing 3 Parallel Incise 2 II lines OR 2 60-70 9 1.91 4.28 4.02 4.15 0.4602 24.56 19.75 1.24354 Shoulder N N N Incising Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise // lines OR 2 60-70 10 2.67 4.65 4.06 4.355 0.6131 24.63 21.15 1.16454 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r3/2 5yr3/1 10r3/2 Oxidizing 3 ext half of sherd is oxi, int hald is reducing, meets in the middle OR 2 60-70 11 5.8 5.63 5.79 5.71 1.0158 32.3 27.27 1.18445 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 coating all around, but mostly washed off on OR 2 60-70 12 8.78 6 5.21 5.605 1.5665 36.3 33.32 1.08944 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 2.5yr3/4 Oxidizing 3 coating all around, but mostly washed off on OR 2 60-70 13 5.34 5.84 5.89 5.865 0.9105 31.79 22.8 1.3943 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r5/6 10r5/6 10r5/6 Oxidizing 3 Chevron + Stamp incised diamonds w/ punctate circles in the middle OR 2 60-70 14 3.46 6.88 5.93 6.405 0.5402 21.35 20.42 1.04554 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted Damaged OR 2 60-70 15 7.42 3.36 6.83 5.095 1.4563 31.63 29.02 1.08994 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded OR 2 60-70 16 0.6 4.44 3.87 4.155 0.1444 15.16 12.09 1.25393 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 2.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 Diagonal Hatch Crumbly, thick. Int is sloughed off, only core left; 2 II lines incised. Same as 17, 20 OR 2 60-70 17 2.2 4.83 5.04 4.935 0.4458 26.53 16.95 1.56519 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 Diagonal Hatch Crumbly, thin. 1 straight line, 1 / line incised, same as 16, 20 OR 2 60-70 18 0.62 5.16 5.1 5.13 0.1209 13.57 12.17 1.11504 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 5yr4/4 5yr4/4 5yr4/2 Oxidizing 2 int is sloughed off, only core left OR 2 60-70 19 1.46 7.29 5.58 6.435 0.2269 19.68 14.94 1.31727 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 5yr4/3 5yr4/3 5yr4/3 Oxidizing 2 int is sloughed off, only core left OR 2 60-70 20 1.02 4.9 5.26 5.08 0.2008 13.58 13.53 1.0037 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr5/4 2.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 Parallel Incise 2 II lines incised. Same as 16, 17 OR 2 60-70 21 4.57 8.41 7.64 8.025 0.5695 31.87 21.17 1.50543 Neck Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 60-70 22 3.69 4.17 5.09 4.63 0.797 26.83 24.56 1.09243 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 10yr3/1 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 60-70 23 2.33 4.83 3.89 4.36 0.5344 23.92 19.77 1.20991 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica, Sand Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 feels high fired, but not harder than others… OR 2 60-70 24 1.11 3.51 4.65 4.08 0.2721 17.37 15.44 1.125 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r5/8 10r4/3 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 60-70 25 8.46 8.29 8.71 8.5 0.9953 33.93 29.37 1.15526 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 60-70 26 4.67 5.15 4.7 4.925 0.9482 34.6 21.25 1.62824 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr7/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 60-70 27 8.12 7.35 7.4 7.375 1.101 41.48 25.57 1.62221 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Lava, Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/4 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 Parallel Incise OR 2 60-70 28 6.14 6.25 4.38 5.315 1.1552 34.47 32.21 1.07016 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 5yr3/1 5yr3/1 5yr3/1 Reducing 3 Other Incise incised chevrons, firing clouds OR 2 60-70 29 3.98 5.21 5.13 5.17 0.7698 32.22 20.73 1.55427 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 7.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 firing clouds OR 2 60-70 30 1.8 4.42 4.69 4.555 0.3952 21.67 17.43 1.24326 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Fine 10r4/8 2.5yr3/0 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 60-70 31 2.36 5.47 4.46 4.965 0.4753 28.26 16.63 1.69934 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 60-70 32 1.07 2.78 2.43 2.605 0.4107 20.33 17.46 1.16438 Body N N Charred N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r5/8 2.5yr3/0 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 coating all around, hard to see surface of OR 2 60-70 33 2.01 5.88 5.15 5.515 0.3645 17.32 17.12 1.01168 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r5/8 10r3/2 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 60-70 34 1.28 5.41 5.36 5.385 0.2377 16.28 15.49 1.051 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 60-70 35 1.36 3.36 2.8 3.08 0.4416 20.55 15.73 1.30642 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 60-70 36 3.69 7.21 6.75 6.98 0.5287 24.79 18.57 1.33495 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 2.5yr4/0 Oxidizing 3 firing clouds OR 2 60-70 37 2.37 5.45 4.52 4.985 0.4754 20.52 18.21 1.12685 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 Parallel Incise OR 2 60-70 38 2.27 5.77 5.61 5.69 0.3989 19.25 19 1.01316 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 60-70 39 0.75 3.37 3.44 3.405 0.2203 18.23 12.44 1.46543 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 60-70 40 2.72 5.04 4.84 4.94 0.5506 23.43 19.93 1.17561 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Fine 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 5yr4/3 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 60-70 41 1.81 5.4 4.88 5.14 0.3521 17.56 15.64 1.12276 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r5/8 2.5yr3/0 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 coating all around, hard to see surface OR 2 60-70 42 2.57 5.12 4.4 4.76 0.5399 22.87 20.21 1.13162 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r5/8 5yr5/4 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 firing clouds OR 2 60-70 43 0.63 2.77 2.87 2.82 0.2234 13.38 13.22 1.0121 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 60-70 44 0.73 3.63 3.27 3.45 0.2116 19.92 10.49 1.89895 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 60-70 45 1.07 3.22 3.47 3.345 0.3199 16.63 16.18 1.02781 Body N N Charred N Grit w/ Mica, Sand Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Page 21 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments OR 2 60-70 46 0.91 0 #DIV/0! Bits OR 2 70-80 1 6.85 5.77 4.92 5.345 1.2816 38.41 32.75 1.17282 Body N N Charred N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 2.5yr3/0 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 firing clouds, dirt coating OR 2 70-80 2 4.39 7.04 6.12 6.58 0.6672 24.19 24.15 1.00166 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Coarse 10r5/8 7.5yr4/0 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 coating OR 2 70-80 3 2.41 4.1 3.86 3.98 0.6055 24.81 18.16 1.36619 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr5/4 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 70-80 4 3.5 3.55 4.02 3.785 0.9247 34.41 23.98 1.43495 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 broken in 2, glued together OR 2 70-80 5 4.86 6.74 4.22 5.48 0.8869 35.72 28.87 1.23727 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 Diagonal Hatch 2 II, w/ / radiating from top OR 2 70-80 6 1.4 3.12 3.38 3.25 0.4308 22.24 15.01 1.48168 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 5yr5/8 7.5yr5/6 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 coating OR 2 70-80 7 1.46 3.86 3.75 3.805 0.3837 21.65 16.14 1.34139 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr4/4 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 2 70-80 8 1.4 4.6 4.07 4.335 0.323 21.47 13.51 1.58919 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 Diagonal Hatch Crumbly, thin. OR 2 70-80 9 0.23 3.02 3.39 3.205 0.0718 9.89 8.48 1.16627 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr4/2 Oxidizing 2 ext sloughed off OR 2 70-80 10 0.58 3.87 4.25 4.06 0.0409 14.17 9.69 1.46233 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr4/2 Oxidizing 2 2 pcs glued together OR 2 80-90 1 1.1 4.89 4.57 4.73 0.2326 19.88 11.88 1.6734 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r3/6 2.5yr3/0 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 aerated OR 2 90-100 1 1.4 3.81 2.99 3.4 0.4118 22.76 15.09 1.50828 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r3/6 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 aerated KB 2 90-100 14 28.98 15.02 5.94 10.48 2.7653 71.32 43.94 1.62312 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/3 Oxidizing 3 Everted flat OR 3 0-10 1 82.06 20.46 7.86 14.16 5.7952 88.97 58.59 1.51852 Rim N N N Applique, Incising, ExcisingGrit w/ Coral Coarse 5yr3/1 10r4/4 10r3/1 Reducing 3 Applique Straight Pointed curvilinear applique + incising on applique, retangular cut-out beneath applice, lip on int. OR 3 0-10 2 7.86 10.02 9.19 9.605 0.8183 25.48 24.49 1.04042 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Lava, Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 3 0-10 3 4.86 4.48 5.27 4.875 0.9969 33.36 31.67 1.05336 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 high fired OR 3 0-10 4 4.37 8.23 7.42 7.825 0.5585 26.2 24.59 1.06547 Neck N N N Punctate Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 Semi-Circular Stamp curvlinear incising OR 3 0-10 5 6.7 6.73 7.38 7.055 0.9497 37.39 23.57 1.58634 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/2 2.5yr6/2 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 OR 3 0-10 6 2.93 7.11 6.85 6.98 0.4198 23.31 17.17 1.3576 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 10r5/6 10r6/8 Reducing 3 OR 3 0-10 7 2.77 5.19 4.62 4.905 0.5647 25.46 17.29 1.47253 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica, Sand Fine 5yr5/4 5yr5/4 7.5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 3 0-10 8 1.93 6 5.11 5.555 0.3474 21.63 17.26 1.25319 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, ?Shell Varies 7.5yr5/4 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 aerated OR 3 0-10 9 3.17 5.22 4.28 4.75 0.6674 24.09 23.23 1.03702 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 firing clouds OR 3 0-10 10 1.77 3.43 3.9 3.665 0.4829 22.62 19.28 1.17324 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Fine 2.5yr4/6 7.5yr5/4 10r3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 3 0-10 11 4.05 7.13 6.2 6.665 0.6077 31.46 17.68 1.77941 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 firing clouds OR 3 0-10 12 3.04 5.65 6.83 6.24 0.4872 20.92 17.97 1.16416 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Lava, Mica Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 3 0-10 13 1.27 6.21 5.45 5.83 0.2178 20.84 10.71 1.94585 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r3/1 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 3 0-10 14 1.13 3.81 3.62 3.715 0.3042 16.19 15.46 1.04722 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr3/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 3 0-10 15 1.01 6.16 5.88 6.02 0.1678 14.04 12.35 1.13684 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 3 0-10 16 0.95 4.3 4.09 4.195 0.2265 13.54 13.48 1.00445 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/6 10r4/6 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 3 0-10 17 1.04 5.79 4.73 5.26 0.1977 17.4 9.71 1.79197 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 5yr5/4 5yr5/4 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 3 0-10 18 0.57 2.92 3.22 3.07 0.1857 13.55 9.98 1.35772 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 3 0-10 19 0.37 2.43 2.38 2.405 0.1538 12.53 9.84 1.27337 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 3 10-20 1 8.34 9.13 6.2 7.665 1.0881 43.78 29.26 1.49624 Neck N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/2 10r4/8 10r4/8 Reducing 3 Perpendicular Incise carinated OR 3 10-20 2 12.36 7.51 10.54 9.025 1.3695 39.7 28.23 1.40631 Rim N N Incising Impress Grit w/ Lava, Mica Coarse 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 Impress/ Incise Inverted Rounded high fired? Thick and coarse. Impress on rim, incise on int. OR 3 10-20 3 11.24 7.27 7.69 7.48 1.5027 39.42 33.87 1.16386 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 5yr3/1 Reducing 3 ext has worn off in some places OR 3 10-20 4 7.84 7.62 5.48 6.55 1.1969 43.61 21.82 1.99863 Rim N N N CrenelatedGrit w/ Lava, Mica Coarse 7.5yr5/6 7.5yr5/6 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 Crenelated Rim Inverted Flat impress on rim OR 3 10-20 5 14 10.22 9.35 9.785 1.4308 36.69 31.49 1.16513 Body N N N N Grit w/ Lava, Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 roofing tile? V. red. Huge chunks of unprocessed clay. OR 3 10-20 6 6.38 6.05 5.78 5.915 1.0786 34.79 28.34 1.22759 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 5yr4/6 10yr3/2 7.5yr7/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 3 10-20 7 7.11 8.99 9.79 9.39 0.7572 37.3 20.11 1.8548 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Coarse 10r5/8 5yr6/4 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 3 10-20 8 2.01 4.9 4.62 4.76 0.4223 29.39 13.96 2.1053 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr8/2 2.5yr5/8 10yr5/4 Reducing 3 OR 3 10-20 9 4.39 8.09 5.56 6.825 0.6432 24.54 23.93 1.02549 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 5yr6/4 5yr5/8 5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted Pointed OR 3 10-20 10 4.5 6.17 5.27 5.72 0.7867 26.9 26.44 1.0174 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 OR 3 10-20 11 2.85 5.41 5.49 5.45 0.5229 25.41 18.53 1.37129 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr6/3 10yr5/2 Reducing 3 OR 3 10-20 12 4.61 5.85 6.08 5.965 0.7728 35.05 20.53 1.70726 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/6 2.5yr2.5/0 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 3 10-20 13 3.22 5.86 5.36 5.61 0.574 31.62 16.67 1.89682 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr2.5/0 7.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/2 Reducing 3 OR 3 10-20 14 5.57 7.02 6.63 6.825 0.8161 30.42 25.64 1.18643 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr7/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 OR 3 10-20 15 6.16 12.22 10.8 11.51 0.5352 25.58 22.56 1.13387 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 10r4/3 10r4/6 Reducing 3 OR 3 10-20 16 5.07 8.01 7.96 7.985 0.6349 26.94 23.33 1.15474 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/6 7.5yr3/4 Reducing 3 high fired? Trowel mark. OR 3 10-20 17 4.37 8.09 7.44 7.765 0.5628 25.99 19.14 1.35789 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 5yr4/1 10r5/3 10r5/3 Oxidizing 3 water worn OR 3 10-20 18 4.24 6.32 6.01 6.165 0.6878 29.74 17.45 1.7043 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Mica, Sand Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Straight Flat OR 3 10-20 19 3.44 6.52 6.55 6.535 0.5264 20.89 16.48 1.2676 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica, Sand Fine 10yr6/3 2.5yr2.5/0 10yr3/1 Oxidizing 3 OR 3 10-20 20 2.67 5.87 6.07 5.97 0.4472 23.22 15.78 1.47148 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 3 10-20 21 1.76 4.42 4.55 4.485 0.3924 21.7 18.4 1.17935 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 OR 3 10-20 22 1.41 4.81 3.52 4.165 0.3385 20.21 14.26 1.41725 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 similar to 12, above. OR 3 10-20 23 0.87 2.85 2.82 2.835 0.3069 16.87 16.94 0.99587 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 3 10-20 24 4.46 12.92 11.94 12.43 0.3588 23.12 17.07 1.35442 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr4/2 10r4/8 10r4/8 Reducing 3 OR 3 10-20 25 2.46 6.49 6.15 6.32 0.3892 21.33 15.64 1.36381 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica, Sand Coarse 2.5yr4/0 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 similar to 18, above OR 3 10-20 26 1.33 5.62 4.88 5.25 0.2533 13.85 13.36 1.03668 Body N N N N Grit w/ Lava, Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 3 10-20 27 0.73 2.64 2.81 2.725 0.2679 14.91 13.47 1.1069 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 5yr5/4 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 OR 3 10-20 28 1.32 3.89 4.37 4.13 0.3196 19.37 14.37 1.34795 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 water worn OR 3 10-20 29 0.76 4.3 4.52 4.41 0.1723 15.87 10.54 1.50569 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Lava, Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r3/6 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 3 10-20 30 1.56 4.1 3.41 3.755 0.4154 20.33 14.78 1.37551 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10yr5/3 10yr5/2 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 high fired OR 3 10-20 31 1.01 2.98 2.79 2.885 0.3501 17.9 15.45 1.15858 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 5yr6/6 2.5yr3/0 5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 firing clouds OR 3 10-20 32 1.1 3.64 3.79 3.715 0.2961 15.94 15.85 1.00568 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr3/2 10r4/8 10r3/2 Oxidizing 3 OR 3 10-20 33 0.5 3.22 2.69 2.955 0.1692 13.41 12.45 1.07711 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 7.5yr5/8 7.5yr6/4 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 3 10-20 34 1.37 6.13 6.15 6.14 0.2231 19.09 11.96 1.59615 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r4/8 10r4/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 3 10-20 35 1.59 5.29 4.56 4.925 0.3228 18.34 12.99 1.41186 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 3 10-20 36 0.65 3.54 3.25 3.395 0.1915 13.05 12.98 1.00539 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 3 10-20 37 0.55 3.36 3.44 3.4 0.1618 12.92 11.41 1.13234 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 5yr4/1 10r4/6 7.5r3/2 Reducing 3 OR 3 10-20 38 0.67 3.05 2.93 2.99 0.2241 15.31 12.91 1.1859 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 5yr5/6 5yr5/4 Reducing 3 OR 3 10-20 39 0.66 3.69 3.37 3.53 0.187 15.63 11.88 1.31566 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 5yr7/2 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 OR 3 10-20 40 0.98 5.73 4.38 5.055 0.1939 16.28 12.24 1.33007 Rim N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr5/6 10r5/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Inverted Rounded OR 3 10-20 41 0.93 2.43 2.84 2.635 0.3529 17.1 15.11 1.1317 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10yr4/1 10r4/8 10r4/8 Reducing 3 water worn Page 22 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments OR 3 10-20 42 0.86 4.14 3.65 3.895 0.2208 13.92 13.68 1.01754 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 3 10-20 43 0.62 3.47 2.99 3.23 0.192 12.65 12.13 1.04287 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 10r3/1 Oxidizing 3 OR 3 20-30 1 0.57 4.55 3.49 4.02 0.1418 17.66 9.1 1.94066 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/6 10r3/2 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 3 20-30 2 1.05 4.15 4.03 4.09 0.2567 18.17 16.64 1.09195 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Fine 7.5yr6/8 7.5yr6/8 7.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 3 20-30 3 1.35 4.24 3.29 3.765 0.3586 23.6 14.93 1.58071 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr3/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 3 20-30 4 1.81 3.96 3.74 3.85 0.4701 21.2 17.22 1.23113 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 5yr6/6 10r4/6 5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 3 20-30 5 0.59 3.89 3.87 3.88 0.1521 16.4 10.33 1.58761 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 OR 3 20-30 6 0.49 4.92 3.11 4.015 0.122 12.23 9.83 1.24415 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Inverted Rounded OR 3 20-30 7 1.89 4.33 4.55 4.44 0.4257 21.41 16.89 1.26761 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 2.5yr3/0 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 3 20-30 8 1.01 4.02 3.16 3.59 0.2813 17.89 14.96 1.19586 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Parallel Incise firing clouds on ext OR 3 20-30 9 4.71 5.16 3.61 4.385 1.0741 29.02 26.59 1.09139 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Fine 10r4/8 2.5yr4/2 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 high fired. Firing clouds on ext. OR 3 30-40 1 0.57 2.65 2.73 2.69 0.2119 16.87 12.55 1.34422 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r5/8 10r4/3 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 3 30-40 2 1.37 3.43 3.81 3.62 0.3785 21.37 18.95 1.1277 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r3/1 10r3/1 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 high fired OR 3 30-40 3 6.2 5.65 7.23 6.44 0.9627 31.56 24.74 1.27567 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Coarse 2.5yr3/6 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 Everted Flat OR 3 30-40 4 1.52 3.73 3.66 3.695 0.4114 24.67 18.31 1.34735 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 10yr3/1 Oxidizing 3 OR 3 30-40 5 0.98 3.26 3.78 3.52 0.2784 19.6 12.25 1.6 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 OR 3 40-50 1 3.08 5.79 6.34 6.065 0.5078 25.59 19.88 1.28722 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/4 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 GW 1 0-10 1 7.49 7.77 7.23 7.5 0.9987 43.67 29.58 1.47634 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/2 10r4/8 5yr3/3 Reducing 3 GW 1 surface 1 3.97 5.35 3.94 4.645 0.8547 38.8 32.31 1.20087 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 GW 1 0-10 2 23.86 10.92 11.03 10.975 2.174 51.04 40.97 1.24579 Body N N N N Sand Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 roofing tile? GW 1 surface 2 2.95 6.57 6.04 6.305 0.4679 26.18 22.54 1.16149 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr4/1 10r3/4 10r3/4 Reducing 3 GW 1 0-10 3 16.66 9.38 7.43 8.405 1.9822 49.5 34.86 1.41997 Neck N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 Diagonal Hatch incised orang shell. incised double X's. GW 1 0-10 4 7.12 6.2 5.71 5.955 1.1956 40.22 37.17 1.08206 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/3 10r4/8 2.5yr3/4 Reducing 3 same as 13. GW 1 0-10 5 7.79 6.92 6.69 6.805 1.1447 54.16 29.41 1.84155 Body N N Charred N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 2.5yr2.5/0 5yr5/3 Reducing 3 same as 6, 12, below. GW 1 0-10 6 6.5 6.5 6.83 6.665 0.9752 49.7 25.55 1.94521 Body N N Charred N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 2.5yr2.5/0 5yr5/3 Reducing 3 same as 5, 12. GW 1 0-10 7 5.86 7.78 6.19 6.985 0.8389 37.45 28.31 1.32285 Neck N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 Diagonal Hatch Incise orange shell. nested diamond w/ II lines inside. Same as 3 GW 1 0-10 8 10.96 8.65 6.31 7.48 1.4652 47.56 46.91 1.01386 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 Inverted Pointed GW 1 0-10 9 4.5 5.5 4.04 4.77 0.9434 38.64 31.03 1.24525 Body N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr4/1 5yr4/1 10yr5/2 Reducing 3 Single Incise 2 // lines, pos. surface treatment of brush smoothing at ?neck. GW 1 0-10 10 2.49 5.84 6.2 6.02 0.4136 25.77 24.91 1.03452 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr7/2 10r3/6 5yr5/3 Reducing 3 GW 1 0-10 11 3.9 3.77 3.62 3.695 1.0555 29.74 26.88 1.1064 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 5yr4/2 Reducing 3 GW 1 0-10 12 2.28 6.24 5.67 5.955 0.3829 29.77 29.69 1.00269 Body N N Charred N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 2.5yr2.5/0 5yr5/3 Reducing 3 same as 5, 6, above GW 1 0-10 13 2.12 6.28 6.51 6.395 0.3315 32.5 13.1 2.48092 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr3/1 10r4/8 2.5yr3/2 Reducing 3 same as GW.1.Sur.2, GW.1.0-10.4. GW 1 0-10 14 9.42 4.97 5.22 5.095 1.8489 60.23 31.88 1.88927 Body N N Charred N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr7/0 2.5yr3/0 5yr5/1 Reducing 3 2 pcs glued together. Some red staining on GW 1 0-10 15 1.74 6.4 3.98 5.19 0.3353 29.57 14.87 1.98857 Body Y N Charred N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/3 2.5yr2.5/0 10r3/4 Reducing 3 same as 5, 6, 12. GW 1 0-10 16 1.62 3.95 3.34 3.645 0.4444 22.95 22.09 1.03893 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 5yr5/1 5yr6/8 Reducing 3 GW 1 0-10 17 1.15 4.36 4.13 4.245 0.2709 24.31 15.96 1.52318 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/8 7.5yr5/4 Both 3 core is both reducing and oxidizing GW 1 0-10 18 5.12 5.83 4.64 5.235 0.978 35.98 22.11 1.62732 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/6 10r4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 water worn, looks like a beach worn pebble, but it's not. GW 1 0-10 19 3.35 6.11 6.52 6.315 0.5305 26.58 19.62 1.35474 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 GW 1 0-10 20 1.61 3.98 3.66 3.82 0.4215 24.03 21.9 1.09726 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 GW 1 0-10 21 0.69 3.5 3.6 3.55 0.1944 17.26 13.08 1.31957 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 GW 1 0-10 22 1.2 3.38 3.41 3.395 0.3535 24.94 15.43 1.61633 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 5yr5/4 5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 1 0-10 23 1.46 4.69 3.4 4.045 0.3609 24.08 16.15 1.49102 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr4/1 5yr5/4 5yr4/1 Reducing 3 GW 1 0-10 24 2.13 6.38 6.12 6.25 0.3408 21.25 17.9 1.18715 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/4 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 GW 1 0-10 25 2.04 4.97 3.65 4.31 0.4733 20.4 18.2 1.12088 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr6/2 2.5yr6/6 10r5/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 0-10 26 1.46 2.81 2.72 2.765 0.528 25.84 19.78 1.30637 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/2 5yr6/1 5yr5/1 Reducing 3 GW 1 0-10 27 1.41 4.08 4.43 4.255 0.3314 22.24 16.16 1.37624 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/8 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 GW 1 0-10 28 3.09 7.26 7.07 7.165 0.4313 19.34 18.89 1.02382 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 5yr5/6 7.5yr6/4 5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 0-10 29 0.92 2.92 2.99 2.955 0.3113 27.05 14.66 1.84516 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr7/4 5yr4/1 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 0-10 30 1.17 3.41 3.11 3.26 0.3589 24.87 20.41 1.21852 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/2 5yr6/6 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 0-10 31 0.78 3.89 3.76 3.825 0.2039 19.29 14.31 1.34801 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 Reducing 3 GW 1 0-10 32 0.98 4.98 3.81 4.395 0.223 18.64 15.58 1.19641 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/3 5yr6/3 5yr6/4 Reducing 3 GW 1 0-10 33 1.51 4.7 4.74 4.72 0.3199 20.74 15.18 1.36627 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/3 10r5/6 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 GW 1 0-10 34 0.66 3.41 3.33 3.37 0.1958 17.8 13.52 1.31657 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 GW 1 0-10 35 1.23 5.93 6.56 6.245 0.197 19.68 12.97 1.51735 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 5yr5/6 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 GW 1 0-10 36 0.29 2.93 2.83 2.88 0.1007 17.43 8.47 2.05785 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/4 5yr4/2 10r5/8 Reducing 3 GW 1 0-10 37 1.04 4.81 4.08 4.445 0.234 18.44 14.15 1.30318 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 5yr5/4 5yr4/1 Reducing 3 GW 1 0-10 38 1.26 6.65 5.88 6.265 0.2011 17.02 14.71 1.15704 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/3 5yr6/3 10yr6/1 Reducing 3 GW 1 0-10 39 0.63 3.2 3.15 3.175 0.1984 17.83 14.28 1.2486 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/1 5yr6/6 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 0-10 40 0.6 3.37 3.01 3.19 0.1881 17.18 12.34 1.39222 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 5yr7/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 0-10 41 0.83 2.71 2.81 2.76 0.3007 18.79 13.49 1.39288 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r3/4 10r3/4 10r3/4 Oxidizing 3 watern worn GW 1 0-10 42 0.83 4.76 4.88 4.82 0.1722 17.98 14.38 1.25035 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr7/3 5yr7/3 5yr7/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 0-10 43 0.83 6.48 6.13 6.305 0.1316 14.28 13.81 1.03403 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/1 2.5yr3/0 5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 0-10 44 0.72 4.03 3.94 3.985 0.1807 17.57 12.36 1.42152 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/2 5yr5/4 5yr5/2 Reducing 3 GW 1 0-10 45 0.26 3.15 2.03 2.59 0.1004 13.19 12.47 1.05774 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 10yr6/3 Oxidizing 3 aerated. Int sloughed off. GW 1 0-10 46 0.43 2.2 2.17 2.185 0.1968 13.23 10.69 1.23761 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog Fine 5yr6/1 5yr7/6 5yr7/6 Reducing 3 water worn GW 1 0-10 47 0.33 3.38 3.26 3.32 0.0994 12.94 9.53 1.35782 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/4 5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 1 0-10 48 0.3 4.52 4.56 4.54 0.0661 11.45 10.5 1.09048 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/8 5yr6/6 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 0-10 49 0.37 2.49 2.47 2.48 0.1492 13.12 9.38 1.39872 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 0-10 50 0.17 2.21 1.9 2.055 0.0827 12.64 9.64 1.3112 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 7.5yr6/2 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 0-10 51 0.18 2.93 2.88 2.905 0.062 13.27 8.49 1.56302 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 same as 39, 45, 52; int sloughed off. GW 1 0-10 52 0.2 2.27 3.08 2.675 0.0748 15.58 7.68 2.02865 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 same as 39, 45, 51; int sloughed off. GW 1 0-10 53 0.26 3.32 3.41 3.365 0.0773 12.2 9.46 1.28964 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr6/2 5yr4/1 5yr4/1 Reducing 3 GW 1 0-10 54 0.21 3.9 4.13 4.015 0.0523 10.14 9.15 1.1082 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 5yr4/6 5yr4/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 0-10 55 0.54 0 #DIV/0! Bits ceramic bits. N=4 GW 1 10-20 1 2.16 4.24 3.86 4.05 0.5333 30.89 20.39 1.51496 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr6/1 7.5yr5/2 10yr6/1 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 2 12.72 14.53 15 14.765 0.8615 32.6 22.57 1.4444 Body Y N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r5/8 2.5yr6/4 2.5yr6/2 Oxidizing 3 roofing tile? White-ish coating on ext, weathering around most of it, but a small chunk probably recently removed. GW 1 10-20 3 19.69 11.97 12.85 12.41 1.5866 41.14 34.16 1.20433 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 roofing tile? White-ish coating on ext, weathering around most of it, but a small chunk probably recently removed. GW 1 10-20 4 9.92 8.59 9.56 9.075 1.0931 45.96 24.52 1.87439 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/6 10r4/8 2.5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 Page 23 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments GW 1 10-20 5 9.42 4.22 4.31 4.265 2.2087 43.75 39.29 1.11351 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/6 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 whitish coating all around. Some washed off, but still there. GW 1 10-20 6 7.51 5.49 4.92 5.205 1.4428 45.98 34.63 1.32775 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/6 5yr6/4 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 10-20 7 5.26 5.76 5.9 5.83 0.9022 42.06 31.92 1.31767 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5r4/0 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 pos drill hole. White-ish coating on ext, black staining on int. aerated. GW 1 10-20 8 10.02 5.62 6.31 5.965 1.6798 49.84 39.76 1.25352 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5r4/0 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 same as 7. white-ish coating on ext, black stain on int. aerated. GW 1 10-20 9 4.73 4.61 3.95 4.28 1.1051 45.74 27.76 1.64769 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 aerated. GW 1 10-20 10 6.46 7.65 5.4 6.525 0.99 34.95 28.11 1.24333 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 5yr4/1 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 aerated, firing clouds on ext. GW 1 10-20 11 26.72 9.8 6.43 8.115 3.2927 64.88 42.13 1.54 Base N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/6 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 2 pcs glues together GW 1 10-20 12 5.93 6.85 7.19 7.02 0.8447 39 31.94 1.22104 Body N N Charred N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 2.5yr2.5/0 5yr5/8 Reducing 3 same as 13, 14, GW 1 10-20 13 2.52 7.48 7.52 7.5 0.336 28.88 23.62 1.22269 Body N N Charred N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 2.5yr2.5/0 5yr5/8 Reducing 3 same as 12, 14, GW 1 10-20 14 0.85 6.04 5.53 5.785 0.1469 30.41 12.8 2.37578 Body N N Charred N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/3 2.5yr2.5/0 5yr5/8 Reducing 3 same as 12, 13, GW 1 10-20 15 0.71 4.03 4.19 4.11 0.1727 12.87 12.29 1.04719 Body N N Charred N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/4 2.5yr2.5/0 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 16 4.04 5.18 4.79 4.985 0.8104 34.81 31.67 1.09915 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 10yr6/3 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 17 2.22 3.32 3.28 3.3 0.6727 30.81 22.5 1.36933 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 18 1.08 3.47 2.89 3.18 0.3396 26.96 22.14 1.21771 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/6 5yr6/8 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 19 3.38 8.89 5.34 7.115 0.4751 31.88 20.46 1.55816 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 Everted Flat GW 1 10-20 20 4.78 6.51 5.57 6.04 0.7914 31.24 24.35 1.28296 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 5yr5/8 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 Inverted Flat GW 1 10-20 21 0.62 5.96 6.36 6.16 0.1006 20.41 12.38 1.64863 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/2 5yr4/2 10r4/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 22 2.51 7.75 7.42 7.585 0.3309 26.9 19.06 1.41133 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/2 10r4/6 10r4/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 23 2.72 6.51 6.34 6.425 0.4233 30.54 20.25 1.50815 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr4/1 10r3/6 5yr3/2 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 24 4.43 4.75 4.77 4.76 0.9307 34.31 21.85 1.57025 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 5yr4/3 Reducing 3 high fired GW 1 10-20 25 4.58 5.28 4 4.64 0.9871 37.94 26.43 1.43549 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 5yr5/1 5yr6/6 5yr5/1 Reducing 3 ext and int is sloughing off GW 1 10-20 26 0.4 3.43 3.52 3.475 0.1151 15.95 11.35 1.40529 Body N N Mortar? N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/1 5yr6/8 7.5yr7/6 Reducing 3 some sort of mortar-like coating on int. GW 1 10-20 27 0.47 3.78 2.75 3.265 0.144 15.78 15.14 1.04227 Body N N Mortar? N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/1 5yr6/8 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 some sort of mortar-like coating on int. GW 1 10-20 28 0.39 2.67 2.59 2.63 0.1483 15.97 12.35 1.29312 Body N N Mortar? N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/1 5yr6/8 7.5yr7/6 Reducing 3 some sort of mortar-like coating on int. GW 1 10-20 29 0.37 3.4 2.94 3.17 0.1167 13.89 15.17 0.91562 Body N N Mortar? N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/1 5yr6/8 7.5yr7/6 Reducing 3 some sort of mortar-like coating on int. GW 1 10-20 30 0.33 2.98 2.87 2.925 0.1128 13.84 11.73 1.17988 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr7/4 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 31 0.95 1.95 2.04 1.995 0.4762 25.52 16.85 1.51454 Body N Y Finger IndentN Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/8 7.5yr5/4 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 finger indentations GW 1 10-20 32 1.36 1.95 3.6 2.775 0.4901 26.43 16.24 1.62746 Body N N Finger IndentN Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr4/4 5yr5/2 5yr4/1 Oxidizing 3 finger indentations GW 1 10-20 33 2.24 3.8 3.36 3.58 0.6257 26.3 19.01 1.38348 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 5yr6/1 5yr4/1 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 34 2.37 3.93 3.84 3.885 0.61 24.46 23.9 1.02343 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 5yr4/3 7.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 35 1.57 5.77 5.91 5.84 0.2688 22.68 15.33 1.47945 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 36 0.68 3.79 4.65 4.22 0.1611 21.1 13.09 1.61192 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 5yr5/3 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 37 0.45 3.36 3.04 3.2 0.1406 16.58 13.03 1.27245 Body N N Mortar? N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/1 5yr7/8 7.5yr7/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 38 1.36 2.42 1.71 2.065 0.6586 21.43 20.15 1.06352 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr7/2 7.5yr6/2 5yr4/1 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 39 1.18 4.42 4.63 4.525 0.2608 20.55 15.11 1.36003 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/2 10yr4/3 5yr5/3 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 40 0.65 4.92 4.72 4.82 0.1349 20.66 10.68 1.93446 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr7/6 5yr6/2 5yr6/4 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 41 1.12 7.39 7.43 7.41 0.1511 17.48 11.91 1.46767 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr7/6 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 42 1.16 3.65 3.03 3.34 0.3473 24.38 14.49 1.68254 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr3/1 10yr3/1 7.5yr4/4 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 43 1.24 4.32 4.48 4.4 0.2818 22.5 13.08 1.72018 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/3 5yr6/4 5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 44 1.54 4.71 4.46 4.585 0.3359 18.98 17.79 1.06689 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr3/1 5yr3/1 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 45 0.82 3.95 3.73 3.84 0.2135 16.79 12.43 1.35076 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/2 5yr4/2 10r5/8 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 46 1.68 5.13 5.05 5.09 0.3301 21.63 15.83 1.36639 Body N N N N Grit Fine 7.5yr5/2 5yr5/4 5yr3/1 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 10-20 47 1.82 4.31 3.92 4.115 0.4423 20.79 19.05 1.09134 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr7/4 7.5yr6/2 5yr7/3 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 48 0.73 3.97 2.89 3.43 0.2128 19.48 12.67 1.53749 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 10-20 49 1.53 6.49 4.94 5.715 0.2677 23.01 15.32 1.50196 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 50 0.74 4.04 3.89 3.965 0.1866 17.13 11.82 1.44924 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr7/6 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr7/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 51 0.6 2.66 2.52 2.59 0.2317 16.56 13.39 1.23674 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr4/1 5yr4/1 10r5/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 52 0.9 4.53 4.43 4.48 0.2009 15.7 15.39 1.02014 Body N N Charred N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 53 1.59 4.04 4.59 4.315 0.3685 22.47 13.15 1.70875 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 coating all around GW 1 10-20 54 1.27 5.42 5.23 5.325 0.2385 20.17 15.32 1.31658 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr7/6 5yr7/6 5yr7/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 55 0.74 3.43 2.87 3.15 0.2349 14.88 14.7 1.01224 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 56 0.68 3.28 3.21 3.245 0.2096 15.96 15.48 1.03101 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/4 5yr8/2 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 57 0.77 4.16 4.3 4.23 0.182 19.92 10.66 1.86867 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 58 0.92 3.61 3.54 3.575 0.2573 19.55 14.13 1.38358 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr7/6 5yr7/6 5yr7/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 59 1.51 5.76 6.89 6.325 0.2387 19.14 14.23 1.34505 Body N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 10r5/6 Reducing 3 Single Incise GW 1 10-20 60 1.37 4.41 4.22 4.315 0.3175 20.66 18.35 1.12589 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/4 10r6/8 Both 3 GW 1 10-20 61 0.58 4.23 3.5 3.865 0.1501 14.74 13.65 1.07985 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 10-20 62 1.18 4.27 3.95 4.11 0.2871 22.16 18.37 1.20631 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 63 0.41 3.03 2.41 2.72 0.1507 14.37 9.82 1.46334 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/4 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 64 1.24 5.2 4.89 5.045 0.2458 19.68 15.24 1.29134 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/2 7.5yr4/2 7.5yr7/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 65 0.88 2.62 2.25 2.435 0.3614 18.71 16.18 1.15637 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 66 0.88 4.17 2.67 3.42 0.2573 22.86 13.3 1.7188 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr4/2 5yr4/2 5yr4/2 Reducing 3 GW 1 10-20 67 1.45 4.26 3.38 3.82 0.3796 21.36 16.05 1.33084 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Mica Fine 7.5yr6/8 5yr5/6 10r4/8 Reducing 3 Parallel Incise GW 1 10-20 68 0.38 2.86 2.7 2.78 0.1367 15.56 9.97 1.56068 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 10-20 69 0.99 8.58 6.92 7.75 0.1277 11.73 8.4 1.39643 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/2 7.5yr4/4 Reducing 3 Damaged Rounded GW 1 10-20 70 0.54 0 Bits ceramic bits, n=4 GW 1 20-30 1 5.08 4.98 5.19 5.085 0.999 33.8 32.87 1.02829 Base N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr7/6 7.5yr7/6 7.5yr7/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 20-30 2 1.11 3.29 2.93 3.11 0.3569 21.33 18.14 1.17585 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 5yr6/6 5yr6/2 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 3 3.05 4.76 5.19 4.975 0.6131 29.08 22.89 1.27042 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 4 1.14 4.06 3.52 3.79 0.3008 21.92 16.91 1.29627 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 5yr5/2 5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 5 1.06 3.94 4.2 4.07 0.2604 19.29 18.27 1.05583 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 2.5yr5/8 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 6 3.14 3.92 3.65 3.785 0.8296 31.56 26.33 1.19863 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 7 3.38 4.3 3.58 3.94 0.8579 30.42 20.73 1.46744 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/4 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 8 3.56 4.54 4.35 4.445 0.8009 31.23 22.68 1.37698 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/2 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr4/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 9 1.82 3.55 3.14 3.345 0.5441 27.42 16.95 1.6177 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/4 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 10 1.09 3.5 3.67 3.585 0.304 20.22 14.86 1.3607 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 11 2.1 4.28 3.65 3.965 0.5296 21.92 19.27 1.13752 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 12 0.88 3.42 3.57 3.495 0.2518 16.6 14.11 1.17647 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr4/2 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 13 1.85 3.75 3.41 3.58 0.5168 24.04 17.39 1.3824 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr4/6 10yr6/3 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 14 2.23 4.1 3.78 3.94 0.566 23.18 17.46 1.32761 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr5/4 10r3/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 20-30 15 1.61 5.03 5.54 5.285 0.3046 22.77 16.74 1.36022 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 20-30 16 1.31 4.64 3.28 3.96 0.3308 21.69 14.06 1.54267 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/6 5yr5/4 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 20-30 17 1.23 3.53 3.26 3.395 0.3623 24.47 18.98 1.28925 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/2 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 18 1.99 3.76 2.85 3.305 0.6021 23.5 17.46 1.34593 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr7/4 7.5yr7/4 7.5yr7/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 20-30 19 1.55 3.5 2.95 3.225 0.4806 28.07 14.42 1.9466 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 20-30 20 1.13 4.51 5.01 4.76 0.2374 23.25 11.25 2.06667 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 Page 24 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments GW 1 20-30 21 1.58 4.56 3.86 4.21 0.3753 24.94 19.9 1.25327 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr5/0 5yr6/4 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 22 1.8 3.88 3.05 3.465 0.5195 26.8 18.27 1.46689 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr5/8 5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 20-30 23 2.87 8.17 7.8 7.985 0.3594 20.87 18.96 1.10074 Body N N N N Grit w/ Shell Coarse 10r5/8 5yr7/6 7.5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 20-30 24 1.45 3.36 3.05 3.205 0.4524 24.13 18.03 1.33833 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/0 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 25 0.78 3.65 3.76 3.705 0.2105 19.29 13.23 1.45805 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/4 5yr5/4 5yr6/4 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 26 0.58 2.38 2.2 2.29 0.2533 18.69 16.91 1.10526 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 5yr5/2 5yr4/1 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 27 1.49 4.47 4.84 4.655 0.3201 25.82 17.03 1.51615 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr6/2 7.5yr6/4 10yr5/2 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 28 2.17 3.01 3.72 3.365 0.6449 30.53 16.02 1.90574 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/0 5yr6/6 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 29 2.25 3.46 2.65 3.055 0.7365 32.36 19.87 1.62859 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr7/0 7.5yr6/2 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 30 2.37 5.27 4.8 5.035 0.4707 25.83 20.88 1.23707 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr7/6 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 31 1.43 3.32 2.62 2.97 0.4815 26.29 16.01 1.6421 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/8 5yr6/6 10r4/8 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 32 2.17 2.77 3.24 3.005 0.7221 29.64 23.69 1.25116 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/1 5yr6/6 5yr6/3 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 33 4.41 6.95 4.63 5.79 0.7617 33.19 20.46 1.62219 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr7/6 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 34 1.35 3.36 3.31 3.335 0.4048 22.38 18.87 1.18601 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr6/1 10yr6/1 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 35 4.11 7.31 6.84 7.075 0.5809 31.37 19.11 1.64155 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr2.5/2 10yr4/1 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 36 2.19 6.07 6.32 6.195 0.3535 19.79 13.97 1.41661 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 5yr3/3 5yr3/3 5yr3/3 Oxidizing 3 Straight flat GW 1 20-30 37 0.75 4.08 4.32 4.2 0.1786 18.43 14.61 1.26146 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/0 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr7/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 20-30 38 3.05 4.67 3.95 4.31 0.7077 31.32 20.71 1.51231 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 7.5yr6/2 7.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 2 pcs glued together GW 1 20-30 39 1.75 4.68 4.45 4.565 0.3834 19.54 16.98 1.15077 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 7.5yr6/2 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 40 0.49 3.06 2.29 2.675 0.1832 18.14 11.97 1.51546 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/1 5yr5/6 5yr5/2 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 41 0.45 4.1 3.92 4.01 0.1122 14.59 10.93 1.33486 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr6/1 7.5yr7/6 7.5yr7/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 42 1.13 5.58 5.94 5.76 0.1962 17.04 12.3 1.38537 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr7/2 7.5yr7/2 2.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 43 0.41 4.32 4.16 4.24 0.0967 12.67 10.06 1.25944 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 44 0.78 4.76 5.09 4.925 0.1584 17.17 14.02 1.22468 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr7/0 7.5yr8/2 7.5yr6/2 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 45 0.41 2.49 2.71 2.6 0.1577 15.92 10.18 1.56385 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr3/0 7.5yr5/2 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 46 0.88 3.64 3.82 3.73 0.2359 17.91 12.8 1.39922 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/4 2.5yr4/4 2.5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 20-30 47 1.08 5.01 5.26 5.135 0.2103 17.72 11.69 1.51583 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 20-30 48 0.71 2.84 3.18 3.01 0.2359 18.7 12.69 1.4736 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 water worn GW 1 20-30 49 0.28 2.35 1.74 2.045 0.1369 17.88 9.63 1.8567 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 20-30 50 0.71 2.94 2.68 2.81 0.2527 15.71 13.05 1.20383 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 20-30 51 0.48 3.04 2.03 2.535 0.1893 19.15 10.09 1.89792 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 same as 49 GW 1 20-30 52 0.62 3.25 3.08 3.165 0.1959 18.73 11.96 1.56605 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 53 0.31 4.6 4.48 4.54 0.0683 13.29 8.35 1.59162 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 20-30 54 0.31 3.2 3.36 3.28 0.0945 13.01 8.34 1.55995 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr3/1 5yr3/1 5yr3/1 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 55 0.81 3.68 3.99 3.835 0.2112 14.47 12.23 1.18316 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 56 0.57 2.4 2.06 2.23 0.2556 20.62 11.23 1.83615 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/8 7.5yr5/4 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 same as 60 GW 1 20-30 57 0.5 4.08 4.02 4.05 0.1235 14.18 11.43 1.24059 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 20-30 58 1.11 4.84 4.32 4.58 0.2424 20.2 13.88 1.45533 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r6/8 10r6/8 7.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 20-30 59 0.78 2.38 2.96 2.67 0.2921 19.84 11.34 1.74956 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/8 5yr6/6 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 20-30 60 0.64 3.5 2.13 2.815 0.2274 16.19 12.47 1.29832 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr4/0 10r4/4 Reducing 3 same as 56 GW 1 20-30 61 1.16 3.35 3.2 3.275 0.3542 19.42 15.81 1.22834 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/8 5yr5/8 2.5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 20-30 62 1.94 5.99 4.84 5.415 0.3583 22.24 13.01 1.70945 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r5/6 5yr5/4 10r5/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 20-30 63 0.23 2.47 2.29 2.38 0.0966 12.78 8.84 1.4457 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/3 5yr3/3 5yr5/3 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 64 0.66 3 3.02 3.01 0.2193 15.94 13.46 1.18425 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 5yr5/3 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 20-30 65 0.54 3.93 3.84 3.885 0.139 13.24 11.86 1.11636 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr3/2 7.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 66 0.52 2.84 2.96 2.9 0.1793 17.72 11.07 1.60072 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/0 5yr6/6 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 GW 1 20-30 67 0.57 3.35 2.84 3.095 0.1842 13.94 12.97 1.07479 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 20-30 68 0.66 3.77 3.72 3.745 0.1762 16.81 14.41 1.16655 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 10r6/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 20-30 69 2.92 4.29 2.55 3.42 0.8538 30.24 28 1.08 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/2 7.5yr4/2 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 same as 56, 60 GW 1 20-30 70 3.93 7.35 5.79 6.57 0.5982 25.29 24.06 1.05112 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 2.5yr5/8 10r4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 Everted rounded GW 1 30-40 1 70.15 12.59 13.17 12.88 5.4464 81.18 54.4 1.49228 Corner N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Roofing Tile GW 1 30-40 2 20.03 9.48 10.03 9.755 2.0533 41.27 32.24 1.28009 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Grog Fine 10r4/3 10r4/3 10r3/3 Oxidizing 5 high fired. Odd coating on ext. stoneware? GW 1 30-40 3 8.58 13.37 10.42 11.895 0.7213 40.95 13.96 2.93338 Lid Y Y N N Grit w/ Sand Varies 10r4/8 10r4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 L&S #3- Lid a few huge chunks of quartz, but otherwise no temper. Arcuate, possibly a lid frag? High fired GW 1 30-40 4 4.72 3.66 3.1 3.38 1.3964 32.87 30.5 1.0777 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 firing clouds on int and ext GW 1 30-40 5 3.26 3.91 3.13 3.52 0.9261 32.42 21.16 1.53214 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr6/1 10yr6/1 10yr6/3 Reducing 3 GW 1 30-40 6 2.96 3.54 3.07 3.305 0.8956 29.25 23.19 1.26132 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/4 5yr8/1 5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 lime coating on int? GW 1 30-40 7 4 6.37 5.04 5.705 0.7011 34.27 25.84 1.32624 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/2 5yr7/3 5yr6/2 Reducing 3 Straight rounded GW 1 30-40 8 2.59 5.03 5.15 5.09 0.5088 31.68 17.87 1.7728 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 30-40 9 1.77 3.8 3.55 3.675 0.4816 23.06 16.74 1.37754 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr4/1 5yr6/3 5yr4/1 Reducing 3 firing clouds GW 1 30-40 10 1.11 2.49 2.53 2.51 0.4422 19.43 17.38 1.11795 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 5yr5/4 5yr5/4 5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 30-40 11 1.69 6.49 5.9 6.195 0.2728 21.42 18.42 1.16287 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 GW 1 30-40 12 2.16 4.75 4.24 4.495 0.4805 23.47 16.46 1.42588 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr4/2 5yr4/2 5yr4/1 Reducing 3 GW 1 30-40 13 1.84 3.51 4.21 3.86 0.4767 25.67 18.81 1.3647 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 GW 1 30-40 14 1.68 3.67 3.27 3.47 0.4841 26.27 13.79 1.905 Body N N Charred N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr4/0 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 30-40 15 0.25 1.8 1.76 1.78 0.1404 15.77 10.71 1.47246 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 30-40 16 0.94 3.05 3.39 3.22 0.2919 19.77 13.94 1.41822 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 1 30-40 17 0.86 4.57 3.88 4.225 0.2036 14.49 14.08 1.02912 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 Reducing 3 GW 1 30-40 18 0.54 5.13 4.68 4.905 0.1101 15.92 14.38 1.10709 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 30-40 19 1.05 4.23 4.05 4.14 0.2536 15.97 15.57 1.02569 Body N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 2.5yr6/8 7.5yr6/2 Reducing 3 Other Incise diagonal criss-crosses GW 1 30-40 20 1.02 5.52 5.02 5.27 0.1935 21.59 14.46 1.49308 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/6 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 30-40 21 1.07 3.41 3.74 3.575 0.2993 15.05 17.5 0.86 Body N Y N Impress Grit w/ Mica Fine 7.5yr6/6 5yr7/3 5yr6/4 Reducing 3 Impress on Body GW 1 30-40 22 0.59 4.06 3.34 3.7 0.1595 17.9 11.98 1.49416 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/2 10yr5/1 10yr5/2 Reducing 3 GW 1 30-40 23 0.91 3.51 4.25 3.88 0.2345 18.93 16.38 1.15568 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/6 5yr4/2 5yr5/1 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 30-40 24 0.51 3.69 3.11 3.4 0.15 16.31 12.99 1.25558 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 30-40 25 0.68 3.1 2.47 2.785 0.2442 21.51 11.58 1.85751 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 30-40 26 1 3.34 3.23 3.285 0.3044 20.9 17.38 1.20253 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 2 pcs glued together GW 1 30-40 27 1.39 5.07 3.5 4.285 0.3244 20.59 14.18 1.45205 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/2 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 GW 1 30-40 28 1.27 2.9 2.31 2.605 0.4875 19.1 18.17 1.05118 Body N N Coating N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/2 7.5yr7/6 5yr4/1 Oxidizing 3 lime? Coating on int. 2 pcs glued together GW 1 30-40 29 0.66 3.73 2.95 3.34 0.1976 17.27 14.45 1.19516 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 GW 1 30-40 30 1.37 4.52 5.16 4.84 0.2831 20.27 15.6 1.29936 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 GW 1 30-40 31 1.46 5.99 5.87 5.93 0.2462 23.47 18.01 1.30316 Body N N N N Grit Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 30-40 32 0.69 4.17 3.26 3.715 0.1857 15.07 11.23 1.34194 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/8 5yr6/3 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 30-40 33 0.88 5.29 4.1 4.695 0.1874 18.19 12.51 1.45404 Body N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/4 2.5yr5/6 10yr6/1 Reducing 3 Single Incise broke along incising, can't tell what it was GW 1 30-40 34 0.31 1.71 2.31 2.01 0.1542 12.95 11.03 1.17407 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 5yr4/3 2.5yr4/0 5yr4/3 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 30-40 35 0.85 3.47 2.64 3.055 0.2782 16.02 14.31 1.1195 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr2.5/2 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 30-40 36 0.54 3.27 3.09 3.18 0.1698 15.03 9.81 1.53211 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 Reducing 3 GW 1 30-40 37 0.24 2.38 2.14 2.26 0.1062 12.43 10.61 1.17154 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 Page 25 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments GW 1 30-40 38 2.07 3.93 3.06 3.495 0.098 21.12 21.02 1.00476 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog Coarse 10r4/6 10r4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 water worn. This might actually be a rock… GW 1 30-40 39 5.76 8.47 7.99 8.23 0.6999 30.92 24.22 1.27663 Body Y N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 5yr7/8 5yr3/1 5yr7/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 30-40 40 0.04 Bits ceramic bits GW 1 40-50 1 90.72 19.34 10.6 14.97 6.0601 68.4 59.94 1.14114 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r5/8 10r4/8 10r4/3 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded Roofing Tile roofing tile or large amphora? High fired. Refit w. gw.1.5.70-80.erw.001 GW 1 40-50 2 2.21 5.81 4.62 5.215 0.4238 25.08 17.35 0.36667 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr7/6 5yr4/1 Reducing 3 GW 1 40-50 3 8.7 4.75 3.77 4.26 2.0423 56.15 30.69 1.82959 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr7/0 5yr5/6 5yr6/4 Reducing 3 GW 1 40-50 4 2.17 3.41 2.79 3.1 0.7 27.97 23.27 1.20198 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 5yr5/3 2.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 GW 1 40-50 5 3.66 5.16 3.52 4.34 0.8433 30.38 30.05 1.01098 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 5yr3/3 Oxidizing 3 water worn GW 1 40-50 6 3.08 4.1 4.47 4.285 0.7188 33.15 19.58 1.69305 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 lots of temper GW 1 40-50 7 2.27 3.65 3.04 3.345 0.6786 25.87 19.26 1.3432 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 5yr5/2 5yr4/1 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 40-50 8 1.16 3.57 3.85 3.71 0.3127 17.2 16.15 1.06502 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr8/2 7.5yr7/2 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 40-50 9 1.77 4.04 3.74 3.89 0.455 19.69 17 1.15824 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr4/1 5yr4/1 5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 1 40-50 10 1.32 3.1 3.71 3.405 0.3877 24.78 16.85 1.47062 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 GW 1 40-50 11 5.55 3.36 3.02 3.19 1.7398 38.8 35.4 1.09605 Body N N N N Grit w/ Shell Fine 7.5yr5/0 10yr5/1 5yr5/1 Reducing 3 GW 1 40-50 12 5.94 3.64 2.74 3.19 1.8621 40.19 30.07 1.33655 Body N N N N Grit w/ Shell Fine 7.5yr5/0 10yr5/1 10yr5/2 Reducing 3 same as 11 GW 1 40-50 13 6.24 5.04 5.47 5.255 1.1874 33.84 27.72 1.22078 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/4 10yr5/1 7.5yr4/0 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 40-50 14 6.94 8.15 6.18 7.165 0.9686 31.06 26.39 1.17696 Rim Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 10r4/4 Reducing 3 Everted Rounded GW 1 40-50 15 2.08 4.75 3.9 4.325 0.4809 24.54 17.16 1.43007 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r4/6 10r4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 water worn GW 1 40-50 16 0.6 2.58 2.64 2.61 0.2299 15.51 14.07 1.10235 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r4/4 10r4/4 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 water worn GW 1 40-50 17 0.93 2.04 2.2 2.12 0.4387 21.9 17.6 1.24432 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 water worn GW 1 40-50 18 0.94 2.46 2.22 2.34 0.4017 21.78 17.13 1.27145 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 5yr5/2 10r4/4 Oxidizing 3 water worn GW 1 40-50 19 0.97 2.9 2.55 2.725 0.356 20.67 15.4 1.34221 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/6 5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 water worn GW 1 40-50 20 0.7 2.16 2.23 2.195 0.3189 22.67 13.93 1.62742 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr6/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 40-50 21 0.99 4.26 3.05 3.655 0.2709 14.8 13.35 1.10861 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr4/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 40-50 22 2.57 8.11 6.21 7.16 0.3589 22.44 15.8 1.42025 Rim Y Y N Impress Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/2 5yr6/3 5yr5/2 Reducing 3 Impress on Rim Everted Rounded impress on rim GW 1 40-50 23 0.88 3.07 3.26 3.165 0.278 20.4 15.39 1.32554 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/8 7.5yr6/4 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 40-50 24 1.17 3.51 3.44 3.475 0.3367 18.18 13.37 1.35976 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/2 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 40-50 25 1.34 5.13 4.95 5.04 0.2659 20.11 14.9 1.34966 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr3/0 10r4/3 Reducing 3 GW 1 40-50 26 0.42 2.95 3.64 3.295 0.1275 12.39 8.33 1.48739 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr3/1 5yr4/1 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 40-50 27 0.62 4.36 4.25 4.305 0.144 14.2 11.33 1.25331 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 1 40-50 28 0.69 4.72 4.61 4.665 0.1479 15.42 10.5 1.46857 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 5yr5/2 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 40-50 29 0.67 2.62 2.56 2.59 0.2587 17.93 13.73 1.3059 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 7.5yr4/4 7.5yr4/4 7.5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 40-50 30 0.25 1.85 1.71 1.78 0.1404 11.56 11.48 1.00697 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 5yr5/1 5yr5/1 Reducing 3 GW 1 40-50 31 0.93 3.99 3.45 3.72 0.25 17.23 13.01 1.32437 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 7.5yr6/4 2.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 40-50 32 1.15 4.17 3.98 4.075 0.2822 18.62 11.37 1.63764 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/2 5yr5/6 5yr5/3 Reducing 3 GW 1 40-50 33 0.96 2.89 2.25 2.57 0.3735 22.58 15.28 1.47775 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/2 5yr6/2 5yr5/1 Reducing 3 GW 1 40-50 34 0.89 3.26 3.15 3.205 0.2777 17.48 14.71 1.18831 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 40-50 35 0.64 2.37 2.17 2.27 0.2819 14.6 13.44 1.08631 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 40-50 36 1.39 9.39 7.69 8.54 0.1628 23.89 7.45 3.20671 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/2 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 GW 1 40-50 37 0.28 3.4 3.34 3.37 0.0831 12.43 8.51 1.46063 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/6 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 1 40-50 38 0.37 4.78 3.9 4.34 0.0853 12.14 7.94 1.52897 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/2 7.5yr4/2 7.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 GW 1 40-50 39 0.13 0 #DIV/0! Bits GW 1 50-60 1 12.96 9.31 5.43 7.37 1.7585 65.57 33.04 1.98456 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Sand Fine 10r5/6 10r5/6 10r5/6 Oxidizing 3 Everted Pointed GW 1 50-60 2 0.88 3.33 2.33 2.83 0.311 19.94 15.07 1.32316 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 GW 1 50-60 3 2.77 2.73 3.07 2.9 0.9552 32.62 27.9 1.16918 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr4/0 10r3/4 Reducing 3 red slipped GW 1 50-60 4 1.81 4.93 4.77 4.85 0.3732 22.82 15.45 1.47702 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 2.5yr5/4 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 50-60 5 1.48 2.87 2.31 2.59 0.5714 21.55 20.84 1.03407 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 2.5yr3/2 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 red slipped same as 3 GW 1 50-60 6 0.89 2.06 2.56 2.31 0.3853 22.35 20.62 1.0839 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 7.5yr5/6 7.5yr5/4 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 red slipped same as 3, 5 GW 1 50-60 7 1.23 4.13 3.13 3.63 0.3388 24.02 17.49 1.37336 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr3/2 10r4/6 Reducing 3 red slipped same 3, 5, 6 GW 1 50-60 8 2.4 3.25 3.06 3.155 0.7607 27.04 24.77 1.09164 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr4/1 10yr4/1 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 GW 1 50-60 9 6.84 9.14 7.22 8.18 0.8362 28.96 26.46 1.09448 Rim Y Y N N Grit Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/6 Reducing 3 red slipped Straight rounded GW 1 50-60 10 1.17 5.57 4.91 5.24 0.2233 15.35 16.01 1.80887 Body N N N N Grit Fine 5yr5/8 5yr4/2 5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 50-60 11 1.21 3.31 3.6 3.455 0.3502 18.25 17.46 1.04525 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr4/4 5yr5/4 5yr5/3 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 50-60 12 1.14 3.27 3.17 3.22 0.354 26.25 11.62 2.25904 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 5yr4/1 2.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 GW 1 50-60 13 1.79 2.84 2.39 2.615 0.6845 27.92 19.39 1.43992 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 GW 1 50-60 14 1.89 4.33 4.51 4.42 0.4276 33.21 15.24 2.17913 Body N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Other Incise GW 1 50-60 15 3.1 4.59 4.1 4.345 0.7135 31.54 23.66 1.33305 Body N N N Punctate Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 5yr5/3 5yr5/3 5yr5/3 Oxidizing 3 Punctate water worn, punctate GW 1 50-60 16 2.56 3.77 3.87 3.82 0.6702 27.23 21.5 1.26651 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 5yr5/3 5yr5/3 5yr4/1 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 50-60 17 0.83 3.56 3.4 3.48 0.2385 11.4 16.96 0.67217 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 5yr5/1 5yr6/6 5yr5/1 Reducing 3 GW 1 50-60 18 1.21 5.61 5.58 5.595 0.2163 21.12 11.95 1.76736 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/8 5yr5/2 5yr5/3 Reducing 3 GW 1 50-60 19 0.83 5.17 5.28 5.225 0.1589 14.64 10.97 1.33455 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/6 5yr5/8 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 50-60 20 1.94 3.92 4.1 4.01 0.4838 24.76 15.83 1.56412 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/4 2.5yr4/4 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 50-60 21 0.71 3.57 3.16 3.365 0.211 13.95 12.5 1.116 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/6 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 50-60 22 0.47 2.4 3.05 2.725 0.1725 14.54 8.39 1.73302 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 50-60 23 1 2.94 3.28 3.11 0.3215 18.87 15.66 1.20498 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/4 2.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 water worn GW 1 50-60 24 4.14 7.1 5.69 6.395 0.6474 30.09 20.84 1.44386 Rim N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 Other Incise Inverted Pointed lime coating all around GW 1 50-60 25 1.51 3.82 3.56 3.69 0.4092 20.75 18.45 1.12466 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 50-60 26 0.8 3.65 4.02 3.835 0.2086 13.19 12.96 1.01775 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr5/1 10yr5/1 Reducing 3 GW 1 50-60 27 0.4 2.27 2.3 2.285 0.1751 12.55 11.03 1.13781 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 50-60 28 2.23 6.23 5.04 5.635 0.3957 20.32 15.33 1.32551 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 water worn. Pos. rim frg. GW 1 50-60 29 3.46 12.86 5.33 9.095 0.3804 22.04 18.05 1.22105 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr4/1 10yr4/1 10yr5/3 Reducing 2 Damaged Flat 3 pcs glued together GW 1 60-70 1 9.6 5.98 5.33 5.655 1.6976 40.51 33.98 1.19217 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr4/1 10yr5/2 10yr5/2 Reducing 3 GW 1 60-70 2 5.43 4.3 4.11 4.205 1.2913 41.24 27.52 1.49855 Body N N Charred N Grit w/ Mica Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 high fired. some wiping marks on ext. Some residue on ext, mortar-like. Page 26 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments GW 1 60-70 3 8.7 5.82 6.87 6.345 1.3712 37.4 32.82 1.13955 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r5/8 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 high fired, some wiping marks. GW 1 60-70 4 4.97 3.89 4.09 3.99 1.2456 32.68 28.51 1.14626 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 5yr6/6 5yr5/4 Reducing 3 firing clouds GW 1 60-70 5 2.53 5.48 5.99 5.735 0.4412 20.83 19.34 1.07704 Rim N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/3 5yr5/1 5yr6/3 Reducing 3 Parallel Incise Everted Damaged 2 curvilinear lines GW 1 60-70 6 1.63 4.09 3.33 3.71 0.4394 19.04 18.65 1.02091 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 5yr4/1 5yr5/3 Reducing 3 GW 1 60-70 7 1.85 3.71 5.02 4.365 0.4238 22.27 15.1 1.47483 Rim N N N N Grit Fine 2.5yr5/0 10yr5/1 10yr5/2 Reducing 3 Inverted Flat GW 1 60-70 8 1.69 4.26 3.56 3.91 0.4322 23.35 19.33 1.20797 Body N N N N Grit w/ Shell Fine 2.5yr4/4 5yr5/2 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 60-70 9 3.28 5.04 3.92 4.48 0.7321 29.04 22.46 1.29297 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 5yr4/3 10yr5/3 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 red slipped GW 1 60-70 10 2.27 7.21 6.12 6.665 0.3406 19.31 19.28 1.00156 Neck N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr4/1 5yr5/6 5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 1 60-70 11 1.58 3.65 3.44 3.545 0.4457 24.79 17.7 1.40056 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr3/3 5yr4/1 7.5r4/0 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 60-70 12 0.99 4.1 3.63 3.865 0.2561 18.34 11.23 1.63313 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 2.5yr6/6 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 1 60-70 13 0.85 3.88 3.78 3.83 0.2219 17.22 12.37 1.39208 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/6 10yr4/1 5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 60-70 14 9.09 7.73 4.7 6.215 1.4626 45.91 26.67 1.72141 Neck N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Lava, Mica Coarse 5yr5/3 5yr5/3 5yr5/3 Oxidizing 3 water worn GW 1 60-70 15 2.72 4.26 4.1 4.18 0.6507 39.53 18.11 2.18277 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Lava, Mica Coarse 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 water worn GW 1 60-70 16 2 5.49 4.34 4.915 0.4069 25.95 14.73 1.76171 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Lava, Mica Coarse 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 water worn GW 1 60-70 17 0.62 3.29 3.47 3.38 0.1834 16.96 11.42 1.48511 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Lava, Mica Coarse 5yr5/4 5yr5/4 5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 water worn GW 1 60-70 18 2.06 3.59 3.83 3.71 0.5553 21.92 20.57 1.06563 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica, Sand Coarse 2.5yr5/4 2.5yr5/4 2.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 water worn GW 1 60-70 19 0.57 3.87 3.09 3.48 0.1638 13.17 11.04 1.19293 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Lava, Mica Coarse 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 water worn GW 1 60-70 20 0.42 2.64 2.71 2.675 0.157 16.08 9.82 1.63747 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/4 2.5yr4/4 2.5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 water worn GW 1 60-70 21 1.03 2.91 2.1 2.505 0.4112 21.2 15.33 1.38291 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r3/2 10r3/2 10r3/2 Oxidizing 3 water worn GW 1 60-70 22 0.52 2.47 2.68 2.575 0.2019 13.68 11.59 1.18033 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10yr4/1 5yr4/2 10yr4/1 Oxidizing 3 water worn GW 1 60-70 23 0.31 2.72 2.65 2.685 0.1155 10.31 9.03 1.14175 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r3/4 2.5yr3/0 10r3/4 Oxidizing 3 water worn GW 1 60-70 24 0.58 4.99 4.86 4.925 0.1178 11.49 8.57 1.34072 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 5yr5/4 5yr5/4 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 water worn GW 1 70-80 1 42.9 14.83 10.33 12.58 3.4102 87.41 41.54 2.10424 Handle Y Y N Hole Grit w/ Grog, Mica Fine 7.5yr4/4 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 Other, Handle handle w/ hole in it GW 1 70-80 2 7.37 5.15 4.24 4.695 1.5698 40.48 33.28 1.21635 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 7.5yr5/0 5yr4/2 5yr4/2 Reducing 3 inverted rounded GW 1 70-80 3 3.52 4.25 3.84 4.045 0.8702 29.33 25.85 1.13462 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/6 2.5yr4/4 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 firing clouds on ext GW 1 70-80 4 1.64 3.06 3.12 3.09 0.5307 26.54 16.5 1.60848 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r5/6 10r5/6 10r5/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 70-80 5 4.68 4.73 3.3 4.015 1.1656 34.78 30.31 1.14748 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 5yr4/3 5yr4/3 5yr4/3 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 70-80 6 2.86 4.23 4.92 4.575 0.6251 22.84 23.47 0.97316 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/4 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 firing clouds on ext GW 1 70-80 7 1.98 5.6 6.15 5.875 0.337 23 15.43 1.4906 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 5yr4/1 5yr4/1 10yr4/2 Reducing 3 red slipped Everted Rounded* 10r4/8 red slip on small parts, mostly worn GW 1 70-80 8 3.97 7.1 3.81 5.455 0.7278 31.49 22.15 1.42167 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Coarse 7.5yr5/6 7.5r5/6 7.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 red slipped Everted Rounded* GW 1 70-80 9 1.38 3.54 4.31 3.925 0.3516 17.7 16.37 1.08125 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r3/4 10r3/4 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 red slipped GW 1 70-80 10 1.22 3.08 2.87 2.975 0.4101 22.37 14.14 1.58204 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 red slipped GW 1 70-80 11 2.65 3.99 3.36 3.675 0.7211 32.78 18.72 1.75107 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 red slipped GW 1 70-80 12 5.7 6.86 5.55 6.205 0.9186 35.14 24.05 1.46112 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 10r4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 red slipped Everted rounded 3 black hairs stuck in slip GW 1 70-80 13 1.93 3.06 2.77 2.915 0.6621 28.58 21.64 1.3207 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 red slipped GW 1 70-80 14 2.47 4.24 4.22 4.23 0.5839 30.91 21.27 1.45322 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r5/3 10r4/3 10r5/3 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 70-80 15 3.7 4.27 4.12 4.195 0.882 28.15 26.02 1.08186 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 5yr4/3 7.5yr3/0 5yr4/3 Reducing 3 GW 1 70-80 16 1.74 3.74 3.34 3.54 0.4915 26.56 14.82 1.79217 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r4/3 5yr4/1 10r4/3 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 70-80 17 0.55 2.21 2.11 2.16 0.2546 15.34 11.7 1.31111 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 1 70-80 18 0.52 2.78 2.59 2.685 0.1937 12.86 11.1 1.15856 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r3/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 70-80 19 2.08 3.96 4.13 4.045 0.5142 22.05 16.48 1.33799 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr7/2 7.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 white coating all around GW 1 70-80 20 0.92 2.97 2.54 2.755 0.3339 14.32 16.67 0.85903 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/3 5yr6/3 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 white coating all around GW 1 70-80 21 2.16 6.19 4.36 5.275 0.4095 26.12 16.65 1.56877 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/3 10r5/6 10r5/8 Reducing 3 Straight rounded GW 1 70-80 22 1.34 3.38 3.04 3.21 0.4174 21.42 17.02 1.25852 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr3/0 10r4/1 Reducing 3 GW 1 70-80 23 0.62 2.71 2.74 2.725 0.2275 16.28 13.58 1.19882 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 GW 1 70-80 24 0.91 2.86 3.65 3.255 0.2796 17.89 14.45 1.23806 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 GW 1 80-90 1 18.16 6.61 5.07 5.84 3.1096 48.33 43.1 1.12135 Neck Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/5 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 GW 1 80-90 2 1.07 3.84 3.47 3.655 0.2927 18.84 13.73 1.37218 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr4/4 5yr3/2 7.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 80-90 3 5.29 6.56 6.46 6.51 0.8126 33.35 23.43 1.42339 Body Y Y N N Grit Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 GW 1 80-90 4 2.11 3.58 2.71 3.145 0.6709 31.32 24.77 1.26443 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 80-90 5 1.76 6.12 4.74 5.43 0.3241 23.99 11.53 2.08066 Body N Y N N Grit Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 80-90 6 4.58 8.33 5.04 6.685 0.6851 26.73 27.59 0.96883 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Shell Fine 10r3/6 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr6/2 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded white coating all around GW 1 80-90 7 16.27 7.44 6.01 6.725 2.4193 54.92 41.81 1.31356 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 5yr4/6 5yr4/6 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 80-90 8 8.7 8.75 6.17 7.46 1.1662 36.04 32.93 1.09444 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Lava Coarse 10r4/6 10r4/6 5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 may be rim w/ impress, but too worn GW 1 80-90 9 6.16 5.77 4.24 5.005 1.2308 32.86 29.1 1.12921 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Lava Coarse 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 Everted Rounded GW 1 80-90 10 2.63 3.96 3.26 3.61 0.7285 30.71 22.64 1.35645 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 GW 1 80-90 11 6.1 9.37 7.17 8.27 0.7376 40.95 23.53 1.74033 Base N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r5/8 10r4/1 7.5yr4/0 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 80-90 12 0.96 3.31 3.17 3.24 0.2963 17.05 16.45 1.03647 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 red slipped GW 1 80-90 13 1.5 3.7 3.23 3.465 0.4329 5.22 16.17 0.32282 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r4/4 10r4/4 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 red slipped GW 1 80-90 14 3.01 5.75 1.96 3.855 0.7808 31.38 20.31 1.54505 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Fine 10r5/6 10r5/6 10r5/6 Oxidizing 3 Everted Flat GW 1 80-90 15 1.42 2.55 2.04 2.295 0.6187 22.77 19.71 1.15525 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/4 10r4/4 10r4/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 80-90 16 0.23 1.79 1.43 1.61 0.1429 12.29 10.9 1.12752 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 80-90 17 1.01 3.47 3.11 3.29 0.307 17.65 14.09 1.25266 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/3 5yr4/2 10r4/3 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 80-90 18 1.26 3.34 2.2 2.77 0.4549 24.4 13.82 1.76556 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 80-90 19 1.06 3.7 3.67 3.685 0.2877 17.05 16.76 1.0173 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 5yr5/3 5yr5/3 5yr5/3 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 80-90 20 0.96 3.03 2.39 2.71 0.3542 18.06 17.17 1.05183 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 5yr5/4 5yr5/4 5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 80-90 21 0.71 2.77 2.81 2.79 0.2545 15.27 12.97 1.17733 Body N N N N Grit w/ Lava, Shell Fine 7.5yr4/0 2.5yr3/6 2.5yr4/4 Reducing 3 GW 1 80-90 22 2.39 4.1 3.24 3.67 0.6512 24.18 19.89 1.21569 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Lava, Mica Fine 10r5/3 2.5yr5/4 10r5/3 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 80-90 23 0.94 2.53 2.12 2.325 0.4043 23.55 15.05 1.56478 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 80-90 24 1.55 3.45 2.23 2.84 0.5458 25.19 18.68 1.3485 Body N N N N Grit w/ Lava Coarse 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 80-90 25 0.25 2.66 3.28 2.97 0.0842 13.18 8.28 1.59179 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 Page 27 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments GW 1 80-90 26 0.27 2.24 2.15 2.195 0.123 11 10.27 1.07108 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/4 10r4/4 10r4/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 80-90 27 0.3 2.92 2.41 2.665 0.1126 10.24 9.07 1.129 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 90-100 1 10.78 7.51 3.96 5.735 1.8797 40.55 43.14 0.93996 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 Everted Rounded may just be core with exterior worn away GW 1 90-100 2 5.31 8.02 7.43 7.725 0.6874 28.41 20.65 1.37579 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 90-100 3 1.47 3 1.79 2.395 0.6138 30.43 22.79 1.33523 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 may just be core with exterior worn away GW 1 90-100 4 2.74 3.22 2.12 2.67 1.0262 35.88 25.63 1.39992 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5r5/6 2.5r5/6 2.5r5/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 90-100 5 2.26 2.48 2.26 2.37 0.9536 28.4 26.69 1.06407 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r3/6 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 90-100 6 4.6 7.11 5.1 6.105 0.7535 32.54 19.91 1.63435 Body N N N N ?Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 GW 1 90-100 7 1.64 4.34 4.24 4.29 0.3823 25.05 14.85 1.68687 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 90-100 8 1.44 4.4 2.17 3.285 0.4384 25.59 13.71 1.86652 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 90-100 9 1.3 2.87 2.78 2.825 0.4602 27.16 13.82 1.96527 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr5/0 10r4/3 Reducing 3 GW 1 90-100 10 0.88 2.99 3.08 3.035 0.29 17.93 14.03 1.27798 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r5/6 10r5/6 10r5/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 90-100 11 1.62 5.99 6.22 6.105 0.2654 19.39 15.09 1.28496 Body Y N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr4/2 10r4/6 10r4/8 Reducing 3 GW 1 90-100 12 1.95 5.19 4.44 4.815 0.405 22.25 18.01 1.23542 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr5/4 2.5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 90-100 13 0.41 2.36 2.02 2.19 0.1872 14.65 11.15 1.3139 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/3 10r4/3 10r4/3 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 90-100 14 0.37 2.65 2.64 2.645 0.1399 15.05 8.42 1.78741 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/4 10r4/4 10r4/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 90-100 15 0.29 2.35 2.46 2.405 0.1206 10.54 10.26 1.02729 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/4 10r4/4 10r4/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1 90-100 16 0.7 4.49 3.73 4.11 0.1703 11.88 11.2 1.06071 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 mixed in? doesn't match other sherds in this level…. GW 1.5 0-10 1 9.93 7.55 6.1 6.825 1.4549 50.98 40.32 1.26438 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/6 10r5/6 7.5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 0-10 2 11.46 6.29 3.87 5.08 2.2559 50.99 43.92 1.16097 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr4/0 10yr5/3 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 0-10 3 7.3 5.48 3.47 4.475 1.6313 47.42 43.15 1.09896 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 5yr5/8 7.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 0-10 4 4.35 6.84 5.53 6.185 0.7033 29.16 23.09 1.26288 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 Reducing 3 Everted Flat GW 1.5 0-10 5 1.65 4.78 4.66 4.72 0.3496 24.5 16.5 1.48485 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/8 5yr5/2 10r5/8 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 0-10 6 1.44 6.49 6.26 6.375 0.2259 21.51 15.93 1.35028 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr4/4 10r4/6 10r4/4 Oxidizing 3 same as 8 GW 1.5 0-10 7 2.57 3.67 3.43 3.55 0.7239 27.74 19.94 1.39117 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 2.5yr3/0 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 0-10 8 1.57 6.08 5.87 5.975 0.2628 23.42 16.65 1.40661 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/2 10r4/8 7.5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 same as 6 GW 1.5 0-10 9 3.02 5.62 5.06 5.34 0.5655 29.08 17.72 1.64108 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 7.5yr5/6 5yr4/3 5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 0-10 10 1.56 6.13 5.87 6 0.26 21.16 15.34 1.3794 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/4 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 0-10 11 3.3 5.8 5.97 5.885 0.5607 29.28 19.13 1.53058 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 0-10 12 1.15 2.76 2.58 2.67 0.4307 20.36 17.2 1.18372 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 7.5yr4/2 2.5yr4/6 7.5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 0-10 13 0.66 3.04 2.96 3 0.22 14.38 12.43 1.15688 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r4/3 10r4/3 5yr4/1 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 0-10 14 0.7 2.85 2.58 2.715 0.2578 19.45 14.63 1.32946 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 2.5yr4/4 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 0-10 15 0.42 5.4 5.23 5.315 0.079 15.84 9.01 1.75805 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/4 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 0-10 16 0.36 4.87 4.93 4.9 0.0735 13.04 9.92 1.31452 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/4 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 10-20 1 4.25 5.2 3.84 4.52 0.9403 36.47 28.71 1.27029 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 5yr5/6 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 10-20 2 3.48 4.62 3.57 4.095 0.8498 37.1 25.77 1.43966 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/2 10r5/8 10r4/8 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 10-20 3 2.8 4.47 3.69 4.08 0.6863 26.79 23.98 1.11718 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/6 5yr6/2 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 10-20 4 0.98 4.74 4.18 4.46 0.2197 22.44 19.12 1.17364 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 5yr6/2 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 10-20 5 0.65 4.83 3.74 4.285 0.1517 18.7 14.19 1.31783 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr5/4 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 10-20 6 0.47 4.21 3.46 3.835 0.1226 18.22 8.71 2.09185 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/6 5yr4/2 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 10-20 7 0.43 3.7 3.98 3.84 0.112 18.83 10.43 1.80537 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 5yr5/6 5yr4/2 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 10-20 8 0.95 5.81 5.1 5.455 0.1742 14.78 15.03 0.98337 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 10-20 9 0.81 3.97 4.2 4.085 0.1983 17.26 12.84 1.34424 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 5yr6/6 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 10-20 10 0.58 3.04 2.99 3.015 0.1924 14.88 11.68 1.27397 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 10-20 11 0.2 2.97 2.13 2.55 0.0784 12.84 8.5 1.51059 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 20-30 1 6.47 8.06 8.36 8.21 0.7881 37.82 34.16 1.10714 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 20-30 2 8.02 5.2 5.39 5.295 1.5146 36.78 27.74 1.32588 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 7.5yr4/0 5yr5/3 5yr2.5/1 Reducing 3 very flat. Tile? GW 1.5 20-30 3 5.38 9.18 8.59 8.885 0.6055 28.2 27.07 1.04174 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 white coating all around. Leaching shell? GW 1.5 20-30 4 5.02 6.67 7.2 6.935 0.7239 36.72 27.9 1.31613 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/6 7.5yr6/4 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded GW 1.5 20-30 5 4.79 4.65 4.64 4.645 1.0312 42.74 24.3 1.75885 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 5yr4/1 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 3 pcs glued together GW 1.5 20-30 6 2.15 5.67 5.24 5.455 0.3941 25.82 21.88 1.18007 Neck N N N Impress Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Body ?rope? Impress GW 1.5 20-30 7 2.8 6.57 10.15 8.36 0.3349 20.43 19.93 1.02509 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr4/3 5yr4/3 5yr5/8 Reducing 2 Damaged Rounded GW 1.5 20-30 8 2.07 5.44 4.25 4.845 0.4272 22.72 17.35 1.30951 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 7.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 20-30 9 2.64 5.83 4.06 4.945 0.5339 23.41 22.3 1.04978 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 20-30 10 1.98 5.49 5.6 5.545 0.3571 24.84 14.51 1.71192 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 5yr5/8 5yr3/2 5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 20-30 11 2.11 4.37 4.56 4.465 0.4726 19.27 18.84 1.02282 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 Straight rounded GW 1.5 20-30 12 1.72 3.75 2.92 3.335 0.5157 22.6 18.25 1.23836 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr4/4 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr3/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 20-30 13 1.2 3.79 3.67 3.73 0.3217 23.7 15.86 1.49433 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r6/8 2.5yr6/6 10r6/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 20-30 14 1.44 2.81 2.54 2.675 0.5383 23.85 19.58 1.21808 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/2 7.5yr6/6 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 20-30 15 1.77 4.17 4.35 4.26 0.4155 24.27 13.84 1.75361 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/6 10yr6/2 7.5yr7/2 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 20-30 16 2.54 5.84 5.66 5.75 0.4417 25.46 16.59 1.53466 Body N N N N Grit w/ Lava Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 white coating all around GW 1.5 20-30 17 2.16 5.37 5.03 5.2 0.4154 22.52 18.65 1.20751 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 white coating all around GW 1.5 20-30 18 0.9 2.64 2.26 2.45 0.3673 17.07 15.94 1.07089 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr7/2 Reducing 3 white coating all around GW 1.5 20-30 19 1.41 3.73 3.57 3.65 0.3863 19.19 20.38 0.94161 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 white coating all around GW 1.5 20-30 20 0.73 4.06 3.7 3.88 0.1881 19.43 14.25 1.36351 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 7.5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 20-30 21 0.58 3.14 3.03 3.085 0.188 21.93 10.71 2.04762 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/2 5yr5/6 5yr5/2 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 20-30 22 0.94 3.51 3.47 3.49 0.2693 24.03 14.19 1.69345 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/6 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 20-30 23 1.43 4.44 4.64 4.54 0.315 17.86 14.57 1.22581 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 5yr7/1 Oxidizing 3 white coating all around GW 1.5 20-30 24 0.82 3.26 3.16 3.21 0.2555 19.01 17.25 1.10203 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 20-30 25 0.68 4.56 4.32 4.44 0.1532 15.13 11.87 1.27464 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/3 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 20-30 26 0.7 3.17 3.5 3.335 0.2099 17.07 12.24 1.39461 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 20-30 27 0.37 2.44 2.3 2.37 0.1561 16.56 10.21 1.62194 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 5yr6/6 Reducing 3 ext only, sloughed off at core GW 1.5 20-30 28 0.73 3.57 3.47 3.52 0.2074 17.76 13.03 1.36301 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 20-30 29 0.38 3.05 2.76 2.905 0.1308 17.31 8.81 1.96481 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 20-30 30 1.06 5.67 5.35 5.51 0.1924 19.65 11.82 1.66244 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 red slipped GW 1.5 20-30 31 1.9 6.69 6.45 6.57 0.2892 17.47 15.21 1.14859 Rim N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 red slipped Straight pointed GW 1.5 20-30 32 1.25 3.99 5.76 4.875 0.2564 16.4 13.09 1.25286 Body Y N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 20-30 33 0.59 3.16 2.67 2.915 0.2024 14.99 11.23 1.33482 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 7.5yr4/2 7.5yr4/2 7.5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 20-30 34 0.82 3.52 2.79 3.155 0.2599 17.51 12.35 1.41781 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/6 10r4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 20-30 35 0.43 1.97 2.22 2.095 0.2053 16.85 9.95 1.69347 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 30-40 1 31.8 8.95 7.23 8.09 3.9308 53.92 50.52 1.0673 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Straight Flat L&S #7- Forna forna GW 1.5 30-40 2 14.03 4.79 5.39 5.09 2.7564 47.63 44.32 1.07468 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr3/0 10yr4/1 10yr5/2 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 30-40 3 6.95 4.32 3.26 3.79 1.8338 40.51 35.51 1.14081 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/6 5yr7/3 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 white coating all around GW 1.5 30-40 4 6.62 3.83 3.46 3.645 1.8162 56.92 27.15 2.0965 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/6 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 30-40 5 3.31 2.56 2.32 2.44 1.3566 40.13 27.74 1.44665 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr3/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 30-40 6 7.61 5.58 6.88 6.23 1.2215 46.97 33.07 1.42032 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded Page 28 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments GW 1.5 30-40 7 13.59 9.11 7.89 8.5 1.5988 48.89 33.47 1.46071 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 30-40 8 4.25 4.71 3.64 4.175 1.018 38.63 26.61 1.45171 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 7.5yr7/2 Oxidizing 3 white coating all around GW 1.5 30-40 9 6.1 7.28 8.86 8.07 0.7559 38.39 16.29 2.35666 Neck N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/8 10r3/1 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 30-40 10 3.67 3.5 3.95 3.725 0.9852 42.49 25.12 1.69148 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 5yr6/6 5yr6/3 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 30-40 11 16.13 11.45 7.39 9.42 1.7123 47.25 30.52 1.54817 Rim N N N Impress Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Rim Everted Pointed impress on rim GW 1.5 30-40 12 8.05 9.31 5.23 7.27 1.1073 33.34 31.18 1.06928 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5ryr5/2 7.5yr7/6 7.5yr7/6 Reducing 3 Everted Pointed GW 1.5 30-40 13 1.72 3.49 3.19 3.34 0.515 35.37 14.3 2.47343 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 30-40 14 2.24 3.53 2.93 3.23 0.6935 28.01 18.68 1.49946 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/6 7.5yr5/6 7.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 30-40 15 3.48 3.5 2.84 3.17 1.0978 30.87 30.01 1.02866 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 30-40 16 3.43 4.27 3.31 3.79 0.905 28.6 28.1 1.01779 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 30-40 17 3.09 5.25 5.56 5.405 0.5717 26.31 17.36 1.51555 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/8 7.5yr7/2 7.5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 white coating all around GW 1.5 30-40 18 3.45 4.23 4.13 4.18 0.8254 33.82 21.04 1.60741 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 30-40 19 4.69 8.04 6.06 7.05 0.6652 30.23 21.41 1.41196 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 7.5yr5/4 5yr4/1 7.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 30-40 20 2.26 5.7 6.18 5.94 0.3805 29.17 15.08 1.93435 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 30-40 21 1.15 3.56 2.8 3.18 0.3616 18.4 16.69 1.10246 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr4/1 5yr4/1 5yr5/1 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 30-40 22 1.2 3.37 2.76 3.065 0.3915 17.27 15.93 1.08412 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr3/1 5yr3/1 2.5yr3/4 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 30-40 23 1.16 3.84 3.62 3.73 0.311 18.78 14.3 1.31329 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 30-40 24 1.31 3.38 3.05 3.215 0.4075 17.8 15.5 1.14839 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 30-40 25 0.59 3.32 3.27 3.295 0.1791 15.36 10.04 1.52988 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 30-40 26 0.74 5.47 5.63 5.55 0.1333 13.56 10.97 1.2361 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr4/1 5yr5/6 5yr4/2 Reducing 2 GW 1.5 40-50 1 3.99 6.89 5.74 6.315 0.6318 31.81 21.21 1.49976 Body Y Y N N Grit Fine 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr4/2 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 stoneware? Wheel-thrown GW 1.5 40-50 1 16.83 7.14 7.75 7.445 2.2606 52.77 37.11 1.42199 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Lava Coarse 5yr6/3 5yr4/2 5yr4/2 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 40-50 2 10.23 6.53 5.22 5.875 1.7413 45.58 27.77 1.64134 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Lava Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded GW 1.5 40-50 3 5.92 2.51 3.01 2.76 2.1449 48.02 36.83 1.30383 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr4/4 5yr4/4 5yr4/3 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 40-50 4 2.41 3.61 3.39 3.5 0.6886 25.33 20.74 1.22131 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/6 2.5yr3/9 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 40-50 5 1.53 3.61 3.82 3.715 0.4118 28.66 18.06 1.58693 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 5yr5/4 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 40-50 6 1.94 4.52 3.44 3.98 0.4874 24.21 18.52 1.30724 Neck N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 40-50 7 1.86 6.16 4.83 5.495 0.3385 24.48 19.27 1.27037 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/6 7.5r4/8 7.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 40-50 8 1.41 3.66 2.9 3.28 0.4299 25.19 14.98 1.68158 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 40-50 9 1.27 4.37 3.85 4.11 0.309 21.48 15.19 1.41409 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog Coarse 5yr4/2 5yr4/2 5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 40-50 10 1.21 3.69 3.39 3.54 0.3418 16.88 15.58 1.08344 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/2 10yr5/1 10yr5/2 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 40-50 11 0.4 1.96 1.97 1.965 0.2036 18.27 10.78 1.69481 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 40-50 12 0.58 2.68 2.77 2.725 0.2128 15.98 11.64 1.37285 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/4 5yr4/2 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 40-50 13 0.67 3.51 2.72 3.115 0.2151 15.01 11.18 1.34258 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/4 2.5yr4/4 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 40-50 14 0.7 3.41 3.72 3.565 0.1964 15.37 11.18 1.37478 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Lava Coarse 10r4/6 10r4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 40-50 15 0.76 3.94 3.5 3.72 0.2043 16.91 11.97 1.4127 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica, Sand Coarse 10r4/8 2.5yr3/0 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 50-60 1 18.45 9.36 6.4 7.88 2.3414 58.03 31.32 1.85281 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded GW 1.5 50-60 2 10.89 4.77 4.79 4.78 2.2782 40.62 38.48 1.05561 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr4/6 7.5yr6/2 7.5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 firing clouds on int, ext GW 1.5 50-60 3 3.83 4.26 3.56 3.91 0.9795 31.61 23.04 1.37196 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr7/2 7.5yr7/2 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 50-60 4 3.16 3.28 3.32 3.3 0.9576 32.13 21.3 1.50845 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/4 10yr6/3 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 50-60 5 2.98 5.35 4.11 4.73 0.63 33.56 24.73 1.35706 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 50-60 6 0.73 2.9 3.22 3.06 0.2386 22.89 12.18 1.87931 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr4/1 10yr4/1 10yr4/1 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 50-60 7 0.77 2.38 2.41 2.395 0.3215 20.14 12.54 1.60606 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr4/1 5yr4/1 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 50-60 8 1 3.04 2.93 2.985 0.335 18.93 16.48 1.14867 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 50-60 9 1.25 3.31 1.91 2.61 0.4789 20.7 18.64 1.11052 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 7.5yr4/2 7.5yr4/2 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 50-60 10 2.69 4.07 3.74 3.905 0.6889 24.44 23.68 1.03209 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog Coarse 2.5yr4/6 10r4/2 2.5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 50-60 11 0.84 2.98 2.39 2.685 0.3128 18.16 13.84 1.31214 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 50-60 12 0.32 1.88 1.62 1.75 0.1829 14.65 11.11 1.31863 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/6 10r4/6 10r4/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 60-70 1 12.84 8.24 5.72 6.98 1.8395 39.42 35.22 1.11925 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/6 10r4/6 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 60-70 2 1.92 3.88 3.26 3.57 0.5378 27.67 14.78 1.87212 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 60-70 3 1.15 2.83 2.67 2.75 0.4182 25.12 16.92 1.48463 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr6/2 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 60-70 4 6.67 6.88 5.48 6.18 1.0793 33.41 24.83 1.34555 Body N N N N Grit w/ Lava Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 60-70 5 2.27 2.88 4.32 3.6 0.6306 29.92 28.74 1.04106 Base Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 white coating all around GW 1.5 60-70 6 1.33 3.83 3.58 3.705 0.359 17.73 16.22 1.09309 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 60-70 7 2.94 4.56 4.37 4.465 0.6585 25.44 19.57 1.29995 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r4/8 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 60-70 8 1.56 3.6 2.96 3.28 0.4756 24.13 15.45 1.56181 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 60-70E 9 3.57 5.82 3.42 4.62 0.7727 23.01 18.31 1.25669 Handle Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 L&S #7- Forna GW 1.5 60-70E 10 5.86 9.26 8.99 9.125 0.6422 24.02 23.27 1.03223 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r4/4 10r4/4 10r4/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 60-70E 11 4.48 7.82 6.49 7.155 0.6261 28.6 21.04 1.35932 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 Straight rounded white coating all around GW 1.5 60-70E 12 1.44 4.21 4.18 4.195 0.3433 19.21 13.77 1.39506 Body Y Y N N Grit Fine 5yr4/6 5yr4/6 5yr3/1 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 60-70E 13 1.36 2.78 3.32 3.05 0.4459 25.05 17.94 1.39632 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava Coarse 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 60-70E 14 1.96 5.7 3.79 4.745 0.4131 19.21 17.59 1.0921 Neck N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 60-70E 15 2.84 5.9 4.89 5.395 0.5264 25.35 19 1.33421 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r5/2 10r4/6 10r4/6 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 60-70E 16 0.8 3.28 3.11 3.195 0.2504 20.34 11.97 1.69925 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/6 10r4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 60-70E 17 0.43 2.44 2.52 2.48 0.1734 13.09 12.59 1.03971 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 70-80 1 78.93 20.34 10.37 15.355 5.1403 63.87 56.03 1.13993 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Grog Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/6 10r4/4 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded Roofing Tile roofing tile? Or large amphorae? Refit with gw.1.40-50.erw.001 GW 1.5 70-80 2 3.57 9.34 9.48 9.41 0.3794 20.86 20.2 1.03267 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Grog Coarse 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr4/0 10yr7/6 Reducing 3 weird! Wheel-thrown. Ext has a shiny, obsidian-like layer under the slip- vitrified? Gray clay. Def. imported and not like the other sherd composition…. GW 1.5 70-80 3 1.18 3.2 2.38 2.79 0.4229 20.2 18.02 1.12098 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 2.5yr5/2 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 70-80 4 2.11 4.15 4.09 4.12 0.5121 21.31 16.88 1.26244 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r4/3 10r4/4 10r4/3 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 70-80 5 0.68 4.78 3.81 4.295 0.1583 12.93 10.99 1.17652 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 70-80 6 0.48 2.16 2.2 2.18 0.2202 13.91 11.92 1.16695 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r4/3 10r4/3 10r4/3 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 80-90 1 13.12 6.97 5.9 6.435 2.0389 49.45 40.73 1.21409 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr6/1 10yr4/1 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 80-90 2 4.46 4.17 3.95 4.06 1.0985 40.41 25.41 1.59032 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 80-90 3 1.19 3.03 3.19 3.11 0.3826 23.31 16.01 1.45597 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 80-90 4 0.92 3.61 2.74 3.175 0.2898 22.87 12.27 1.8639 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r4/3 10r4/3 10r4/3 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 80-90 5 6.46 11.5 6.19 8.845 0.7304 32.21 19.03 1.69259 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded* GW 1.5 80-90 6 4.5 5.08 4.45 4.765 0.9444 34.66 24.03 1.44236 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 7.5yr5/4 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 80-90 7 1.4 3.31 2.8 3.055 0.4583 26.75 15.79 1.69411 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 80-90 8 0.44 1.92 1.73 1.825 0.2411 15.52 13.39 1.15907 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Page 29 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments GW 1.5 80-90 9 0.31 2.95 2.47 2.71 0.1144 13.48 8.34 1.61631 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 red slip mostly worn off GW 1.5 80-90 10 0.15 1.16 1.25 1.205 0.1245 11.68 9.06 1.28918 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 90-100 1 18.8 19.27 15.15 17.21 1.0924 47.93 24.12 1.98715 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Sand Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 roofing tile frag? GW 1.5 90-100 2 8.71 8.56 6.63 7.595 1.1468 40.99 23.89 1.71578 Neck N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr4/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 90-100 3 4.51 5.9 4.08 4.99 0.9038 34.34 21.72 1.58103 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 2.5yr4/4 2.5yr4/4 10r5/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 90-100 4 2.12 2.75 3.03 2.89 0.7336 26.43 21.23 1.24494 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 90-100 5 1.71 3.54 2.59 3.065 0.5579 24.58 17.65 1.39263 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r5/8 10r4/1 10r4/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 90-100 6 1.21 5.61 5.08 5.345 0.2264 19.8 12.65 1.56522 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 2.5yr5/4 2.5yr5/4 2.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 90-100 7 0.4 1.44 1.87 1.655 0.2417 15.33 11.58 1.32383 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r4/6 10r4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 90-100 8 0.29 2.14 2.21 2.175 0.1333 12.46 10.01 1.24476 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 90-100 9 0.22 1.54 1.49 1.515 0.1452 11.04 10.41 1.06052 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 90-100 10 0.38 3.21 3.17 3.19 0.1191 13.51 8.31 1.62575 Body N N N N Grit Fine 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 10r4/8 Reducing 3 GW 1.5 90-100 11 0.52 2.79 2.61 2.7 0.1926 15.95 9.91 1.60949 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10yr5/2 10yr5/2 10yr5/2 Oxidizing 3 GW 1.5 90-100 12 0.69 3.54 3.45 3.495 0.1974 17.78 10.95 1.62374 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 10yr6/3 10yr6/3 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 0-10 1 20.49 7.63 6.64 7.135 2.8718 49.08 42.05 1.16718 Rim N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/0 10r5/8 Reducing 3 Diagonal Hatch Everted Rounded GW 2 0-10 2 10.46 6.79 4.59 5.69 1.8383 48.34 37.86 1.27681 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 7.5yr6/2 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 3 14.19 9.38 5.25 7.315 1.9398 41.2 39.13 1.0529 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 10r5/6 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 carinated GW 2 0-10 4 14.88 9.1 7.66 8.38 1.7757 54.72 33.17 1.64968 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 5yr4/4 5yr4/4 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 5 22.97 13.09 7.25 10.17 2.2586 53.34 24.62 2.16653 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr4/2 2.5yr4/0 7.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 Inverted Flat GW 2 0-10 6 6.46 6.38 5.32 5.85 1.1043 33.18 32.99 1.00576 Body N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 Diagonal Hatch high fired GW 2 0-10 7 11 7.87 11.04 9.455 1.1634 43.96 21.85 2.0119 Neck Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 8 6.23 4.34 3.95 4.145 1.503 31.91 31.7 1.00662 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 9 14.03 7.76 5.92 6.84 2.0512 51.58 34.21 1.50775 Body N N N N Grit w/ Lava Fine 2.5yr3/0 5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 firing clouds on int and ext GW 2 0-10 10 11.39 7.99 4.6 6.295 1.8094 45.56 30.83 1.47778 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr5/2 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 11 7.1 5.32 6.15 5.735 1.238 47.59 23.79 2.00042 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 12 10.79 6.78 6.09 6.435 1.6768 35.91 29.87 1.20221 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/2 5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 13 3.32 5.52 4.44 4.98 0.6667 37.58 15.5 2.42452 Body N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 7.5yr6/2 10r5/8 Reducing 3 Diagonal Hatch GW 2 0-10 14 5.93 6.51 5.68 6.095 0.9729 33.12 19.05 1.73858 Neck N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 15 7.23 4.66 4.26 4.46 1.6211 43.91 32.32 1.3586 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 5yr5/1 2.5yr4/8 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 16 4.67 5.23 6.98 6.105 0.7649 28.25 22.91 1.23309 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 Everted Pointed GW 2 0-10 17 4.43 6.46 5.1 5.78 0.7664 30.28 20.92 1.44742 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 5yr4/1 2.5yr4/8 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 18 9.03 5.37 5.48 5.425 1.6645 42.57 33.08 1.28688 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr3/0 5yr3/1 5yr4/1 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 19 6.32 5.36 3.79 4.575 1.3814 35.71 27.83 1.28315 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 feels/ sounds high fired GW 2 0-10 20 9.99 6.2 6.05 6.125 1.631 40.08 32.33 1.23972 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/4 10yr6/2 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 21 4.19 4.06 3.82 3.94 1.0635 31.97 26.22 1.2193 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 0-10 22 7.27 6.98 6.38 6.68 1.0883 42.41 26.43 1.60462 Rim Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 5yr5/8 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 Straight Rounded GW 2 0-10 23 2.8 3.16 3.66 3.41 0.8211 29.02 21.17 1.37081 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/6 10r5/8 10yr4/1 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 24 3.26 3.98 3.18 3.58 0.9106 28.42 26.73 1.06322 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 25 4.94 4.56 4.77 4.665 1.0589 36.63 25.36 1.4444 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/2 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 26 6.19 5.87 5.28 5.575 1.1103 32.17 30.27 1.06277 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 27 6.53 10.75 6.47 8.61 0.7584 26.55 25.09 1.05819 Rim Y N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 7.5yr5/6 7.5yr5/4 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 Straight Rounded GW 2 0-10 28 6.11 5.57 4.96 5.265 1.1605 30.15 29.39 1.02586 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 29 6.48 8.32 7.7 8.01 0.809 29.15 25.3 1.15217 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 0-10 30 5.48 6.72 6.96 6.84 0.8012 27 25.96 1.04006 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 31 4.46 6.62 5.82 6.22 0.717 28.25 21.71 1.30124 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 32 2.69 5.19 5.3 5.245 0.5129 29.61 13.67 2.16606 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 0-10 33 2.73 5.83 3.85 4.84 0.564 22.82 20.4 1.11863 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 34 3.86 5.23 4.31 4.77 0.8092 32.6 23.85 1.36688 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr6/1 10yr6/1 7.5yr7/4 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 35 2.43 3.37 3.28 3.325 0.7308 30.48 22.64 1.34629 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 5yr6/8 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 36 3.69 5.37 3.05 4.21 0.8765 27.75 20.32 1.36565 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Lava Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 0-10 37 5.07 8.26 6.05 7.155 0.7086 31.02 26.99 1.14931 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 38 3.99 5.13 4.24 4.685 0.8517 27.64 24.8 1.11452 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 39 3.92 5.89 4.96 5.425 0.7226 24.11 23.47 1.02727 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/4 10yr7/2 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 40 2.85 4.07 3.49 3.78 0.754 29.72 25.71 1.15597 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 41 1.99 5.15 4.96 5.055 0.3937 25.27 18.7 1.35134 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 42 5.49 8.71 9.06 8.885 0.6179 27.29 23.19 1.1768 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/2 7.5yr4/4 10r4/6 Reducing 3 ext worn away GW 2 0-10 43 4.04 8.86 9.49 9.175 0.4403 20.86 20.38 1.02355 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 5yr5/6 5yr5/8 Reducing 3 v. rounded, as if ground? GW 2 0-10 44 4.3 10.26 8.62 9.44 0.4555 20.09 17.18 1.16938 Neck Y Y N N Grit Fine 10r6/6 5yr3/1 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 0-10 45 2.83 4.79 3.46 4.125 0.6861 30.62 16.77 1.82588 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 46 1.86 4.21 2.5 3.355 0.5544 30.91 13.8 2.23986 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 47 4.15 4.62 4.21 4.415 0.94 30.67 25.68 1.19431 Body N N N Charred Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr6/4 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 48 3.16 4.92 4.44 4.68 0.6752 23.6 22.41 1.0531 Body N N Charred N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 5yr5/1 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 49 3.4 8.74 7.73 8.235 0.4129 22.31 20.54 1.08617 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr6/8 5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 50 3.9 5.39 5.12 5.255 0.7422 24.31 21.12 1.15104 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 51 1.86 4.04 2.74 3.39 0.5487 20.15 19.13 1.05332 Base N N N N Shell (foraminifera) w/ Grog Fine 7.5yr5/0 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 52 2.89 6.61 5.8 6.205 0.4658 24.62 19.74 1.24721 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/6 5yr5/8 7.5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 0-10 53 2.08 3.29 3.88 3.585 0.5802 26.16 17.48 1.49657 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 5yr3/1 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 0-10 54 2.88 5.79 5.65 5.72 0.5035 24.78 19.05 1.30079 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr4/1 5yr4/2 5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 0-10 55 2.79 6.56 5.39 5.975 0.4669 26.04 15.56 1.67352 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/6 2.5yr6/8 5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 0-10 56 2.75 5.79 5.39 5.59 0.4919 24.88 18.9 1.3164 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr3/1 5yr3/1 10r3/1 Reducing 3 foraminifera? GW 2 0-10 57 2.81 6.76 6.67 6.715 0.4185 25.45 16.99 1.49794 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/4 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 foraminifera? GW 2 0-10 58 2.2 4.23 4.11 4.17 0.5276 20.55 20.62 0.99661 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/0 5yr6/6 5yr7/1 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 59 1.81 3.96 4.13 4.045 0.4475 19.62 18.86 1.0403 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/8 2.5yr5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 0-10 60 2.17 6.04 4.23 5.135 0.4226 24.94 20.72 1.20367 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) w/ Grog Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 0-10 61 1.94 5.62 3.68 4.65 0.4172 22.12 16.17 1.36797 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 0-10 62 2.2 4.87 5.32 5.095 0.4318 29.51 15.06 1.9595 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 0-10 63 2.42 3.5 4.31 3.905 0.6914 23.35 22.4 1.04241 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 64 2 4.25 3.05 3.65 0.5479 26 16.59 1.56721 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 65 2.68 7.92 7.64 7.78 0.3445 25.96 13.14 1.97565 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 66 3.67 6.78 5.49 6.135 0.5982 27.04 18.98 1.42466 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 67 2.28 5.79 5.82 5.805 0.3928 25.88 13.41 1.9299 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/4 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 68 1.92 4.27 2.86 3.565 0.5386 27.17 20.93 1.29814 Body N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 Single Incise GW 2 0-10 69 2.18 6.42 6.52 6.47 0.3369 19.19 14.99 1.28019 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/6 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 70 0.7 3.31 2.66 2.985 0.2345 19.54 11.47 1.70357 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 71 1.09 4.02 3.07 3.545 0.3075 20.2 15.79 1.27929 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 7.5yr6/6 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 72 1.75 5.14 4.99 5.065 0.3455 17.22 16.71 1.03052 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 73 1.09 3.77 3.39 3.58 0.3045 21.17 10.53 2.01045 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/4 2.5yr5/6 5yr5/2 Oxidizing 3 Page 30 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments GW 2 0-10 74 3.04 5.51 4.73 5.12 0.5938 22.22 19.86 1.11883 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/2 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 black staining on ext GW 2 0-10 75 1.96 3.42 2.53 2.975 0.6588 23.2 18.5 1.25405 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 5yr5/4 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 76 3.37 7.42 7.66 7.54 0.4469 26.75 17.84 1.49944 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/6 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 77 3.01 7.1 5.82 6.46 0.4659 24.72 20.63 1.19825 Neck N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 10r5/8 10r6/2 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 78 1.78 3.4 3.51 3.455 0.5152 24.49 17.49 1.40023 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 79 3.72 6.98 3.73 5.355 0.6947 27.61 20.2 1.36683 Base N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 5yr6/4 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 80 1.2 3.11 3.17 3.14 0.3822 16.86 15.34 1.09909 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 5yr5/3 5yr5/1 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 81 3.28 6.75 6.71 6.73 0.4874 29.07 15.89 1.82945 Neck Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/2 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 82 1.78 3.44 3.58 3.51 0.5071 28.38 13.51 2.10067 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 83 1.24 3.87 3.78 3.825 0.3242 22.21 14.21 1.56298 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr3/1 5yr3/1 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 84 4.36 7.93 7.28 7.605 0.5733 25.64 18.33 1.3988 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 85 1.27 3.55 3.33 3.44 0.3692 20.79 17.97 1.15693 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr7/2 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr7/2 Reducing 3 brown staining on ext GW 2 0-10 86 3.15 6.31 5.64 5.975 0.5272 28.6 20.98 1.3632 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 7.5yr6/2 7.5yr6/2 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 87 2.49 6.05 4.54 5.295 0.4703 22.39 18.5 1.21027 Base N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/4 5yr5/4 2.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 88 1.14 4.01 3.83 3.92 0.2908 15.51 15.17 1.02241 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr3/1 5yr3/1 5yr3/1 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 89 1.54 6.12 3.86 4.99 0.3086 18.06 15.53 1.16291 Body N N N N Grit w/ Sand Fine 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 v. eroded, but not water-worn GW 2 0-10 90 2.04 6.7 5.66 6.18 0.3301 19.82 19.65 1.00865 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 5yr5/1 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 91 2.65 6.72 6.56 6.64 0.3991 22.57 15.22 1.48292 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5r4/0 5yr4/2 5yr4/3 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 92 1.11 7.02 5.37 6.195 0.1792 19.32 14.22 1.35865 Body N N N N Grit w/ Sand Fine 5yr5/1 5yr6/6 5yr6/8 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 93 0.84 4.92 4.07 4.495 0.1869 15.2 11.75 1.29362 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr4/1 5yr4/4 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 94 1.23 4.77 3.49 4.13 0.2978 18.13 13.61 1.33211 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 5yr8/2 5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 2 0-10 95 4.54 3.7 3.89 3.795 1.1963 46.95 22.37 2.09879 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 7.5yr6/6 2.5yr5/0 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 1 28.22 7.45 2.64 5.045 5.5937 67.22 58.09 1.15717 Rim N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 Other Incise Everted Rounded L&S #1- Globular Jarshallow incised branches (?). High fired. GW 2 10-20 2 21.08 7.92 3.7 5.81 3.6282 57.79 38.1 1.5168 Rim N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/2 5yr5/6 10r5/8 Reducing 3 Diagonal Hatch Everted Rounded L&S #1- Globular Jarincised chevrons. Firing clouds on ext. GW 2 10-20 3 26.76 17.47 7.25 12.36 2.165 44.83 43.29 1.03557 Rim Y Y N Punctate Shell (foraminifera) w/ Grog Fine 5yr4/2 5yr4/3 10r4/8 Reducing 3 Punctate Inverted Rounded punctated lines on rim GW 2 10-20 4 18.68 9.73 7.82 8.775 2.1288 46.71 42.41 1.10139 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Mica, Sand Fine 2.5yr4/8 10r4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 Straight Rounded GW 2 10-20 5 13.32 9.22 5.76 7.49 1.7784 42.02 34.81 1.20712 Rim Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 Straight rounded GW 2 10-20 6 6.95 7.17 6.47 6.82 1.0191 37.84 23.13 1.63597 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/4 5yr6/8 5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 Straight rounded GW 2 10-20 7 11.69 8.43 6.97 7.7 1.5182 44.91 34.07 1.31817 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/6 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 foraminifera? Firing clouds on ext. GW 2 10-20 8 1.73 5.33 2.82 4.075 0.4245 26.69 18.59 1.43572 Body N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 5yr3/1 7.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 Chevron + Stamp radiating incised lines, punctated circles GW 2 10-20 9 4.43 9.6 6.49 8.045 0.5507 37.08 19.49 1.90251 Rim N N N Impress Shell (foraminifera) w/ Grog Fine 7.5yr6/2 5yr5/8 5yr5/8 Reducing 3 Impress on Rim Everted Rounded impress on rim GW 2 10-20 10 3.13 4.48 4.36 4.42 0.7081 28.98 23.28 1.24485 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 high fired. White coating all around. GW 2 10-20 11 21.64 6.36 6.05 6.205 3.4875 57.5 48.27 1.19122 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/2 10r4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 red slipped foraminifera? GW 2 10-20 12 11.33 9.57 11.43 10.5 1.079 33.15 27.47 1.20677 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted Flat GW 2 10-20 13 10.97 6.65 5.17 5.91 1.8562 46.09 33.92 1.35879 Body N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 5yr4/4 Reducing 3 Diagonal Hatch high fired? Leaf? Incised, too fragmented to really tell. GW 2 10-20 14 12.51 8.83 5.04 6.935 1.8039 40.67 35.79 1.13635 Base N N Charred N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 15 2.09 2.99 2.92 2.955 0.7073 24.09 22.62 1.06499 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 5yr5/6 5yr4/1 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 16 3.64 11.66 7.53 9.595 0.3794 24.19 14.58 1.65912 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 7.5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 Everted Flat GW 2 10-20 17 5.73 10.31 7.16 8.735 0.656 26.43 18.77 1.4081 Rim N N Paint Paint Grit w/ Lava Fine 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 Red Paint Everted Rounded paint is 10r4/8. GW 2 10-20 18 3.91 6.83 3.08 4.955 0.7891 29.82 24.09 1.23786 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr4/1 5yr6/6 10yr4/1 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 19 12.91 12.21 9.83 11.02 1.1715 33.8 31.67 1.06726 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 Everted Pointed GW 2 10-20 20 13.4 7.65 5.34 6.495 2.0631 44.73 37.88 1.18083 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) w/ Grog Fine 10yr5/1 10yr5/1 10r5/8 Reducing 3 high fired GW 2 10-20 21 7.72 5.97 6.22 6.095 1.2666 31.88 29.67 1.07449 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr3/1 10yr3/1 10yr3/1 Reducing 3 high fired, firing clouds on ext GW 2 10-20 22 9.45 6.79 4.64 5.715 1.6535 39.1 29.12 1.34272 Body N N Charred N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/6 10r5/8 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 23 4.47 5.77 6.09 5.93 0.7538 39.96 15.69 2.54685 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/2 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 24 8.11 7.56 5.77 6.665 1.2168 42.63 28.96 1.47203 Body N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 Diagonal Hatch GW 2 10-20 25 4.7 5.98 3.85 4.915 0.9563 32.25 23.62 1.36537 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 26 4.68 4.47 4.52 4.495 1.0412 34.11 23.09 1.47726 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr3/0 10r5/8 10yr4/1 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 27 5.71 5.29 3.69 4.49 1.2717 35.02 33.21 1.0545 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr6/8 5yr5/3 Reducing 3 firing clouds on ext GW 2 10-20 28 4.54 5.18 5.12 5.15 0.8816 31.78 30.34 1.04746 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr7/4 7.5yr7/4 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 29 3.95 6.95 5.26 6.105 0.647 29.86 22.25 1.34202 Neck N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr6/2 10r6/8 Reducing 3 joined w/ 45 GW 2 10-20 30 1.95 3.84 3.81 3.825 0.5098 29.39 18.1 1.62376 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 31 5.2 5.97 6.27 6.12 0.8497 28.25 26.45 1.06805 Body N N N N Grit w/ Lava Fine 10r5/4 2.5yr5/8 5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 10-20 32 2.94 4.01 3.79 3.9 0.7538 31.95 21.73 1.47032 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr7/6 10yr5/1 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 33 7 10.98 5.45 8.215 0.8521 34.09 29.76 1.1455 Rim Y N N Punctate Grit w/ Coral Fine 7.5yr4/6 10r4/8 10yr3/1 Oxidizing 3 Punctate Inverted Rounded ~10mm long diagonal punctates GW 2 10-20 34 6.63 7.24 5.89 6.565 1.0099 33.22 25.99 1.27818 Body N N Paint N Grit w/ Lava Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 Red Paint 2 II red paint lines GW 2 10-20 35 6.46 8.22 7.41 7.815 0.8266 32.59 24.71 1.3189 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/4 10r3/1 10r4/4 Oxidizing 3 foraminifera? GW 2 10-20 36 2.06 2.42 1.75 2.085 0.988 32.15 28.94 1.11092 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr6/2 5yr4/1 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 37 3.71 5.08 3.94 4.51 0.8226 30.98 24.98 1.24019 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 38 9.76 9.54 9.37 9.455 1.0323 35.22 30.38 1.15932 Body N N Charred N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/8 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 10-20 39 2.59 3.64 2.78 3.21 0.8069 39.17 23.57 1.66186 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/0 10r5/8 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 40 2.12 5.04 3.92 4.48 0.4732 30.43 24.54 1.24002 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 10-20 41 4.37 5.26 4.52 4.89 0.8937 27.34 23.23 1.17693 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 5yr5/6 5yr4/2 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 42 6.3 6.97 6.21 6.59 0.956 31.35 22.58 1.3884 Body N N N N Grit w/ Lava Fine 10yr3/1 5yr3/1 10yr3/1 Reducing 3 high fired GW 2 10-20 43 5.28 5.71 5.34 5.525 0.9557 28.62 27.73 1.0321 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 10yr3/1 10yr3/2 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 44 7.01 5.86 6.19 6.025 1.1635 31.54 24.53 1.28577 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 45 3.52 5.47 7.85 6.66 0.5285 32.89 22.17 1.48354 Neck N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr6/4 10r6/8 Reducing 3 joined w/ 29 GW 2 10-20 46 1.96 5.67 6.1 5.885 0.3331 22.57 22.17 1.01804 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr6/4 10r6/8 Reducing 3 same as 29, 45 GW 2 10-20 47 3.27 4.74 4.67 4.705 0.695 25.44 20.88 1.21839 Body N N Charred N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 2.5yr3/0 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 48 2.33 3.16 2.57 2.865 0.8133 27.88 27.38 1.01826 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr5/4 10r4/4 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 49 2.98 5.7 5.64 5.67 0.5256 28.67 21.79 1.31574 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/1 5yr5/6 5yr5/1 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 50 3.8 6.25 5.84 6.045 0.6286 28.17 22.95 1.22745 Body N N Charred N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 2.5yr3/0 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 51 2.96 6.07 5.86 5.965 0.4962 23.28 23.57 0.9877 Rim N N N Paint Grit w/ Lava Coarse 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Red Paint Straight Pointed GW 2 10-20 52 2.28 3.78 3.31 3.545 0.6432 26.55 23.73 1.11884 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 53 3.78 13.2 9.54 11.37 0.3325 22.39 14.57 1.53672 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 Everted Rounded GW 2 10-20 54 2.62 4.13 4.33 4.23 0.6194 30.1 18.44 1.63232 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 5yr7/4 5yr6/4 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 55 2.7 4.03 4.1 4.065 0.6642 28.07 21.08 1.33159 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 7.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 white coating on ext GW 2 10-20 56 3.12 4.92 4.47 4.695 0.6645 23.27 21.68 1.07334 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr4/1 5yr3/3 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 white coating on ext GW 2 10-20 57 2.36 5.18 3.98 4.58 0.5153 28.05 19.93 1.40743 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) w/ Grog Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 58 3.39 5.78 5.41 5.595 0.6059 21.71 20.17 1.07635 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/2 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 white coating on ext GW 2 10-20 59 2.67 3.94 4.36 4.15 0.6434 24.09 21.91 1.0995 Body Y N N Charred Grit w/ Mica Coarse 10r5/8 10r4/6 7.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 red slipped GW 2 10-20 60 1.96 3.72 5.47 21.53 0.091 22.66 20.4 1.11078 Body N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 Single Incise GW 2 10-20 61 1.89 4.14 3.41 3.775 0.5007 20.98 20.7 1.01353 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/2 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 62 1.6 4.52 3.79 4.155 0.3851 19.33 15.54 1.24389 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/3 5yr6/4 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 Page 31 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments GW 2 10-20 63 1.59 4.22 4.54 4.38 0.363 18.64 17.29 1.07808 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 10-20 64 1.86 3.72 3.84 3.78 0.4921 18.55 17.5 1.06 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr4/2 5yr4/2 5yr4/6 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 65 1.32 4.03 3.96 3.995 0.3304 20.34 14.48 1.4047 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 10-20 66 1.23 3.17 3.01 3.09 0.3981 19.85 16.6 1.19578 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 5yr5/6 5yr4/1 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 67 1.07 3.65 3.54 3.595 0.2976 21.97 14.13 1.55485 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/8 10r6/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 white coating on ext GW 2 10-20 68 1.45 6.15 5.21 5.68 0.2553 25.62 13.51 1.89637 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 2.5yr6/0 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 10-20 69 1.27 4.96 5.56 5.26 0.2414 19.35 14.21 1.36172 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r6/8 10r6/8 10r6/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 10-20 70 1.2 5.05 2.87 3.96 0.303 19.32 14.8 1.30541 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 10-20 71 1.28 4.79 4.15 4.47 0.2864 20.04 11.34 1.7672 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 10-20 72 2.86 5.11 4.63 4.87 0.5873 26.19 21.39 1.2244 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 5yr5/6 5yr3/1 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 73 3.64 6.65 6.59 6.62 0.5498 31.47 17.24 1.82541 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 foraminifera? GW 2 10-20 74 1.98 4.67 4.19 4.43 0.447 22.08 18.88 1.16949 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 10r5/8 2.5yr4/4 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 75 1.58 3.95 3.93 3.94 0.401 20.43 19.02 1.07413 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 5yr4/1 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 76 1.93 3.85 3.72 3.785 0.5099 20.23 20.12 1.00547 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/2 2.5yr3/0 5yr5/3 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 77 1.39 4.02 3.69 3.855 0.3606 21.25 16 1.32813 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr4/1 5yr6/6 5yr4/1 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 78 2.63 5.57 4.54 5.055 0.5203 23.85 20.27 1.17662 Body N charred N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 7.5yr4/0 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 10-20 79 3.3 5.63 5.57 5.6 0.5893 24.53 21.14 1.16036 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) w/ Lava Fine 5yr6/3 7.5yr5/4 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 80 2.31 3.33 3.11 3.22 0.7174 24.82 19.59 1.26697 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 5yr4/3 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 10-20 81 1.83 5.16 4.41 4.785 0.3824 21.36 15.92 1.34171 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 82 1.46 3.33 3.65 3.49 0.4183 22.37 18.29 1.22307 Body N N N N Shell w/ Coral Fine 7.5yr4/0 5yr6/6 5yr8/2 Reducing 3 white coating on ext GW 2 10-20 83 1.43 5.63 5.13 5.38 0.2658 21.27 11.7 1.81795 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/4 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 10-20 84 3.47 5.74 6.31 6.025 0.5759 25.87 22.07 1.17218 Rim N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 Single Incise Straight Damaged GW 2 10-20 85 1.09 5.2 4.6 4.9 0.2224 18.75 13.9 1.34892 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 10-20 86 1.07 4.84 3.87 4.355 0.2457 18.55 12.5 1.484 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 7.5yr6/2 7.5yr8/2 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 87 1.25 5.3 5.11 5.205 0.2402 18.48 14.15 1.30601 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 foraminifera? GW 2 10-20 88 0.92 3.34 2.72 3.03 0.3036 22.13 12.42 1.7818 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 5yr5/6 5yr5/1 Reducing 3 2 pcs glued together GW 2 10-20 89 0.98 2.77 3.08 2.925 0.335 24.84 13.88 1.78963 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 10r5/8 Reducing 3 2 pcs glued together GW 2 10-20 90 0.63 3.84 3.61 3.725 0.1691 17.1 10.41 1.64265 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 10-20 91 1.26 4.47 4.15 4.31 0.2923 20.35 13.05 1.55939 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 5yr5/1 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 10-20 92 1.4 6.06 5.9 5.98 0.2341 18.13 15.09 1.20146 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 93 0.76 4.36 3.99 4.175 0.182 18.13 12.32 1.47159 Body Y N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr4/6 10r4/6 10yr4/1 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 10-20 94 0.74 3.52 3.24 3.38 0.2189 17.99 11.39 1.57946 Body N N N Charred Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr4/2 5yr4/2 2.5yr2.5/0 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 95 0.76 4.08 4.35 4.215 0.1803 15.55 9.3 1.67204 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 5yr4/2 5yr3/1 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 96 1.27 5.96 5.82 5.89 0.2156 15.59 13.97 1.11596 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr4/2 7.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 GW 2 10-20 97 0.63 2.88 3.01 2.945 0.2139 15.37 11.53 1.33304 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/6 5yr4/2 2.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 10-20 98 0.84 3.54 3.44 3.49 0.2407 16.92 13.32 1.27027 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/2 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 10-20 99 0.98 3.59 3.22 3.405 0.2878 17.34 15.04 1.15293 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 2 pcs glued together GW 2 20-30 1 44.41 6.51 2.68 4.595 9.6649 95.02 57.04 1.66585 Rim N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 5yr5/6 5yr5/8 Reducing 3 Diagonal Hatch Everted Rounded L&S #1- Globular Jar incised double Vs coming down from rim. 2 pcs glued together. Firing clouds and sooting on ext. GW 2 20-30 2 21.04 6.92 6.57 6.745 3.1193 51.34 49.86 1.02968 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Lava Coarse 10r4/8 5yr3/2 5yr4/1 Oxidizing 3 high fired, hard, flat. GW 2 20-30 3 8.48 5.78 6.04 5.91 1.4349 39.2 31.1 1.26045 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 slip mostly worn off, but not water worn GW 2 20-30 4 14.29 8.73 6.94 7.835 1.8239 42.16 33.45 1.26039 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica, Sand Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr4/6 10yr4/1 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 20-30 5 21.86 13.96 8.3 11.13 1.9641 49.06 32.36 1.51607 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 5yr4/2 5yr4/4 Reducing 3 Straight Flat GW 2 20-30 6 6.59 6.79 4.3 5.545 1.1885 33.62 30.38 1.10665 Body N N N Charred Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr3/1 5yr3/1 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 GW 2 20-30 7 4.34 6.9 6.53 6.715 0.6463 32.35 17.99 1.79822 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/8 2.5yr4/6 10r5/8 Reducing 3 Straight pointed GW 2 20-30 8 6.9 7.07 6.84 6.955 0.9921 30.58 26.72 1.14446 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr4/2 7.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 2 20-30 9 3.84 7.66 5.73 6.695 0.5736 23.59 23.36 1.00985 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Lava, Mica Coarse 5yr5/4 5yr5/4 5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 water worn on 2 sides, fresher breaks on other 2 sides GW 2 20-30 10 2.19 5.16 4.85 5.005 0.4376 23.44 19.25 1.21766 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 GW 2 20-30 11 2.32 4.36 4.46 4.41 0.5261 24.63 19.06 1.29224 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr4/1 5yr4/1 5yr3/1 Reducing 3 GW 2 20-30 12 2.95 3.58 4.53 4.055 0.7275 33.14 16.62 1.99398 Body N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 5yr5/4 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 Diagonal Hatch incised Vs? GW 2 20-30 13 1.64 5.17 5.52 5.345 0.3068 22.91 13.55 1.69077 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/6 7.5yr5/6 7.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 20-30 14 2.75 6.68 7.08 6.88 0.3997 19.79 16.85 1.17448 Body N N N N Grit w/ Lava Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 20-30 15 2.34 3.36 3.01 3.185 0.7347 26.2 19.95 1.31328 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 5yr3/3 5yr3/1 Reducing 3 GW 2 20-30 16 1.31 2.81 2.63 2.72 0.4816 26.5 20.27 1.30735 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 5yr5/6 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 GW 2 20-30 17 2.49 3.75 4.07 3.91 0.6368 31.52 17.87 1.76385 Body Y N N Charred Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 10r4/8 2.5yr2.5/0 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 20-30 18 1.33 3.41 3.33 3.37 0.3947 19.32 15.71 1.22979 Body N N N Charred Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr5/4 2.5yr2.5/0 Reducing 3 high fired GW 2 20-30 19 1.54 3.93 3.47 3.7 0.4162 26.37 16.98 1.553 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Sand Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 20-30 20 2.01 6.25 6.19 6.22 0.3232 18.17 13.9 1.30719 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 GW 2 20-30 21 0.87 3.68 3.75 3.715 0.2342 17.76 15.6 1.13846 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 20-30 22 0.99 4.31 3.62 3.965 0.2497 16.07 12.92 1.24381 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 5yr5/1 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 GW 2 20-30 23 0.71 4.12 4.26 4.19 0.1695 13.76 12.94 1.06337 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 20-30 24 0.62 3.25 2.92 3.085 0.201 16.99 10.78 1.57607 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 GW 2 20-30 25 1.14 5.03 4.59 4.81 0.237 14.9 14.4 1.03472 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 20-30 26 0.43 2.49 2.71 2.6 0.1654 11.33 10.78 1.05102 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r6/8 10r6/8 5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 20-30 27 0.55 2.51 2.64 2.575 0.2136 13.85 13.15 1.05323 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Fine 5yr4/6 5yr4/6 5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 30-40 1 1.69 3.91 1.95 2.93 0.5768 23.13 18.4 1.25707 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Grog Fine 10yr5/3 10yr5/3 10r4/6 Reducing 3 GW 2 30-40 2 0.93 2.7 1.93 2.315 0.4017 24.07 14.05 1.71317 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Fine 5yr5/4 5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 30-40 3 1.18 3.26 2.49 2.875 0.4104 24 14.32 1.67598 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 30-40 4 0.93 4.62 3.99 4.305 0.216 14.57 13.02 1.11905 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 2 40-50 1 2.53 4.24 4.04 4.14 0.6111 28.83 17.73 1.62606 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 40-50 2 0.77 3.87 3.71 3.79 0.2032 13.98 13.29 1.05192 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/6 7.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 2 40-50 3 0.92 5.79 5.5 5.645 0.163 17.1 11.48 1.48955 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Fine 7.5yr6/6 5yr4/1 7.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 60-70 1 1.81 3.11 3.04 3.075 0.5886 25.24 18.3 1.37923 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr3/4 7.5yr3/0 10r3/3 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 60-70 2 1.75 3.69 3.3 3.495 0.5007 23.05 19.25 1.1974 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 mostly just core left GW 2 60-70 3 0.46 2.65 2.06 2.355 0.1953 15.7 11.5 1.36522 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 10r4/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 60-70 4 0.77 2.28 2.17 2.225 0.3461 19.19 12.49 1.53643 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r6/8 10r6/8 5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 70-80 1 19.78 8.4 3.61 6.005 3.2939 51.42 33.74 1.52401 Rim N N N Charred Grit w/ Coral Coarse 5yr5/4 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded L&S #1- Globular Jar GW 2 70-80 2 4.23 4.99 4.51 4.75 0.8905 29.98 25.84 1.16022 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/6 10r4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 70-80 3 6.4 5.83 5.19 5.51 1.1615 32.79 25.76 1.2729 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 GW 2 70-80 4 4.25 5.67 4.35 5.01 0.8483 35.15 21.15 1.66194 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r4/4 10r4/4 10r4/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 70-80 5 0.44 2.05 2.34 2.195 0.2005 13.19 12.23 1.0785 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 70-80 6 0.5 1.8 2.4 2.1 0.2381 20.75 12.61 1.64552 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 3 pcs glued together. Sherd breaking apart due to washing. :-( GW 2 80-90 1 2.54 3.2 3.5 3.35 0.7582 27.6 19.69 1.40173 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 7.5yr6/2 7.5yr8/4 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 2 80-90 2 0.95 3.54 2.82 3.18 0.2987 22.1 14 1.57857 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 7.5yr4/0 5yr5/3 5yr5/3 Reducing 3 Page 32 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments GW 2 80-90 3 0.6 1.94 2.06 2 0.3 15.84 15.65 1.01214 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Lava Coarse 10r4/6 10r4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 80-90 4 0.8 3.11 2.87 2.99 0.2676 15.75 13.08 1.20413 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Lava Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 80-90 5 2.15 4.81 5.06 4.935 0.4357 23.91 14.29 1.6732 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/6 10r4/6 10r3/3 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 80-90 6 1.32 4.47 4.7 4.585 0.2879 22.96 18.09 1.26921 Body N N N N Grit w/ Lava Fine 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 80-90 7 0.56 2.57 2.31 2.44 0.2295 18.77 14.18 1.3237 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr4/0 10r3/1 Reducing 3 GW 2 80-90 8 1.95 4.92 4.53 4.725 0.4127 20.63 18.03 1.1442 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r3/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 80-90 9 1.46 4.1 3.56 3.83 0.3812 17.34 18.7 0.92727 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 7.5yr5/0 10r5/8 10r4/8 Reducing 3 GW 2 80-90 10 1.21 2.91 1.36 2.135 0.5667 23.54 19.81 1.18829 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 80-90 11 0.23 2.04 1.5 1.77 0.1299 12.89 9.49 1.35827 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 7.5yr6/2 7.5yr6/2 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 GW 2 80-90 12 0.39 1.91 2.25 2.08 0.1875 11.88 11.64 1.02062 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 90-100 1 12.18 9.55 4.79 7.17 1.6987 54.5 48.47 1.12441 Base Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 7.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/6 5yr6/6 Reducing 3 L&S #5- Ring-footred slipped? GW 2 90-100 2 5.32 5.19 6.07 5.63 0.9449 34.66 24.32 1.42516 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr5/2 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/6 Reducing 3 Straight Rounded GW 2 90-100 3 19.3 6.59 3.84 5.215 3.7009 51.8 40.21 1.28824 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/6 10r4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded GW 2 90-100 4 21.13 7.34 4.73 6.035 3.5012 49.04 40.33 1.21597 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr5/2 10r4/4 10r4/4 Reducing 3 Everted Rounded GW 2 90-100 5 5.42 5.03 4.39 4.71 1.1507 33.84 24.42 1.38575 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr4/0 10r4/6 10r4/8 Reducing 3 GW 2 90-100 6 2.35 3.08 2.98 3.03 0.7756 23.98 23.15 1.03585 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 GW 2 90-100 7 1.83 2.73 1.97 2.35 0.7787 28.65 25.4 1.12795 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10yr4/1 10yr4/1 10yr4/1 Reducing 3 pretty much just core left GW 2 90-100 8 5.24 7.76 6.53 7.145 0.7334 40.81 15.36 2.6569 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r3/6 10r3/6 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 90-100 9 3.43 3.24 2.29 2.765 1.2405 36.7 32.86 1.11686 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/4 5yr4/2 5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 90-100 10 2.93 4.03 3.96 3.995 0.7334 29.29 19.32 1.51605 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 7.5yr5/0 5yr4/6 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 2 90-100 11 2.7 4.78 3.52 4.15 0.6506 37.05 16.38 2.2619 Neck N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r5/6 10r5/6 10r3/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 90-100 12 3.17 5.71 3.98 4.845 0.6543 22.9 19.62 1.16718 Neck N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r4/6 10r4/4 10r4/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 90-100 13 1.87 2.98 2.7 2.84 0.6585 22.67 22.53 1.00621 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 90-100 14 2.9 4.33 4.17 4.25 0.6824 25.42 18.63 1.36447 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/2 2.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 pretty much just core. Surface eroded away. GW 2 90-100 15 0.74 2.42 2.25 2.335 0.3169 16.53 13.42 1.23174 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 90-100 16 3.57 4.76 3.72 4.24 0.842 29.87 20.94 1.42646 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 2.5yr4/0 5yr5/3 5yr4/3 Reducing 3 GW 2 90-100 17 1.71 4.35 3.58 3.965 0.4313 24.62 15.66 1.57216 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr4/4 2.5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 90-100 18 1.03 2.37 1.65 2.01 0.5124 21.14 15.46 1.3674 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r3/4 10r3/4 10r3/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 90-100 19 1.11 2.7 2.47 2.585 0.4294 24.09 15.5 1.55419 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr4/0 10r5/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 90-100 20 4.38 5.49 4.24 4.865 0.9003 24.65 22.87 1.07783 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r3/4 10r3/6 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 90-100 21 1.94 6.06 5.59 5.825 0.333 19.45 14.27 1.363 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr5/4 2.5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 90-100 22 2.4 4.02 3.53 3.775 0.6358 25.61 19.33 1.32488 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r3/6 10r4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 red slipped GW 2 90-100 23 4.51 3.64 3.56 3.6 1.2528 43.6 25.21 1.72947 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/6 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 90-100 24 3.13 2.93 1.94 2.435 1.2854 38.49 32.15 1.1972 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 2.5yr3/6 2.5yr3/6 2.5yr3/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 90-100 25 2.62 3.3 2.59 2.945 0.8896 30.8 20.24 1.52174 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r3/3 10r3/3 10r3/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 90-100 26 1.41 3.28 2.72 3 0.47 27.28 14.46 1.88658 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r3/1 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 90-100 27 6.72 7.61 6.4 7.005 0.9593 31.82 30.29 1.05051 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 2.5yr4/0 5yr5/4 5yr4/3 Oxidizing 3 red slipped slip= 10r4/6, but mostly worn off. GW 2 90-100 28 1.74 3.59 3.44 3.515 0.495 24.49 20.29 1.207 Body N Y N Charred Grit Fine 10r3/4 10r3/4 2.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 90-100 29 2.49 3.87 4.52 4.195 0.5936 29.09 18.4 1.58098 Neck N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r5/6 10r5/6 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 90-100 30 1.86 3.65 3.29 3.47 0.536 26.15 16.2 1.6142 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 all core? GW 2 90-100 31 5.26 7.2 4.67 5.935 0.8863 30.23 25.38 1.1911 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 7.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 90-100 32 1.41 2.96 2.72 2.84 0.4965 23.52 16.95 1.38761 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r4/6 10r3/4 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 all core? GW 2 90-100 33 1.25 3.14 3.22 3.18 0.3931 22.16 14.46 1.5325 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 90-100 34 1.37 2.54 2.35 2.445 0.5603 19.52 18.62 1.04834 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/6 10r4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 all core? GW 2 90-100 35 1.34 3.03 2.6 2.815 0.476 23.42 19.61 1.19429 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Sand Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 red slipped GW 2 90-100 36 0.76 2.54 2.46 2.5 0.304 19.73 14.56 1.35508 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 all core? GW 2 90-100 37 1.02 2.68 2.65 2.665 0.3827 23.72 13.43 1.7662 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/0 Reducing 3 foraminifera? GW 2 90-100 38 1.51 4.63 4.31 4.47 0.3378 17.91 14.01 1.27837 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 10r3/3 Reducing 3 GW 2 90-100 39 1.53 3.41 2.8 3.105 0.4928 27.18 18 1.51 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava Coarse 10r5/8 10r3/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 90-100 40 1.06 3.02 3.28 3.15 0.3365 20.28 13.87 1.46215 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 2.5yr5/2 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 90-100 41 1.2 2.81 3.02 2.915 0.4117 21.92 18.52 1.18359 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Sand Coarse 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 5yr5/2 Oxidizing 3 all core? GW 2 90-100 42 0.89 2.8 2.4 2.6 0.3423 21.06 11.89 1.77124 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 90-100 43 1.02 3.24 2.66 2.95 0.3458 21.89 14.83 1.47606 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 2.5yr5/4 2.5yr5/4 2.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 90-100 44 1.17 4.3 3.45 3.875 0.3019 19.36 14.6 1.32603 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r3/4 10r3/4 10r3/4 Oxidizing 3 all core? GW 2 90-100 45 0.61 1.9 1.88 1.89 0.3228 16.76 15.47 1.08339 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava Coarse 2.5yr5/4 2.5yr5/4 2.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 all core? GW 2 90-100 46 0.85 3.82 3.59 3.705 0.2294 20.21 11.34 1.78219 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r5/6 10r4/8 10r5/6 Oxidizing 3 all core? GW 2 90-100 47 21.26 10.95 6.29 8.62 2.4664 48.3 42.98 1.12378 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r3/4 10r3/4 Oxidizing 3 L&S #7- Forna GW 2 90-100 48 8.11 4.31 9.06 6.685 1.2132 41.19 30.41 1.35449 Rim N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 10yr3/1 Reducing 3 Inverted Pointed GW 2 90-100 49 6.59 7.76 6.54 7.15 0.9217 33.72 20.25 1.66519 Body N N N Paint Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r4/8 10r3/2 10r4/8 Reducing 3 Red and Black Paint 1 line of brown (10yr3/1) paint on ext GW 2 90-100 50 3.98 7.45 5.83 6.64 0.5994 29.42 20.07 1.46587 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 90-100 51 1.85 6.21 5.83 6.02 0.3073 17.8 17.01 1.04644 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Sand Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 90-100 52 0.71 3.45 3.17 3.31 0.2145 18.79 12.17 1.54396 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r4/6 10r4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 90-100 53 0.53 2.21 2.11 2.16 0.2454 16.37 13.01 1.25826 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r5/6 10r5/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 red slipped GW 2 90-100 54 0.65 3.62 3.26 3.44 0.189 15.65 10.59 1.47781 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r4/6 10r3/1 10r3/1 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 90-100 55 0.39 2.52 2.09 2.305 0.1692 14.98 12.18 1.22989 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r5/8 2.5yr5/4 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 90-100 56 0.47 2.58 2.71 2.645 0.1777 14.17 10.55 1.34313 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 5yr4/6 5yr4/6 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 GW 2 90-100 57 0.79 3.05 2.9 2.975 0.2655 16.85 15.64 1.07737 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r3/6 Reducing 3 GW 2 90-100 58 0.83 4.75 3.81 4.28 0.1939 15.52 10.82 1.43438 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 90-100 59 0.87 3.23 2.97 3.1 0.2806 17 13.54 1.25554 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/6 10r3/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 90-100 60 0.95 3.74 3.66 3.7 0.2568 15.65 14.78 1.05886 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/4 10r3/1 10r4/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 90-100 61 0.67 2.64 2.13 2.385 0.2809 16.75 13.1 1.27863 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Fine 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 red slipped GW 2 90-100 62 0.61 3.08 2.24 2.66 0.2293 14.68 13.71 1.07075 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 5yr5/4 5yr5/4 5yr5/4 Reducing 3 all core? GW 2 90-100 63 1.34 5.02 4.87 4.945 0.271 19.57 14.15 1.38304 Body N N N N Grit w/ Sand Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 2 90-100 64 0.38 2.76 2.67 2.715 0.14 13.87 11.07 1.25294 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10yr4/4 10yr4/4 10yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 all core? GW 2 90-100 65 0.71 3.25 3.63 3.44 0.2064 16.89 11.15 1.5148 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 7.5yr4/8 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 0-10 1 7.75 9.21 6.58 7.895 0.9816 33.09 22.6 1.46416 Neck N N N N Grit w/ Shell Coarse 7.5yr6/4 5yr6/3 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 foraminifera? GW 3 0-10 2 1.75 4.79 4.93 4.86 0.3601 21.93 15.32 1.43146 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 0-10 3 0.8 3.27 3.4 3.335 0.2399 16.68 13.15 1.26844 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 0-10 4 0.59 4.88 4.8 4.84 0.1219 20.36 9.36 2.17521 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/2 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 GW 3 0-10 5 4.71 5.73 6.01 5.87 0.8024 27.32 19.9 1.37286 Body N N N N Grit w/ Lava Fine 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/2 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 GW 3 0-10 6 0.67 3.95 3.73 3.84 0.1745 15.37 11.19 1.37355 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica, Sand Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 0-10 7 0.45 4.17 4.12 4.145 0.1086 15.06 10.95 1.37534 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/6 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/8 Reducing 3 GW 3 0-10 8 1.04 5.65 4.72 5.185 0.2006 20.75 8.96 2.31585 Body N N N N Grit w/ Sand Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 0-10 9 1.57 4.94 4.92 4.93 0.3185 20.28 18.18 1.11551 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Lava Coarse 7.5yr6/2 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 GW 3 0-10 10 1 4.51 4.34 4.425 0.226 19.36 12.07 1.60398 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Sand Varies 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Page 33 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments GW 3 0-10 11 1.05 3.73 3.51 3.62 0.2901 19.48 13.28 1.46687 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Sand Varies 7.5yr5/2 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 GW 3 0-10 12 1.1 3.48 3.74 3.61 0.3047 22.22 13.55 1.63985 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr4/8 10r4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 0-10 13 1.76 4.11 4.46 4.285 0.4107 26.48 15.89 1.66646 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 5yr4/1 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 water wrn on 2 sides, fresh break on other 2 GW 3 0-10 14 13.5 14.19 13.19 13.69 0.9861 33.53 30.36 1.10441 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr5/2 10r4/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 Straight Flat GW 3 0-10 15 1.32 4.52 3.54 4.03 0.3275 22.1 17.79 1.24227 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) w/ Sand Fine 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr6/4 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 GW 3 0-10 16 10.84 14.63 13.81 14.22 0.7623 31.29 24.36 1.28448 Body N N N N Grit w/ Sand Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 0-10 17 1.79 5.93 5.81 5.87 0.3049 29.23 14.57 2.00618 Body N N N Impress Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/2 2.5yr4/8 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 2 Impress on Body GW 3 0-10 18 2.76 5.08 5.38 5.23 0.5277 29.52 22.37 1.31962 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 10r5/8 10r5/6 Reducing 3 GW 3 0-10 19 0.68 4.48 4.17 4.325 0.1572 14.65 13.66 1.07247 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr4/8 Reducing 3 GW 3 0-10 20 1.52 5.39 4.25 4.82 0.3154 19.45 15.5 1.25484 Body N N Charred N Grit w/ Coral Fine 7.5yr4/2 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 GW 3 0-10 21 2.04 6.91 5.87 6.39 0.3192 20.12 17 1.18353 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Shell Coarse 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 10r5/6 Reducing 3 GW 3 0-10 22 1.6 4.61 4.55 4.58 0.3493 26.28 20.77 1.26529 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/2 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 0-10 23 0.86 3.47 3.61 3.54 0.2429 14.5 14.44 1.00416 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr3/0 5yr6/4 5yr4/2 Reducing 3 GW 3 0-10 24 2.24 6.77 7.06 6.915 0.3239 21.44 14.46 1.48271 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 0-10 25 1.19 8.19 3.46 5.825 0.2043 21.26 17.01 1.24985 Body N N N N Grit Varies 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 0-10 26 2.24 4.95 4.41 4.68 0.4786 22.88 16.77 1.36434 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 2.5yr5/6 5yr5/2 Reducing 3 GW 3 0-10 27 2.27 4.6 4.23 4.415 0.5142 23.81 23.32 1.02101 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 5yr5/8 5yr4/2 Reducing 3 GW 3 0-10 28 0.92 3.79 2.87 3.33 0.2763 18.51 13.15 1.4076 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/6 10r4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 yellow coating all around. 10yr5/4 GW 3 0-10 29 1.06 5.63 5.07 5.35 0.1981 17.55 14.38 1.22045 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/6 10yr5/1 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 GW 3 0-10 30 1.4 5.05 5.41 5.23 0.2677 17.26 14.54 1.18707 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr4/2 7.5yr3/0 5yr4/2 Reducing 3 GW 3 0-10 31 1.07 4.64 4.68 4.66 0.2296 16 12.62 1.26783 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r3/6 10r4/8 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 0-10 32 0.81 5.06 5.03 5.045 0.1606 14.17 12.04 1.17691 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 10-20 1 6.26 9.32 7.12 8.22 0.7616 32.62 20.06 1.62612 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 GW 3 10-20 2 9.23 7.82 6.74 7.28 1.2679 72.06 24.53 2.93763 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 Everted Rounded GW 3 10-20 3 7.5 10.93 6.12 8.525 0.8798 35.08 19.33 1.8148 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 10-20 4 3.68 4.6 3.63 4.115 0.8943 36.13 28.05 1.28806 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr5/2 5yr6/6 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 GW 3 10-20 5 7.75 7.68 4.07 5.875 1.3191 37.14 36.97 1.0046 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr5/0 5yr5/6 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 GW 3 10-20 6 2.33 4.41 3.44 3.925 0.5936 35.72 22.59 1.58123 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r3/4 10r3/4 10r3/4 Reducing 3 yellow coating all around. 10yr6/4 GW 3 10-20 7 4.6 5.75 5.19 5.47 0.841 36.62 26.27 1.39399 Body N N N N Grit w/ Sand Fine 7.5yr4/0 5yr5/8 5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 3 10-20 8 4.4 8.76 6.54 7.65 0.5752 23.36 23.33 1.00129 Neck N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 5yr7/8 5yr7/8 Reducing 3 GW 3 10-20 9 8.22 10.73 9.11 9.92 0.8286 30.12 32.99 0.913 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 5yr4/1 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 Straight rounded GW 3 10-20 10 5.82 7.68 6.42 7.05 0.8255 29.78 27.04 1.10133 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 10-20 11 2.12 3.72 3.26 3.49 0.6074 20.79 20.48 1.01514 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10yr4/3 10yr4/3 10yr4/3 Reducing 3 yellow coating all around.10yr5/4 GW 3 10-20 12 1.01 4.55 2.8 3.675 0.2748 18.76 16.66 1.12605 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr3/1 5yr5/4 5yr3/1 Reducing 3 Everted Rounded GW 3 10-20 13 4.23 11.3 10.46 10.88 0.3888 24.96 18.76 1.33049 Rim Y Y N N Grit Varies 10r4/6 10r4/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 Inverted Rounded Roofing Tile GW 3 10-20 14 1.67 6.27 6.25 6.26 0.2668 24.1 13.9 1.73381 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 5yr5/4 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 3 10-20 15 2.77 5.58 5.05 5.315 0.5212 29.29 22.08 1.32654 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 5yr5/1 5yr6/6 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 GW 3 10-20 16 3.32 6.83 5.65 6.24 0.5321 25.35 23.8 1.06513 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 10-20 17 1.67 5.17 4.94 5.055 0.3304 21.45 16.72 1.28289 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica, Sand Fine 5yr5/4 2.5yr4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 10-20 18 2.32 7.46 5.19 6.325 0.3668 22.15 18.55 1.19407 Neck N N N N Grit w/ Mica, Shell Fine 5yr6/1 5yr5/6 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 GW 3 10-20 19 2.06 4.88 4.53 4.705 0.4378 20.14 19.63 1.02598 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica, Shell Fine 2.5yr5/0 5yr5/4 5yr6/4 Reducing 3 firing clouds on ext GW 3 10-20 20 0.94 5.89 3.83 4.86 0.1934 22.25 13.04 1.70629 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 7.5yr6/2 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 GW 3 10-20 21 1.22 4.89 4.69 4.79 0.2547 23.55 11.1 2.12162 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 7.5yr3/0 10r4/8 10r4/8 Reducing 3 yellow coating. Fresh break? GW 3 10-20 22 1.67 6.73 5.78 6.255 0.267 20.02 15.03 1.332 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 3 10-20 23 1.58 4.24 4.3 4.27 0.37 23.67 18.72 1.26442 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr7/0 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 yellow coating GW 3 10-20 24 0.49 3.93 3.3 3.615 0.1355 15.72 11.22 1.40107 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr7/2 7.5yr7/4 Reducing 3 GW 3 10-20 25 1.52 3.85 3.46 3.655 0.4159 23.94 17.02 1.40658 Body N N N Charred Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 5yr5/4 7.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 10-20 26 1.24 6.05 6.29 6.17 0.201 19.33 13.66 1.41508 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 5yr6/6 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 3 10-20 27 0.76 3.85 3.32 3.585 0.212 19.28 11.79 1.63528 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) w/ Sand Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 GW 3 10-20 28 0.9 3.78 2.69 3.235 0.2782 20.79 14.16 1.46822 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 3 10-20 29 0.32 4.22 4.06 4.14 0.0773 13.85 10.11 1.36993 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 10-20 30 0.82 4.07 3.84 3.955 0.2073 15.31 14.61 1.04791 Body N N Charred N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 yellow coating. GW 3 10-20 31 1 4.64 4.47 4.555 0.2195 16.11 14.68 1.09741 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 GW 3 10-20 32 1.36 4.05 3.98 4.015 0.3387 19.21 18.89 1.01694 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 3 10-20 33 3.46 6.48 5.84 6.16 0.5617 23.56 25.27 0.93233 Rim Y Y N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 5yr5/6 7.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 Diagonal Hatch Straight Rounded yellow coating GW 3 10-20 34 2.16 4.46 4.62 4.54 0.4758 22.19 16.54 1.3416 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 7.5yr4/0 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 10-20 35 0.77 4.22 4.46 4.34 0.1774 15.9 11.9 1.33613 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 3 10-20 36 1 5.01 4.69 4.85 0.2062 17.73 14.14 1.25389 Rim N N N Impress Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Rim Straight Rounded impress on rim GW 3 10-20 37 0.59 3.25 3.42 3.335 0.1769 13.48 12.55 1.0741 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 10-20 38 1.46 5.33 5.41 5.37 0.2719 16.45 17.62 0.9336 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 10-20 39 1.83 4.31 4.52 4.415 0.4145 26.88 16.28 1.65111 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 GW 3 10-20 40 0.47 2.8 2.75 2.775 0.1694 13.59 10.62 1.27966 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Fine 10r4/8 2.5yr4/4 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 yellow coating GW 3 10-20 41 0.93 3.39 3.41 3.4 0.2735 19.12 13.48 1.4184 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) w/ Lava Fine 5yr6/8 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 10-20 42 0.78 5.31 5.16 5.235 0.149 17.85 16.65 1.07207 Neck N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 1 8.52 8.78 9.9 9.34 0.9122 29.46 22.85 1.28928 Neck N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 20-30 2 23.63 8.4 7.37 7.885 2.9968 53.81 43.83 1.2277 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Fine 2.5yr6/6 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 20-30 3 6.65 7.97 6.44 7.205 0.923 37.12 25.41 1.46084 Rim Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 Everted Flat GW 3 20-30 4 4.14 5.21 4.33 4.77 0.8679 34.21 33.69 1.01543 Body N N Charred N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/2 7.5yr3/0 10yr4/2 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 5 8.59 5.51 5.12 5.315 1.6162 62.19 32.84 1.89373 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr5/6 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 6 10.83 5.7 4.58 5.14 2.107 49.39 49.24 1.00305 Body N N Charred N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr7/0 10r5/3 10r5/6 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 7 8.51 4.83 4.25 4.54 1.8744 62.15 36.62 1.69716 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr6/1 10yr5/1 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 8 7.16 5.45 3.47 4.46 1.6054 48.61 43.67 1.11312 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr3/0 10yr6/3 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 9 14.41 11.29 5.63 8.46 1.7033 46.02 45.63 1.00855 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Shell Fine 7.5yr5/0 10r5/8 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 Everted rounded glued to 19 GW 3 20-30 10 5.69 4.87 4.19 4.53 1.2561 46.02 34.47 1.33507 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) w/ Sand Fine 7.5yr5/2 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/6 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 11 5.8 5.55 4.8 5.175 1.1208 37.07 33.91 1.09319 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 12 5.21 5.81 4.51 5.16 1.0097 36.16 26.09 1.38597 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 red slipped Everted rounded GW 3 20-30 13 6.61 7.73 4.64 6.185 1.0687 35.33 32.66 1.08175 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) w/ Sand Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 14 3.51 4.26 4.99 4.625 0.7589 37.15 25.16 1.47655 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Lava, Shell Fine 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 more like shell temp than grit temp, but has some other bits in it. Page 34 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments GW 3 20-30 15 4.99 5.68 3.85 4.765 1.0472 42.16 31.27 1.34826 Body N N Charred N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 16 3.67 5.73 5.1 5.415 0.6777 33.68 32.68 1.0306 Body N N Charred N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 7.5yr3/0 10yr5/1 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 17 4.66 5.4 4.1 4.75 0.9811 33.81 28.18 1.19979 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) w/ Sand Fine 7.5yr6/2 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 18 2.33 4.43 4.6 4.515 0.5161 26.12 22.76 1.14763 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 19 5.23 13.24 6.6 9.92 0.5272 30.84 24.85 1.24105 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Shell Fine 7.5yr5/0 10r5/8 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 Everted rounded glued to 9, but old break- dirt on both edges. GW 3 20-30 20 2.53 4.66 3.69 4.175 0.606 27.97 24.27 1.15245 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr4/2 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 21 2.42 4.9 4.55 4.725 0.5122 29.77 20.13 1.47889 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) w/ Sand Fine 2.5yr6/0 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 22 3.52 5.01 4.57 4.79 0.7349 31.6 23.59 1.33955 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr3/0 5yr6/6 Reducing 3 2 pcs glued together GW 3 20-30 23 6.32 7.89 7.12 7.505 0.8421 36.48 23.06 1.58196 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) w/ Sand Fine 2.5yr5/0 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 24 2.67 4.72 5.49 5.105 0.523 30.91 28.93 1.06844 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 25 3.22 4.23 4.41 4.32 0.7454 36.54 23.26 1.57094 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 10yr5/1 10yr4/1 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 26 9.16 12.45 6.94 9.695 0.9448 35.63 30.09 1.18411 Rim Y Y N Punctate Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 2 Semi-Circular StampInverted Flat L&S #1- Globular Jar GW 3 20-30 27 1.59 4.27 4.19 4.23 0.3759 30.23 12.75 2.37098 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr7/0 5yr6/3 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 28 1.97 3.86 3.27 3.565 0.5526 30.16 23.25 1.2972 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr6/2 10yr6/2 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 29 2.3 4.45 4.93 4.69 0.4904 26.96 19.71 1.36783 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 5yr5/4 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 Everted Rounded GW 3 20-30 30 4.87 11.02 10.6 10.81 0.4505 27.34 18.21 1.50137 Rim Y Y N Impress Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/6 10r4/8 10r6/8 Oxidizing 3 Impress on Body Inverted Rounded GW 3 20-30 31 2.42 5.2 3.94 4.57 0.5295 28.14 23.81 1.18186 Body Y N N Charred Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 10r6/8 10r6/8 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 32 1.93 4.76 3.53 4.145 0.4656 26.74 22.1 1.20995 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 33 2.29 4.54 4.64 4.59 0.4989 26.12 19.2 1.36042 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 5yr6/4 5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 34 1.74 4.11 3.67 3.89 0.4473 29.01 19.05 1.52283 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr4/2 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 35 1.81 3.88 3.35 3.615 0.5007 24.35 20.06 1.21386 Body N N N Charred Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr6/8 10r6/6 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 36 1.62 4.41 4.14 4.275 0.3789 20.56 17.21 1.19465 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/6 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 37 1.53 4.78 3.65 4.215 0.363 22.58 17.5 1.29029 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 5yr7/1 5yr6/1 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 38 2.58 5.07 4.3 4.685 0.5507 27.67 20.59 1.34386 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) w/ Sand Fine 7.5yr7/0 7.5yr6/4 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 39 1.47 5.03 4.24 4.635 0.3172 27.42 16.39 1.67297 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/6 10yr4/1 10yr4/1 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 20-30 40 3.6 6.21 5.94 6.075 0.5926 29.68 17.98 1.65072 Body N N Charred N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.4yr3/0 5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 41 1.53 3.36 2.94 3.15 0.4857 26.79 17.55 1.5265 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 42 1.48 4.73 4.48 4.605 0.3214 24.74 17.7 1.39774 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 43 1.04 4.12 3.98 4.05 0.2568 25.52 14.99 1.70247 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 44 2.11 4.72 4.73 4.725 0.4466 23.73 15.96 1.48684 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 45 1.51 3.62 4.6 4.11 0.3674 22.66 20.68 1.09574 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr6/2 7.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 46 1.64 5.22 4.86 5.04 0.3254 21.83 18.65 1.17051 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 5yr4/1 10yr5/2 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 47 1.05 3.75 3.27 3.51 0.2991 25.57 12.65 2.02134 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 48 1.29 4.81 3.55 4.18 0.3086 21.6 17.41 1.24067 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 49 1.52 5.35 4.35 4.85 0.3134 19.75 15.76 1.25317 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/0 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 Inverted Flat GW 3 20-30 50 0.92 4.29 3.57 3.93 0.2341 15.96 14.65 1.08942 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 20-30 51 1.76 4.22 4.39 4.305 0.4088 21 19.35 1.08527 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 5yr6/6 2.5yr5/0 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 52 0.62 4.04 3.91 3.975 0.156 23.45 10.69 2.19364 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 20-30 53 1.04 4.79 4.98 4.885 0.2129 21.33 16.54 1.2896 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 5yr6/6 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 54 1.15 3.82 3.26 3.54 0.3249 18.05 16.02 1.12672 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 20-30 55 2.83 3.89 4.92 4.405 0.6425 31.79 20.62 1.54171 Neck N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 5yr6/8 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 2 pcs glued together GW 3 20-30 56 4.99 7.86 7.82 7.84 0.6365 21.65 20.2 1.07178 Body N N Charred N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 5yr4/2 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 57 1.41 5.15 4.94 5.045 0.2795 18.45 18.14 1.01709 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 58 1.37 5.66 5.51 5.585 0.2453 21.7 20.94 1.03629 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr7/1 5yr5/6 5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 59 1.21 3.83 3.49 3.66 0.3306 16.77 16.66 1.0066 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr7/2 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 60 1.2 5.85 5.7 5.775 0.2078 21.8 11.17 1.95166 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 20-30 61 1.9 4.91 2.73 3.82 0.4974 24.2 18.81 1.28655 Neck N N Coating Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 2 Parallel Incise 4 II lines on neck GW 3 20-30 62 1.08 3.64 3.77 3.705 0.2915 18.74 18.51 1.01243 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 63 0.94 3.79 3.43 3.61 0.2604 25 13.24 1.88822 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 64 1.35 4.32 4.72 4.52 0.2987 23.39 16.24 1.44027 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr7/0 2.5yr5/8 5yr5/8 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 65 1.63 6.38 5.39 5.885 0.277 17.94 14.45 1.24152 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 20-30 66 1.09 3.73 3.93 3.83 0.2846 22.01 13.62 1.61601 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 2.5yr6/8 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 67 1.42 4.04 4.61 4.325 0.3283 20.17 16.54 1.21947 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 68 1.24 2.46 2.22 2.34 0.5299 31.2 13.29 2.34763 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 4 pcs glued together, recent break. GW 3 20-30 69 1.3 4.75 4.69 4.72 0.2754 20.16 19.85 1.01562 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 70 1.32 4.06 3.38 3.72 0.3548 20.14 19.57 1.02913 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 20-30 71 1.23 4.47 3.59 4.03 0.3052 20.11 14.68 1.36989 Body Y Y Charred N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr3/0 10r5/8 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 72 1.7 7.37 5.93 6.65 0.2556 18.98 17.67 1.07414 Body N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 2 Parallel Incise GW 3 20-30 73 2.45 6.58 6.1 6.34 0.3864 19.02 14.63 1.30007 Body N N Charred N Grit w/ Mica Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr2/0 5yr4/2 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 74 0.68 3.61 3.31 3.46 0.1965 16.03 15.12 1.06019 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr5/6 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 75 0.64 4.16 4.05 4.105 0.1559 19.64 12.69 1.54768 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 7.5yr5/4 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 76 0.89 6.21 5.52 5.865 0.1517 17.55 12.92 1.35836 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 77 1.13 4.67 4.59 4.63 0.2441 16.06 14.16 1.13418 Body N N Charred N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 78 0.74 5.71 5.83 5.77 0.1282 12.36 11.28 1.09574 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 79 0.56 3.72 3.86 3.79 0.1478 18.5 10.96 1.68796 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 2.5yr5/8 5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 80 0.77 3.52 3.68 3.6 0.2139 19.8 12.72 1.5566 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr5/2 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 81 0.99 6.2 5.36 5.78 0.1713 18.04 13.95 1.29319 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr6/1 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 82 0.94 4.85 5.47 5.16 0.1822 19.01 12.89 1.47479 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr6/3 5yr6/4 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 83 0.42 3.28 3.38 3.33 0.1261 15.77 12.51 1.26059 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/8 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 84 0.46 3.83 4.22 4.025 0.1143 14.17 11.22 1.26292 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 GW 3 20-30 85 5.47 0 #DIV/0! Bits GW 3 30-40 1 10.26 14.88 7.88 11.38 0.9016 35.7 31.18 1.14496 Rim N N N Impress Grit w/ Shell Fine 5yr3/1 5yr3/1 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 Impress on Body Everted impress on rim. 3 pcs glued together GW 3 30-40 2 7.4 8.44 9.07 8.755 0.8452 36.97 25.7 1.43852 Body Y Y N Excising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/2 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 Other, Excise possible cut-out? GW 3 30-40 3 1.34 4.14 4.48 4.31 0.3109 24.76 20.21 1.22514 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 30-40 4 1.36 3.69 3.85 3.77 0.3607 20.24 18.59 1.08876 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 3 30-40 5 3.38 4.57 4.42 4.495 0.7519 26.04 19.05 1.36693 Neck N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r4/6 10r4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 yellow coating all around GW 3 30-40 6 3.48 6.18 4.51 5.345 0.6511 28.4 20.31 1.39833 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 GW 3 30-40 7 1.28 4.68 4.42 4.55 0.2813 17.58 16.65 1.05586 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 5yr5/8 5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 3 30-40 8 1.4 3.47 3.26 3.365 0.416 25.11 17.38 1.44476 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 GW 3 30-40 9 0.81 5.15 4.65 4.9 0.1653 19.56 16.13 1.21265 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 GW 3 30-40 10 1.17 3.8 3.9 3.85 0.3039 17.48 17.43 1.00287 Body N N Charred N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 coating all around GW 3 30-40 11 1.86 5.22 4.94 5.08 0.3661 23.18 18.26 1.26944 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Shell Fine 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 30-40 12 0.76 4.31 3.5 3.905 0.1946 15.58 11.67 1.33505 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 GW 3 30-40 13 1.7 4.82 4.99 4.905 0.3466 26.85 15.92 1.68656 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 5yr5/4 5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 3 30-40 14 1.23 4.05 4.22 4.135 0.2975 23.43 17.33 1.35199 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 5yr5/6 7.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 5 pcs glued together Page 35 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments GW 3 30-40 15 0.59 3.54 3.74 3.64 0.1621 17.85 12.85 1.38911 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 5yr5/6 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 GW 3 30-40 16 0.51 3.79 3.81 3.8 0.1342 17.77 9.58 1.85491 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 7.5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 30-40 17 0.91 4.29 4.44 4.365 0.2085 18.89 12.36 1.52832 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 GW 3 30-40 18 1.17 3.59 3.44 3.515 0.3329 18.71 13.83 1.35286 Body N N N N Grit w/ Lava, Mica Fine 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 2.5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 30-40 19 1.97 12.19 8.94 10.565 0.1865 18.14 14.14 1.28289 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr4/2 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 GW 3 30-40 20 0.82 0 #DIV/0! Bits GW 3 40-50 1 13.18 6 5.55 5.775 2.2823 53.26 42.43 1.25524 Body Y N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr4/4 5yr3/2 Reducing 3 firing clouds int and ext GW 3 40-50 2 7.66 8.41 5.19 6.8 1.1265 38.92 36.82 1.05703 Neck N Y N N Grit w/ Grog Fine 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 red slipped glued to #4,5; old break. GW 3 40-50 3 3.88 4.49 4.44 4.465 0.869 28.05 25.71 1.09102 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 brush marks in the slip GW 3 40-50 4 3.76 6.1 5.22 5.66 0.6643 27.39 20.58 1.3309 Neck N Y N N Grit w/ Grog Fine 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 red slipped glued to #2,5; old break. GW 3 40-50 5 1.2 5.3 4.28 4.79 0.2505 17.76 15.07 1.1785 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Grog Fine 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 red slipped glued to #2,4; old break. GW 3 40-50 6 6.55 10.93 9.75 10.34 0.6335 36.62 19.07 1.92029 Rim Y Y N Impress Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 5yr7/4 5yr7/4 Reducing 3 Impress on Body Inverted Flat impress below rim GW 3 40-50 7 3.3 4.01 3.16 3.585 0.9205 39.9 24.53 1.62658 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 brush marks in the slip; same as#10, 11 GW 3 40-50 8 2.6 5.58 4.41 4.995 0.5205 33.18 17.08 1.94262 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 3 40-50 9 1.85 6.03 5.42 5.725 0.3231 22.88 16.17 1.41497 Body N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5r5/0 5yr5/8 5yr6/6 Reducing 2 Single Incise GW 3 40-50 10 1.2 4.23 4.36 4.295 0.2794 20.24 12.5 1.6192 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 brush marks in slip; same as #7, 11 GW 3 40-50 11 0.75 3.47 3.63 3.55 0.2113 15.07 11.91 1.26532 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 brush marks in slip; same as #7, 10 GW 3 40-50 12 0.95 4.58 4.7 4.64 0.2047 18.57 14.94 1.24297 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 5yr6/4 5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 3 40-50 13 0.45 3.58 2.93 3.255 0.1382 14 12.86 1.08865 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/6 5yr5/6 5yr4/1 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 40-50 14 0.72 4.16 3.57 3.865 0.1863 17.93 10.86 1.65101 Body Y N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Fine 5yr5/6 10r4/8 5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 40-50 15 0.48 2.7 2.3 2.5 0.192 14.48 10.91 1.32722 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 7.5yr5/6 7.5yr6/2 7.5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 40-50 16 0.29 2.72 3.09 2.905 0.0998 12.3 10.85 1.13364 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 3 40-50 17 0.17 1.9 1.87 1.885 0.0902 9.47 9.04 1.04757 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr3/1 5yr5/6 5yr3/1 Reducing 3 GW 3 50-60 1 20.67 10.45 5.83 8.14 2.5393 53.67 39.57 1.35633 Rim Y N N Impress Grit w/ Coral Coarse 5yr3/4 10r4/8 10yr3/2 Reducing 3 Impress on Rim Inverted Rounded GW 3 50-60 2 13.73 4.41 9.4 6.905 1.9884 55.75 39.67 1.40534 Base N Y N N Grit w/ Grog Fine 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 wheel-thrown. Same as 2,4,5,above. Slip mostly worn off. GW 3 50-60 3 4.85 7.21 6.31 6.76 0.7175 30.61 21.65 1.41386 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 50-60 4 3.05 4.64 3.99 4.315 0.7068 39.89 19.7 2.02487 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 7.5yr5/6 7.5yr5/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 same as 3, 7, above. Brush marks in slip. GW 3 50-60 5 2.2 4.22 3.84 4.03 0.5459 22.19 19.14 1.15935 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Grog Fine 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 red slipped same as #2. GW 3 50-60 6 1.37 3.69 3.34 3.515 0.3898 22.23 15.73 1.41322 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 50-60 7 1.5 5.29 5.21 5.25 0.2857 18.52 18.12 1.02208 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10yr8/3 10yr8/3 10yr8/3 Reducing 3 GW 3 50-60 8 0.86 5.75 5.04 5.395 0.1594 19.34 11 1.75818 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 50-60 9 0.56 2.72 2.88 2.8 0.2 16.37 11.03 1.48413 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 50-60 10 0.51 3.5 2.64 3.07 0.1661 14.43 8.73 1.65292 Body N Y N N Grit Fine 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 50-60 11 0.91 3.32 2.62 2.97 0.3064 16.28 14.07 1.15707 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 50-60 12 0.19 2.32 2.26 2.29 0.083 13.86 8 1.7325 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 60-70 1 1.92 5.35 3.71 4.53 0.4238 25.17 14.91 1.68813 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 7.5yr5/6 7.5yr5/6 7.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 60-70 2 2.67 3.49 3.63 3.56 0.75 31.4 19.04 1.64916 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 5yr3/1 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 60-70 3 6.29 7.01 6.59 6.8 0.925 32.64 26.97 1.21023 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 60-70 4 0.54 2.99 2.63 2.81 0.1922 17.17 12.75 1.34667 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 60-70 5 0.87 3.67 3.03 3.35 0.2597 15.91 14.89 1.0685 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 60-70 6 0.92 2.63 2.84 2.735 0.3364 18.29 17.51 1.04455 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 5yr4/3 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 60-70 7 0.29 2.81 3.02 2.915 0.0995 14.74 6.25 2.3584 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr4/6 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 same as 4 above GW 3 70-80 1 1.16 5.41 5.34 5.375 0.2158 15.38 12.79 1.2025 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/4 10yr5/1 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 70-80 2 0.88 2.47 2.6 2.535 0.3471 21.36 13.26 1.61086 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 70-80 3 1 4.42 3.65 4.035 0.2478 18.28 13.12 1.39329 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 coating all around GW 3 70-80 4 0.39 1.89 1.61 1.75 0.2229 16.17 12.21 1.32432 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 GW 3 70-80 5 0.41 2.42 3.21 2.815 0.1456 14.28 11.04 1.29348 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 2.5yr5/4 2.5yr5/4 2.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 80-90 1 3.75 4.52 4.76 4.64 0.8082 30.15 24.96 1.20793 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 7.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/0 7.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 GW 3 80-90 2 2.76 3.3 3.4 3.35 0.8239 25.42 24.22 1.04955 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 2.5yr3/6 2.5yr3/6 2.5yr3/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 80-90 3 1.48 4.36 3.61 3.985 0.3714 22.38 17 1.31647 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 10yr5/1 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 80-90 4 0.82 2.22 2.14 2.18 0.3761 24.92 12.15 2.05103 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 80-90 5 0.33 1.86 1.56 1.71 0.193 15.2 10.02 1.51697 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 7.5yr5/6 7.5yr5/6 7.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 90-100 1 8.98 7.66 3.46 5.56 1.6151 41.72 30.16 1.38329 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 5yr3/4 5yr3/4 5yr3/1 Reducing 3 Straight rounded GW 3 90-100 2 12.39 8.79 8.23 8.51 1.4559 44.61 39.35 1.13367 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/4 2.5yr4/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted Flat GW 3 90-100 3 6.29 4.12 4.42 4.27 1.4731 46.73 31.53 1.48208 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr5/6 10r4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 Everted rounded GW 3 90-100 4 5.31 4.13 2.17 3.15 1.6857 38.01 27.53 1.38068 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 GW 3 90-100 5 0.91 2.18 1.69 1.935 0.4703 22.09 15.86 1.39281 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 5yr4/1 5yr4/1 2.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 GW 3 90-100 6 2.34 7.62 4.57 6.095 0.3839 19.95 19.7 1.01269 Neck Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r4/6 10r4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 90-100 7 0.42 2.57 2.27 2.42 0.1736 16.82 8.72 1.9289 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 90-100 8 0.6 3.68 3.92 3.8 0.1579 17.23 9.73 1.77081 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 90-100 9 2.02 4.54 4.1 4.32 0.4676 22.08 18.49 1.19416 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 7.5yr4/2 7.5yr4/2 7.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 GW 3 90-100 10 0.66 5.02 4.46 4.74 0.1392 15.45 9.21 1.67752 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r5/6 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr4/0 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 90-100 11 2.05 3.72 3.22 3.47 0.5908 23.11 22.17 1.0424 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 90-100 12 1.35 3.02 2.93 2.975 0.4538 22.21 16.74 1.32676 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 90-100 13 2.19 6.1 5.01 5.555 0.3942 21.05 14.78 1.42422 Rim N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r5/6 10r5/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 Straight rounded GW 3 90-100 14 1.79 3.19 3.04 3.115 0.5746 23.06 20.86 1.10547 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr4/6 7.5yr3/0 5yr3/3 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 90-100 15 0.55 2.21 1.84 2.025 0.2716 17.89 11.85 1.5097 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 90-100 16 1.01 3.49 3.34 3.415 0.2958 25.85 12.32 2.09821 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r4/8 5yr3/1 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 3 90-100 17 1.08 1.98 2.51 2.245 0.4811 20.06 18.29 1.09677 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 5yr4/3 5yr4/3 5yr4/3 Oxidizing 3 GW 4 0-10 1 18.12 12.97 7.94 10.455 1.7331 45.59 25.17 1.81128 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr3/6 10r4/8 7.5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded GW 4 0-10 2 24.82 11.05 11.12 11.085 2.2391 43.22 41.56 1.03994 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr3/6 2.5yr3/6 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded Roofing Tile GW 4 0-10 3 3.18 4.97 4.58 4.775 0.666 22.71 22.05 1.02993 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/6 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 water worn on 2 edges, but not on other 2; exterior is water worn GW 4 0-10 4 4.98 7.09 4.14 5.615 0.8869 32.18 27.57 1.16721 Body N N N N Grit w/ Shell Coarse 7.5yr4/0 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 4 0-10 5 5.29 3.99 4.04 4.015 1.3176 36.7 33.26 1.10343 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 2.5yr4/4 2.5yr4/4 Reducing 3 5 pcs glued together, fresh breaks GW 4 0-10 6 6.37 10.45 9.5 9.975 0.6386 24.68 23.05 1.07072 Body N N N Punctate Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr5/4 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 Semi-Circular Stamp 2 impress marks GW 4 0-10 7 2.9 5.44 3.93 4.685 0.619 28.76 18.12 1.5872 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica Fine 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 4 0-10 8 3.32 6.78 7.8 7.29 0.4554 33.89 16.82 2.01486 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/4 10r4/6 7.5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 GW 4 0-10 9 2.39 3.61 3.44 3.525 0.678 24.14 23.73 1.01728 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica, Shell Fine 2.5yr5/0 7.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 4 0-10 10 1.24 4.17 3.98 4.075 0.3043 18.36 13.42 1.36811 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 4 0-10 11 1.86 4.24 3.8 4.02 0.4627 21.86 17.35 1.25994 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/6 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 GW 4 0-10 12 1.77 5.74 4.36 5.05 0.3505 19.5 15.44 1.26295 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Coarse 2.5yr3/6 7.5yr3/0 5yr3/1 Oxidizing 3 high fired Page 36 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments GW 4 0-10 13 0.75 4.57 4.37 4.47 0.1678 16.8 13.1 1.28244 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog Fine 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 4 10-20 1 23.98 12.22 9.58 10.9 2.2 46.23 47.72 0.96878 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica, Sand Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded Roofing Tile roofing tile? GW 4 10-20 2 19.45 13.3 13.02 13.16 1.478 45.26 37.02 1.22258 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Shell Varies 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr3/6 2.5yr3/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 4 10-20 3 5.48 8.5 8.09 8.295 0.6606 29.86 28.16 1.06037 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/2 10r3/4 10yr3/1 Reducing 3 GW 4 10-20 4 4.79 8.48 8.08 8.28 0.5785 27.72 19.32 1.43478 Body N N N N Grit w/ Shell Coarse 2.5yr4/0 5yr6/4 5yr6/6 Reducing 3 same as GW.4.0-10.4 GW 4 10-20 5 1.43 4.9 3.66 4.28 0.3341 24.16 15.88 1.52141 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/4 10r4/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 4 10-20 6 1.24 3.22 3.16 3.19 0.3887 18.97 17.29 1.09717 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 4 10-20 7 2.24 3.61 4.18 3.895 0.5751 27.74 19.97 1.38908 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/6 7.5yr5/4 2.5yr2.5/0 Oxidizing 3 GW 4 10-20 8 0.92 5.24 4.58 4.91 0.1874 16.03 14.54 1.10248 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/4 10r5/6 10r4/3 Oxidizing 3 GW 4 10-20 9 0.34 2.85 1.64 2.245 0.1514 11.69 11.6 1.00776 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 Roofing Tile chip of roofing tile? GW 4 10-20 10 0.56 3.12 3.03 3.075 0.1821 16.22 14.26 1.13745 Body N N N N Grit Fine 5yr7/1 5yr7/1 5yr7/1 Reducing 3 GW 4 10-20 11 0.95 5.33 5.66 5.495 0.1729 16.09 12.56 1.28105 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 4 10-20 12 0.8 2.54 2.42 2.48 0.3226 20.3 14.43 1.40679 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 10yr3/1 Oxidizing 3 GW 4 10-20 13 12.65 7.42 6.32 6.87 1.8413 59.93 33.23 1.80349 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica, Sand, Shell Coarse 7.5yr7/2 7.5yr7/2 7.5yr7/2 Reducing 3 Roofing Tile GW 4 10-20 14 2.8 4.39 3.63 4.01 0.6983 29.14 18.01 1.61799 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica, Sand, Shell Coarse 7.5yr7/2 7.5yr7/2 7.5yr7/2 Reducing 3 Mortar GW 4 20-30 1 30.44 7.58 6.3 6.94 4.3862 85.5 50.56 0.60206 Body Y Y N Charred Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/6 2.5yr2.5/0 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 very flat, no curve, black int, not really charred, but black coating. Not a pot, but what? GW 4 20-30 2 11.54 5.47 5.58 5.525 2.0887 47.29 41.99 1.12622 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/2 10r5/8 10r5/6 Reducing 3 same as gw.4.10-20.08 GW 4 20-30 3 0.63 3.99 3.68 3.835 0.1643 12.74 11.41 1.11656 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 4 20-30 4 1.3 5.77 5.81 5.79 0.2245 17.97 15.4 1.16688 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 GW 4 20-30 5 2.89 6.4 5.62 6.01 0.4809 21.71 16.05 1.35265 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog Varies 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 high fired GW 4 20-30 6 1.49 5.18 4.69 4.935 0.3019 20.6 14.65 1.40614 Body N N N Incising Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr4/2 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Other Incise GW 4 20-30 7 3.08 10.87 9.09 9.98 0.3086 25.72 13.84 1.85838 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica, Sand Coarse 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 Roofing Tile GW 4 30-40 1 85.76 12.26 10.06 11.16 7.6846 91.02 71.74 1.26875 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica, Sand Coarse 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted Flat Roofing Tile GW 4 30-40 2 5.51 5.23 4.92 5.075 1.0857 39.1 27.47 1.42337 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 5yr5/8 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 4 30-40 3 4.09 5.57 6.28 5.925 0.6903 29.01 23.65 1.22664 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 5yr6/6 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 4 30-40 4 4.79 6.86 5.6 6.23 0.7689 28.35 17.2 1.64826 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr6/2 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 4 30-40 5 1.71 4.84 3.11 3.975 0.4302 24.19 22.11 1.09408 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica, Sand Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Roofing Tile GW 4 30-40 6 2.2 3.83 4.32 4.075 0.5399 25.71 16.96 1.51592 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 4 30-40 7 1.65 6.24 5.56 5.9 0.2797 19.68 13.05 1.50805 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/6 Reducing 3 GW 4 30-40 8 1.8 4.91 4.11 4.51 0.3991 23.49 15.87 1.48015 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 7.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 GW 4 30-40 9 2.99 6.33 7.41 6.87 0.4352 26.68 13.72 1.94461 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Grog Fine 5yr7/4 10r4/8 10r4/8 Reducing 3 GW 4 30-40 10 2.14 7.62 7.45 7.535 0.284 16.54 15.2 1.08816 Body N N N Coating Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr6/8 5yr8/1 Reducing 3 white coating on ext. same as XX below. GW 4 30-40 11 0.69 4.06 4.19 4.125 0.1673 15.84 10.88 1.45588 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 4 30-40 12 1.11 4.49 4.9 4.695 0.2364 17.99 14.87 1.20982 Body N N Charred N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 2.5yr2.5/0 5yr5/3 Reducing 3 GW 4 30-40 13 0.96 3.24 2.18 2.71 0.3542 20.34 16.41 1.23949 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 5yr6/6 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 4 30-40 14 0.61 3.65 3.77 3.71 0.1644 14.44 11.98 1.20534 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 10r6/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 4 30-40 15 0.6 3.83 3.14 3.485 0.1722 15.75 11.08 1.42148 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Sand Fine 7.5yr5/0 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 4 30-40 16 0.62 3.53 3.37 3.45 0.1797 15.33 12.94 1.1847 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica, Sand, Shell Coarse 7.5yr7/2 7.5yr7/2 7.5yr7/2 Reducing 2 Mortar GW 4 40-50 1 56.42 13.28 4.5 8.89 6.3465 101.94 44.46 2.29285 Rim N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr7/0 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 Perpendicular InciseInverted Rounded L&S #1- Globular Jar 2 sets of 2 II lines coming down from rim; firing clouds on int and ext GW 4 40-50 2 24.69 4.92 6.52 5.72 4.3164 65.81 67.57 0.97395 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 5yr6/6 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 glued to 3, below; same as GW.4.30-40.10, GW 4 40-50 3 37.09 5.57 6.45 6.01 6.1714 96.98 47.48 2.04254 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 5yr6/6 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 glued to 2, above ; same as GW.4.30- 40.10, above. GW 4 40-50 4 6.08 6.89 5.1 5.995 1.0142 34.57 20.44 1.69129 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 4 40-50 5 1.69 3.84 4.43 4.135 0.4087 21.42 20.89 1.02537 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 4 40-50 6 3.22 6.89 6.37 6.63 0.4857 21.12 19.06 1.10808 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 GW 4 40-50 7 6.36 5.96 6.27 6.115 1.0401 32.64 31.66 1.03095 Body N N N N Grit w/ Shell Fine 7.5yr7/2 7.5yr7/2 5yr5/2 Reducing 3 high fired GW 4 40-50 8 5.77 6.68 6.75 6.715 0.8593 35.43 20.73 1.70912 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 7.5yr3/2 7.5yr3/2 7.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 GW 4 40-50 9 1.8 5.31 5.36 5.335 0.3374 19.65 16.14 1.21747 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr5/2 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 GW 4 40-50 10 2.09 8.06 7.61 7.835 0.2668 17.33 15.41 1.12459 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 GW 4 40-50 11 1.35 5.15 4.79 4.97 0.2716 19.65 17.88 1.09899 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 10yr6/2 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 4 40-50 12 2.33 9.02 7.29 8.155 0.2857 20.45 17.53 1.16657 Rim N N N Impress Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 Reducing 3 Impress on Rim Inverted Damaged impress on rim GW 4 40-50 13 1.25 6.29 6.08 6.185 0.2021 17.21 15.23 1.13001 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr4/2 10r4/6 10r4/6 Reducing 3 GW 4 40-50 14 0.61 2.16 2.05 2.105 0.2898 15.87 12.88 1.23214 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/2 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 4 40-50 15 0.3 2.7 2.53 2.615 0.1147 10.05 9.97 1.00802 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 4 40-50 16 5.55 9.04 5.56 7.3 0.7603 26.55 23.3 1.13948 Body N N N N Grit w/ Sand, Shell Coarse 7.5yr7/2 7.5yr7/2 7.5yr7/2 Reducing 2 Mortar GW 4 50-60 1 3.53 4.76 5.03 4.895 0.7211 28.7 24.47 1.17286 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 4 50-60 2 1.96 6.46 6.2 6.33 0.3096 19.75 16.82 1.1742 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 7.5yr4/0 10r3/4 10r4/8 Reducing 3 GW 4 50-60 3 1.16 4.44 4.46 4.45 0.2607 17.55 14.4 1.21875 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 10r4/6 10r4/6 Reducing 3 GW 4 60-70 1 6.62 9.68 6.97 8.325 0.7952 36.27 19.28 1.88122 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Straight rounded GW 4 60-70 2 6.67 6.52 8 7.26 0.9187 29.61 26.37 1.12287 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica Fine 7.5yr7/4 7.5yr7/4 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 little temper, same as 3,4; refit with 4 GW 4 60-70 3 3.67 6.03 6.09 6.06 0.6056 35.24 18.54 1.90076 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica Fine 7.5yr7/4 7.5yr7/4 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 same as 2, 4 GW 4 60-70 4 4.08 11.19 8.73 9.96 0.4096 29.08 23.29 1.2486 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica Fine 7.5yr7/4 7.5yr7/4 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 same as 3, 4, refit with 2 GW 4 60-70 5 2.57 3.93 3.65 3.79 0.6781 28.06 22.87 1.22693 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r4/6 10r4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 4 60-70 6 3.27 8.62 7.04 7.83 0.4176 30.26 17.21 1.75828 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr3/1 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 Everted Flat disintegrating. Multiple pieces glued GW 4 60-70 7 1.68 5.07 4.67 4.87 0.345 24.83 15.51 1.6009 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 5yr4/1 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 4 60-70 8 1.03 4.46 4.23 4.345 0.2371 16.28 15.82 1.02908 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 5yr5/6 5yr6/8 Reducing 3 GW 4 60-70 9 2.13 5.46 4.45 4.955 0.4299 22.55 18.72 1.20459 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica Fine 7.5yr5/4 10r4/6 10r4/6 Reducing 3 slip mostly worn off GW 4 60-70 10 1.38 4.4 3.95 4.175 0.3305 17.81 17.3 1.02948 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r5/8 10r3/6 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 slip mostly worn off GW 4 60-70 11 1.33 4.72 3.43 4.075 0.3264 18.45 12.18 1.51478 Rim N N N N Grit Fine 10yr7/4 10yr4/2 10yr4/2 Reducing 3 Everted Flat v. fragile. Broke into 8 pcs while washing. V. little temper. Weird little sherd…. GW 4 60-70 12 0.51 4.43 3.3 3.865 0.132 17.12 9.42 1.81741 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica, Sand Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Roofing Tile roofing tile? GW 4 60-70 13 0.68 4.26 5.15 4.705 0.1445 15.51 9.3 1.66774 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr3/1 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 Straight Damaged disintegrating. Same as 6 above, but can't make it fit together. GW 4 60-70 14 0.11 0 #DIV/0! Bits GW 4 70-80 1 1.47 5.62 3.37 4.495 0.327 22.8 13.3 1.71429 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/2 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 disintegrating. Crack glued to maintain Page 37 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments GW 4 70-80 2 2.01 0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/2 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 disintegrating. Was a whole sherd when excv, broke apart when washed. GW 4 80-90 1 4.53 4.71 4.42 4.565 0.9923 38.74 28.65 1.35218 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr3/0 10yr5/2 Reducing 3 GW 4 80-90 2 3.12 4.63 3.73 4.18 0.7464 31.72 20.5 1.54732 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 GW 4 80-90 3 3.72 5.59 4.52 5.055 0.7359 27.78 19.96 1.39178 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 4 80-90 4 2.33 4.52 4.32 4.42 0.5271 25.38 15.82 1.6043 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr4/4 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 high fired GW 4 80-90 5 2.54 7.06 10.72 8.89 0.2857 22.52 18.41 1.22325 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 Straight rounded GW 4 80-90 6 1.82 6.03 5.75 5.89 0.309 17.23 17.12 1.00643 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 7.5yr4/4 7.5yr4/4 7.5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 disintegrating. 2 pcs glued together GW 4 80-90 7 0.46 2.73 2.64 2.685 0.1713 15.55 14.48 1.0739 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 4 80-90 8 0.58 3.51 3.7 3.605 0.1609 12.32 11.42 1.07881 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 5yr6/4 5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 4 80-90 9 0.26 2.87 3.04 2.955 0.088 14.9 10.83 1.37581 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr6/3 2.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/2 Reducing 3 GW 4 80-90 10 1.1 5.57 5.68 5.625 0.1956 14.03 12.17 1.15283 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr4/4 2.5yr3/2 7.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 GW 4 90-100 1 27.72 9.48 8.23 8.855 3.1304 54.76 53.18 1.02971 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r4/6 10r4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 GW 4 90-100 2 26.75 8.65 9.73 9.19 2.9108 50.59 50.07 1.01039 Rim Y Y N N Grit Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr3/4 2.5yr4/6 Reducing 3 Straight flat GW 4 90-100 3 10.05 11.12 7.92 9.52 1.0557 44.69 24.38 1.83306 Base Y Y N N Grit w/ Lava Fine 10r5/8 10r4/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 4 90-100 4 7.54 8.65 5.92 7.285 1.035 33.89 24.74 1.36985 Body N N N Applique Grit Fine 10yr5/2 10yr4/2 7.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 Applique 2 lines of applique on ext, appear to run T to remants of smoothing/ molding on int. Is this earthenware?? Is this a lid or something? GW 4 90-100 5 8.3 9.69 8.31 9 0.9222 31 23.91 1.29653 Body N N N N Grit w/ Lava, Sand Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 high fired GW 4 90-100 6 1.47 3.02 3.11 3.065 0.4796 22.53 21.45 1.05035 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 5yr5/6 7.5yr5/0 Reducing 3 high fired GW 4 90-100 7 2.01 4.56 4.35 4.455 0.4512 22.56 21.79 1.03534 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 5yr6/6 5yr4/2 Reducing 3 GW 4 90-100 8 2.92 5.38 4.99 5.185 0.5632 24.32 21.36 1.13858 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 GW 4 90-100 9 4.3 7.52 3.96 5.74 0.7491 29.72 19.91 1.49272 Body N N Charred N Grit Fine 2.5yr2.5/0 2.5yr2.5/0 2.5yr2.5/0 Reducing 3 GW 4 90-100 10 2.55 7.11 7.31 7.21 0.3537 26.06 14.45 1.80346 Body N N N N Grit w/ Lava Fine 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 7.5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 GW 4 90-100 11 0.64 2.69 2.34 2.515 0.2545 23.68 15.9 1.48931 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr40 Oxidizing 3 high fired; firing clouds GW 4 90-100 12 1.18 4.07 4.14 4.105 0.2875 21.83 16.3 1.33926 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 5yr6/4 5yr7/6 Reducing 3 high fired GW 4 90-100 13 1.57 4.48 4.31 4.395 0.3572 23.15 15.67 1.47735 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 5yr6/6 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 4 90-100 14 1.11 4.44 4.54 4.49 0.2472 19.32 14.72 1.3125 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 5yr5/8 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 4 90-100 15 0.65 3.06 2.82 2.94 0.2211 22.63 11.67 1.93916 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 7.5yr6/2 7.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 GW 4 90-100 16 1.1 4.06 4.11 4.085 0.2693 17.63 13.85 1.27292 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr7/0 5yr6/6 10yr51 Reducing 3 GW 4 90-100 17 0.99 2.67 3.17 2.92 0.339 21.58 17.26 1.25029 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr4/1 10yr4/1 10yr4/1 Reducing 3 GW 4 90-100 18 0.63 6.77 6.21 6.49 0.0971 21.08 6.94 3.03746 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 GW 4 90-100 19 0.51 4.1 3.89 3.995 0.1277 15.19 11.17 1.35989 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 GW 4 90-100 20 0.4 2.84 2.97 2.905 0.1377 13.3 12.06 1.10282 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr4/2 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 GW 4 90-100 21 1.32 10.51 7.14 8.825 0.1496 14.85 12.82 1.15835 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 Straight rounded GW 4 90-100 22 0.72 3.93 3.89 3.91 0.1841 15.03 14.41 1.04303 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 5yr6/6 5yr4/2 Reducing 3 GW 4 90-100 23 0.62 3.55 3.12 3.335 0.1859 14.93 12.27 1.21679 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr54 2.5yr4/8 Reducing 3 GW 4 90-100 24 0.45 3.82 2.9 3.36 0.1339 12.26 9.56 1.28243 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 GW 4 90-100 25 0.61 4.81 3.49 4.15 0.147 18.65 11.53 1.61752 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 4 90-100 26 0.29 2.77 2.25 2.51 0.1155 13.24 11.22 1.18004 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 5yr5/6 5yr6/6 Reducing 3 GW 4 90-100 27 0.2 3.19 3.15 3.17 0.0631 9.38 8.63 1.08691 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr5/1 10r48 Reducing 3 GW 4 90-100 28 0.26 3.11 2.79 2.95 0.0881 11.71 10.58 1.10681 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 5yr5/8 5yr6/8 Reducing 3 GW 4 90-100 29 0.28 3.25 3.05 3.15 0.0889 9.92 8.61 1.15215 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Fine 2.5yr58 2.5yr58 2.5yr58 Oxidizing 3 GW 4 90-100 30 1.52 5.76 3.61 4.685 0.3244 17.75 14.21 1.24912 Body Y Y N N Grit Fine 7.5yr6/4 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 KB 1 10-20 1 15.62 13.3 6.67 9.985 1.5643 40.09 34.47 1.16304 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Lava Fine 10r5/8 10r4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 Inverted rounded KB 1 10-20 2 8.35 8.55 3.7 6.125 1.3633 39.47 29.89 1.32051 Neck N Y Coating Paint, IncisingGrit w/ Mica Fine 5yr6/6 7.5yr4/0 5yr6/3 Oxidizing 3 Multiple Design Elements lime? Coating on int.- thick white residue. II insiced lines on ext, II red painted lines somewhat following insiced lines. Unique type thus far. KB 1 10-20 3 1.4 3.71 3.43 3.57 0.3922 25.32 12.64 2.00316 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 1 10-20 4 8.01 6.12 6.03 6.075 1.3185 47.41 24.48 1.93668 Body N N Charred N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 2.5yr2.5/0 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 KB 1 10-20 5 2.57 6.08 3.85 4.965 0.5176 24.21 19.8 1.22273 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Grog Fine 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr6/4 2.5yr3/4 Oxidizing 3 KB 1 10-20 6 5.18 6.53 6.93 6.73 0.7697 33.47 23.57 1.42003 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr7/4 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 KB 1 10-20 7 2.26 3.78 3.89 3.835 0.5893 24.8 20.43 1.2139 Body N N Coating Coating Grit w/ Coral, Lava Coarse 10r3/4 10r3/4 10r3/4 Oxidizing 3 pentagon shaped (like home base), 3 edges water-worn, but the 2 pointy edges are not. Looks kida like an awl, but probably isnt. Does have white coating on some of the faces, but not all around. KB 1 10-20 8 1.63 4.98 4.48 4.73 0.3446 18.27 14.53 1.2574 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Shell Coarse 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 KB 1 10-20 9 1.77 5.03 4.98 5.005 0.3536 22.05 14.34 1.53766 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 10r5/3 10r5/8 Reducing 3 high fired KB 1 20-30 1 42.79 7.66 5.29 6.475 6.6085 90.45 63.59 1.42239 Body N N N Coating Grit w/ Shell Varies 2.5yr5/9 2.5yr5/6 10r5/8 Reducing 3 some white coating on ext. KB 1 20-30 2 1.43 4.91 6.02 5.465 0.2617 22.09 10.79 2.04727 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Shell Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr6/6 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 1 30-40 1 3.68 3.63 4.12 3.875 0.9497 35.55 20.8 1.70913 Body Y N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/6 10yr4/1 Reducing 3 KB 1 30-40 2 6.23 5.26 6.32 5.79 1.076 38.94 23.38 1.66553 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/6 7.5yr3/2 Reducing 3 black staining on ext? KB 1 40-50 1 48.01 11.97 10.42 11.195 4.2885 86.9 38.69 2.24606 Rim N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 7.5yr7/2 7.5yr7/4 Reducing 3 Diagonal Hatch Everted Rounded KB 1 40-50 2 3.32 3.32 2.05 2.685 1.2365 31.07 24.72 1.25688 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/8 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 KB 1 40-50 3 2.8 4.74 3.95 4.345 0.6444 28.51 19.9 1.43266 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 high fired KB 1 40-50 4 1.61 5.18 3.54 4.36 0.3693 21.48 16.34 1.31457 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Shell Coarse 2..5yr5/0 2..5yr5/0 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 KB 1 40-50 5 1.32 3.98 3.72 3.85 0.3429 18.17 14.45 1.25744 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 1 40-50 6 0.56 3.1 2.89 2.995 0.187 11.69 11.82 0.989 Body N N N N Grit w/ Lava Coarse 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 1 40-50 7 1.97 6.67 6.86 6.765 0.2912 19.48 13.66 1.42606 Body N N N N Grit w/ Lava Coarse 7.5yr6/6 2.5yr3/0 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 1 40-50 8 2.4 5.71 4.83 5.27 0.4554 30.71 13.76 2.23183 Body N N Charred N Grit w/ Shell Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr2.5/0 2.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 KB 1 50-60 1 1.99 5.08 4.15 4.615 0.4312 24.62 17.7 1.39096 Neck N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 Diagonal Hatch curvilinear design incised KB 1 50-60 2 15.73 5.77 4.32 5.045 3.1179 53.65 50.83 1.05548 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 1 50-60 3 15.15 8.74 7.02 7.88 1.9226 48.02 28.91 1.66102 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 5yr5/6 5yr6/4 Reducing 3 KB 1 50-60 4 1.63 2.91 3.08 2.995 0.5442 20.29 19.01 1.06733 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava Coarse 10yr6/6 10yr7/8 7.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 KB 1 50-60 5 4.1 5.12 5.37 5.245 0.7817 27.26 23.44 1.16297 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 10yr5/1 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 1 50-60 6 2.68 5.01 4.42 4.715 0.5684 22.51 19.64 1.14613 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 KB 1 60-70 1 3.12 6.02 4.23 5.125 0.6088 25.2 19.27 1.30773 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 KB 1 60-70 2 3.25 7.9 7.85 7.875 0.4127 23.3 18.5 1.25946 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr3/0 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 KB 1 60-70 3 14.18 11.31 7.43 9.37 1.5133 31.72 31.95 0.9928 Rim N N N Punctate Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/4 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 Semi-Circular StampInverted Flat L&S #1- Globular Jar KB 1 60-70 4 37.8 13.86 7.83 10.845 3.4855 75.55 37.19 2.03146 Rim N N N Punctate Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/6 10yr5/2 2.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 Semi-Circular StampEverted Flat L&S #1- Globular Jar KB 2 0-10 1 3.77 6.01 5.4 5.705 0.6608 32.25 20.2 1.59653 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 0-10 2 3.46 6.78 8.5 7.64 0.4529 25.38 16.76 1.51432 Base N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 10r5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 0-10 3 1.79 4.62 4.77 4.695 0.3813 18.6 16.66 1.11645 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava Coarse 10r4/8 5yr3/1 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 0-10 4 4.16 6.64 6.07 6.355 0.6546 36.25 22.64 1.60115 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/6 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 foraminifera KB 2 0-10 5 9.54 5.37 4.91 5.14 1.856 47.78 42.09 1.13519 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 10yr5/2 Oxidizing 3 2 pcs glued together Page 38 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments KB 2 0-10 6 3.89 4.61 5.04 4.825 0.8062 28.64 22.84 1.25394 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr3/0 5yr5/4 10yr4/1 Reducing 3 KB 2 0-10 7 15.8 9.66 7.18 8.42 1.8765 40.28 33.79 1.19207 Body N N N N Grit w/ Sand Coarse 10r4/3 10yr4/1 7.5yr6/2 Oxidizing 3 Roofing Tile KB 2 0-10 8 15.36 9.22 8.61 8.915 1.7229 36.83 33.6 1.09613 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Sand Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Straight Rounded Roofing Tile KB 2 0-10 9 11.78 5.57 5.33 5.45 2.1615 43.22 34.09 1.26782 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/3 5yr5/2 5yr5/1 Reducing 3 KB 2 0-10 10 12.41 5.62 4.82 5.22 2.3774 48.01 37.49 1.28061 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/6 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 KB 2 0-10 11 11.15 5.15 4.21 4.68 2.3825 44.03 34.59 1.27291 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/6 5yr5/3 Reducing 3 KB 2 0-10 12 2.15 6.22 6.47 6.345 0.3388 22.95 17.39 1.31972 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 5yr4/2 2.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 KB 2 0-10 13 3.06 4.67 3.51 4.09 0.7482 27.53 24.81 1.10963 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/6 5yr6/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 0-10 14 4.97 4.91 5.49 5.2 0.9558 39.89 26.4 1.51098 Rim N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 Parallel Incise Everted Rounded KB 2 0-10 15 1.67 3.41 2.74 3.075 0.5431 27.2 17.23 1.57864 Body N N N N Grit Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 lines on int from mfcing KB 2 0-10 16 1.68 3.77 4.09 3.93 0.4275 23.64 18.3 1.2918 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica, Sand Fine 5yr5/6 5yr6/3 5yr6/3 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 0-10 17 4.78 7.01 5.76 6.385 0.7486 34.96 26.68 1.31034 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 10yr5/1 Reducing 3 KB 2 0-10 18 6.02 5.57 5.96 5.765 1.0442 28.82 27.11 1.06308 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 5yr5/4 5yr4/1 Reducing 3 KB 2 0-10 19 2.44 6.06 5.62 5.84 0.4178 25.94 17.17 1.51077 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr4/4 10yr5/1 Reducing 3 KB 2 0-10 20 2.15 3.83 3.3 3.565 0.6031 24.94 21.13 1.18031 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr7/4 7.5yr7/4 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 0-10 21 1.39 3.64 3.23 3.435 0.4047 17.49 17.24 1.0145 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr4/6 7.5yr5/2 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 0-10 22 0.75 2.93 2.21 2.57 0.2918 19.77 10.68 1.85112 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 2.5yr5/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 0-10 23 0.73 3.66 3.82 3.74 0.1952 16.99 13.98 1.21531 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 10r5/8 Reducing 3 2 pcsglued together KB 2 0-10 24 0.42 3.57 3.05 3.31 0.1269 14.18 8.38 1.69212 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 1 55.13 14.19 9.57 11.88 4.6406 49.17 45.71 1.07569 Base N N N N Grit w/ Mica, Shell Coarse 2.5yr6/8 5yr5/6 7.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 L&S #7- Forna KB 2 10-20 2 50.18 12.98 5.27 9.125 5.4992 78.55 52.99 1.48236 Rim N N N Punctate Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/6 5yr5/4 Reducing 3 Semi-Circular StampInverted Flat L&S #1- Globular Jarh lf circle punctate below rim KB 2 10-20 3 20.47 12.43 7.31 9.87 2.074 51.83 31.94 1.62273 Rim N N N Punctate Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr6/4 10yr4/1 Reducing 3 Semi-Circular StampInverted Flat L&S #1- Globular Jar KB 2 10-20 4 14.25 7.27 3.22 5.245 2.7169 57.52 46.01 1.25016 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 5 16.83 5.47 2.86 4.165 4.0408 57.41 52.08 1.10234 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr6/2 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 6 7.01 4.67 4.74 4.705 1.4899 50.91 30.25 1.68298 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/2 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 7 7.01 5.42 5.24 5.33 1.3152 37 29.55 1.25212 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 8 6.16 5.99 4.85 5.42 1.1365 38.11 30.29 1.25817 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 9 4.43 3.9 3.33 3.615 1.2254 33.2 30.58 1.08568 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/0 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 10 9.28 5.62 4.93 5.275 1.7592 48.91 31.03 1.57622 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 11 4.19 3.64 3.32 3.48 1.204 35.74 27.72 1.28932 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 12 4.54 4.3 3.5 3.9 1.1641 42.32 29.04 1.4573 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 13 4.86 4.45 3.83 4.14 1.1739 31.98 25.56 1.25117 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 4.5yr4/0 5yr5/6 10yr5/2 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 14 9.28 10.79 6.09 8.44 1.0995 35.06 31.2 1.12372 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Shell Coarse 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/6 7.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 Everted Rounded KB 2 10-20 15 6.97 7.32 3.94 5.63 1.238 45.53 26.68 1.70652 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 16 5.95 5.81 5.58 5.695 1.0448 38.6 21.11 1.82852 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 17 8.47 8.54 5.65 7.095 1.1938 41.32 28.71 1.43922 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Shell Fine 5yr5/1 5yr6/4 5yr6/1 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 18 15.87 11.92 12.08 12 1.3225 44.81 33.87 1.323 Body N N N N Grit w/ Sand Coarse 5yr3/1 5yr4/2 10yr3/1 Oxidizing 3 roofing tile? KB 2 10-20 19 6.69 4.62 3.48 4.05 1.6519 42.45 29.89 1.42021 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr4/0 10yr3/1 10yr4/1 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 20 7.62 6.26 4.96 5.61 1.3583 39.39 31.54 1.24889 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 21 3.86 4.09 3.34 3.715 1.039 36.34 31.55 1.15182 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr4/2 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 22 3.92 3.9 3.95 3.925 0.9987 31.75 29.47 1.07737 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr6/4 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 23 4.7 6.19 5.66 5.925 0.7932 29.31 23.9 1.22636 Rim Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 Everted Flat KB 2 10-20 24 4.15 4.48 4.07 4.275 0.9708 35.15 23.93 1.46887 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 25 2.74 2.85 2.48 2.665 1.0281 31.4 26.84 1.1699 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 7.5yr5/2 5yr4/1 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 26 9.83 8.57 6.85 7.71 1.275 36.29 32.1 1.13053 Body N N N N Grit w/ Sand Fine 5yr5/8 5yr4/2 7.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 27 4.52 6.01 5.15 5.58 0.81 29.05 23.81 1.22008 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 28 3.95 4.34 3.86 4.1 0.9634 31.76 29.72 1.06864 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/8 5yr5/6 5yr4/1 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 29 2.25 3.46 3.77 3.615 0.6224 34.38 16.1 2.1354 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr4/0 5yr5/6 5yr6/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 30 2.92 4.6 3.11 3.855 0.7575 29.88 26.16 1.1422 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 10yr5/1 10yr5/1 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 31 5.35 5.94 4.58 5.26 1.0171 34.79 26.21 1.32736 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 32 3.21 4.47 3.88 4.175 0.7689 32.09 20.99 1.52882 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/0 5yr6/6 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 33 1.72 2.42 2.68 2.55 0.6745 31.03 19.29 1.60861 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 7.5yr4/0 5yr4/1 10r4/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 34 5.81 8.47 8.03 8.25 0.7042 33.88 23.57 1.43742 Neck N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 35 7.19 10.91 5.9 8.405 0.8554 30.81 26.24 1.17416 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr4/8 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 36 3.76 4.32 3.19 3.755 1.0013 35 24.94 1.40337 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr5/2 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 37 8.7 9.73 10.17 9.95 0.8744 33.38 30.52 1.09371 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted Pointed KB 2 10-20 38 3.99 4.37 3.96 4.165 0.958 29.99 27.49 1.09094 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/6 10yr4/1 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 39 3.16 4.51 5.05 4.78 0.6611 26.79 25.08 1.06818 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 40 3.81 5.87 4.92 5.395 0.7062 27.54 22.27 1.23664 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 10yr5/1 10yr5/1 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 41 2.41 4.18 3.55 3.865 0.6235 26.43 21.5 1.2293 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 42 3.46 5.29 3.08 4.185 0.8268 25.7 24.17 1.0633 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 43 4.08 3.74 4.69 4.215 0.968 33.51 27.98 1.19764 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 3 pcs glued together KB 2 10-20 45 0.91 2.43 1.69 2.06 0.4417 22.71 15.74 1.44282 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/4 5yr5/3 5yr4/3 Oxidizing 3 foraminifera? KB 2 10-20 46 1.87 3.47 3.1 3.285 0.5693 24.26 21.79 1.11335 Body N N N Coating Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/4 10r5/8 Reducing 3 some white coating on ext, but not all over KB 2 10-20 47 3.8 5.38 5.16 5.27 0.7211 28.74 18.8 1.52872 Body N N N N Grit w/ Lava Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 48 5.03 6.47 4.79 5.63 0.8934 33.86 26.18 1.29335 Body N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 10r5/8 5yr5/1 Reducing 3 Single Incise carinated KB 2 10-20 49 1.72 3.45 2.85 3.15 0.546 23.27 20.07 1.15944 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/0 5yr6/6 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 50 2.56 4.15 3.65 3.9 0.6564 22.99 22.1 1.04027 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica, Sand 10r5/8 5yr3/1 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 51 2.11 4.47 4.23 4.35 0.4851 24.22 17.04 1.42136 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 5yr5/3 7.5yr5/2 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 52 1.69 3.77 3.86 3.815 0.443 23.99 21.69 1.10604 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 5yr6/6 5yr3/1 5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 53 1.38 3.01 2.16 2.585 0.5338 22.89 19.51 1.17324 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/8 10r5/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 54 1.52 3.68 3.51 3.595 0.4228 22.38 19.8 1.1303 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr7/2 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 55 1.8 3.07 2.48 2.775 0.6486 25.54 22.36 1.14222 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 10r5/8 2.5yr4/2 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 56 3.55 4.76 4.64 4.7 0.7553 31.16 22.47 1.38674 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 57 2.5 4.53 4.37 4.45 0.5618 25.33 17.05 1.48563 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 7.5yr5/6 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 58 1.54 4 3.29 3.645 0.4225 22.42 21.92 1.02281 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 59 1.92 5.03 4.2 4.615 0.416 24.98 18.65 1.33941 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 60 1.32 2.88 3.03 2.955 0.4467 26.89 13.39 2.00822 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr7/0 5yr6/6 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 61 1.91 4.6 3.39 3.995 0.4781 20.95 19.3 1.08549 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr6/1 10yr4/1 2.5yr4/6 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 62 3.23 5.74 5.15 5.445 0.5932 34.86 16.25 2.14523 Body N N Coating Coating Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 gray coating (10yr5/1) on int and ext, but not all over KB 2 10-20 63 2.33 4.39 4.21 4.3 0.5419 26.52 17.1 1.55088 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 10yr3/1 10yr4/1 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 64 4.92 7.04 5.55 6.295 0.7816 30.57 22.47 1.36048 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Varies 7.5yr6/6 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 65 2.25 3.67 3.59 3.63 0.6198 28.57 18.13 1.57584 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 5yr5/2 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 66 1.08 2.06 2.02 2.04 0.5294 28.17 19.75 1.42633 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 67 4.11 5.12 5.66 5.39 0.7625 25.14 22.53 1.11585 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/8 7.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 68 2.17 5.18 3.11 4.145 0.5235 24.06 19.56 1.23006 Neck N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr5/2 10r4/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 69 1.62 3.33 2.96 3.145 0.5151 23.26 18.41 1.26344 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 Page 39 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments KB 2 10-20 70 1.67 3.73 4.11 3.92 0.426 20.47 19.63 1.04279 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 5yr5/4 5yr5/4 5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 71 1.47 3.32 3.96 3.64 0.4038 22.77 20.34 1.11947 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr4/1 5yr5/6 10yr5/1 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 72 2.5 4.4 4.19 4.295 0.5821 25.72 23.24 1.10671 Body N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 5yr6/4 5yr5/4 Reducing 3 Other Incise KB 2 10-20 73 1.4 4.15 4.43 4.29 0.3263 21.04 17.91 1.17476 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 74 1.25 3.29 3.49 3.39 0.3687 21.8 14.99 1.4543 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 5yr5/6 2.5yr5/8 5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 75 2.18 5.1 5.14 5.12 0.4258 22.47 18.44 1.21855 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 76 1.4 3.41 3.19 3.3 0.4242 24.66 15.5 1.59097 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Grog, Lava, Mica, Coarse 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 77 2.22 6.73 3.53 5.13 0.4327 23.86 18.75 1.27253 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Mica, Sand Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Inverted Rounded KB 2 10-20 78 2.49 4.34 4.24 4.29 0.5804 27.42 21.35 1.28431 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 79 1.23 4.15 3.07 3.61 0.3407 17.27 15.86 1.0889 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 80 5.07 5.23 5.29 5.26 0.9639 35.09 20.91 1.67814 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 81 1.77 3.69 3.86 3.775 0.4689 25.01 16.74 1.49403 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 82 2.15 4.63 4.3 4.465 0.4815 20.9 19.18 1.08968 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr2.5/4 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 83 0.57 2.83 2.39 2.61 0.2184 16.22 11.82 1.37225 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/6 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 84 1.12 4.48 4.99 4.735 0.2365 18.92 14.53 1.30213 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr6/2 7.5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 85 1.44 5.53 5.34 5.435 0.2649 17.43 14.49 1.2029 Body Y N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/8 10r4/8 7.5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 86 5.85 13.99 13.19 13.59 0.4305 25.19 15.56 1.61889 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Varies 2.5yr3/0 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 Damaged Flat v. crumbly, same as 87 KB 2 10-20 87 2.08 8.79 6.1 7.445 0.2794 21.69 14.22 1.52532 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Varies 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 Damaged Flat v. crumbly, same as 86. 2 pcs glued together, ext sloughed off. KB 2 10-20 88 0.81 4.65 4.44 4.545 0.1782 15.74 12.78 1.23161 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 89 1.08 3.01 2.28 2.645 0.4083 19.91 17.05 1.16774 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 90 0.76 2.91 2.77 2.84 0.2676 20.67 16.12 1.28226 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 7.5yr5/2 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 91 2.04 4.39 4.06 4.225 0.4828 20.83 17.29 1.20474 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r4/8 2.5yr3/2 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 92 1.66 5.39 4.82 5.105 0.3252 23.54 17.03 1.38227 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/4 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 93 1.07 4.98 4.5 4.74 0.2257 18.43 15.15 1.2165 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 crumbly. 2 pcs glued together. KB 2 10-20 94 1.19 3.6 3.83 3.715 0.3203 21.74 15.85 1.37161 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr5/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 95 1.38 4.58 4.28 4.43 0.3115 18.39 14.62 1.25787 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 96 1.44 5.28 5.44 5.36 0.2687 20.37 17.09 1.19193 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr6/4 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 97 1.17 5.59 5.47 5.53 0.2116 17.24 11.18 1.54204 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 98 0.79 3.69 3.62 3.655 0.2161 19.91 9.49 2.098 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr7/6 7.5yr7/6 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 99 1.38 6.12 4.2 5.16 0.2674 20.9 14.97 1.39613 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 100 1.16 6.24 5.57 5.905 0.1964 16.62 13.04 1.27454 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 101 0.42 3.69 3.78 3.735 0.1124 12.42 8.22 1.51095 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 102 0.58 3.48 3.16 3.32 0.1747 13.89 11.56 1.20156 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 103 0.41 2.76 2.93 2.845 0.1441 15.49 10.95 1.41461 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica, Sand Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 104 0.64 3.65 3.45 3.55 0.1803 18.03 9.99 1.8048 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/6 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 KB 2 10-20 105 0.92 5.56 5.27 5.415 0.1699 14.53 11.21 1.29616 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 106 0.39 3.08 2.41 2.745 0.1421 17.83 8.63 2.06605 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 107 1.84 13.07 8.77 10.92 0.1685 13.23 13.13 1.00762 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 Damaged Flat v. crumbly, same as 86, 87. KB 2 10-20 108 0.4 2.24 2.41 2.325 0.172 18.67 8.24 2.26578 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 109 0.5 3.61 3.26 3.435 0.1456 13.39 8.71 1.53731 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 10-20 110 1.03 0 #DIV/0! Bits KB 2 20-30 1 50.44 10.97 5.36 8.165 6.1776 69.64 45.01 1.54721 Rim Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 10yr6/1 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 Everted pointed KB 2 20-30 2 35.23 12.59 6.24 9.415 3.7419 56.69 50.71 1.11793 Rim Y Y N Punctate Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 Semi-Circular StampInverted Flat half circle punctate below rim. Could be over lapping? KB 2 20-30 3 13.14 6.36 4.25 5.305 2.4769 49.3 23.37 2.10954 Rim N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 5yr5/1 7.5yr6/2 5yr5/1 Reducing 3 Diagonal Hatch Everted pointed incised double chevrons KB 2 20-30 4 23.84 12.26 9.5 10.88 2.1912 82.46 29.07 2.8366 Rim Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 10yr5/1 5yr6/4 7.5yr6/2 Reducing 3 Everted pointed KB 2 20-30 5 18.83 7.67 8.34 8.005 2.3523 64.99 27.78 2.33945 Rim Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr6/1 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 Everted pointed KB 2 20-30 6 54.92 11.87 6.68 9.275 5.9213 90.06 46.74 1.92683 Rim Y Y N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 10yr5/1 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 Perpendicular InciseInverted Flat L&S #1- Globular Jar2 pcs glued together. KB 2 20-30 7 16.19 6.7 3.6 5.15 3.1437 61.61 35.5 1.73549 Base N N N Paint Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 7.6yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 Red Paint wheel marks? KB 2 20-30 8 13.85 8.56 5.64 7.1 1.9507 52.32 30.61 1.70925 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted Rounded KB 2 20-30 9 5.94 8.09 6.54 7.315 0.9083 29.12 25.53 1.14062 Rim N N N Punctate Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 10r5/8 5yr6/6 Reducing 3 Semi-Circular StampEverted Pointed L&S #1- Globular Jarh lf circle punctate w/ red paint KB 2 20-30 10 7.81 5.23 6.51 5.87 1.3305 54.8 22.75 2.40879 Neck N N N Punctate Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 Reducing 3 Semi-Circular StampInverted Flat L&S #1- Globular Jarh lf circle punctate KB 2 20-30 11 10.96 9.31 7.11 8.21 1.335 33.4 43.25 0.77225 Rim N N N Impress Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 Impress on Body Everted Pointed impress in rim KB 2 20-30 12 44.45 10.48 6.31 8.395 5.2948 81.18 38.59 2.10365 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) w/ Grog Varies 10yr5/1 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 Everted pointed 2 pcs glued together KB 2 20-30 13 36.67 4.28 6.93 5.605 6.5424 88.65 53.65 1.65238 Body N Y N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/0 7.5yr5/4 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 Incise-links 1 chevron, overlapping sideways S's. KB 2 20-30 14 23.87 13.21 9.87 11.54 2.0685 37.07 38.86 0.95394 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Mica, Shell Varies 2.5yr5/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Straight Flat L&S #7- Forna firing clouds KB 2 20-30 15 36.59 14.99 8.44 11.715 3.1233 47.22 35.79 1.31936 Corner N N N N Grit w/ Mica, Shell Varies 2.5yr5/8 10yr5/1 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 L&S #7- Forna firing clouds. 2 pcs glued together. KB 2 20-30 16 17.05 7.19 4.27 5.73 2.9756 65.77 44.88 1.46546 Rim N Y Black StainingN Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr3/0 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 L&S #3-Bowl firing clounds on ext slip, slip thick and mostly chipping off. Same as 19, 24, KB 2 20-30 17 34.22 8.69 5.99 7.34 4.6621 90.84 42.76 2.12442 lid N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Varies 2.5yr5/0 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 Reducing 2 L&S #3- Lid 2 pcs glued together KB 2 20-30 18 26.59 7.45 6.1 6.775 3.9247 61.84 56.9 1.08682 Body N N Black StainingN Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 10r5/6 2.5yr3/0 10r5/6 Oxidizing 3 very flat. No curve. Sounds high fired. KB 2 20-30 19 13.54 4.38 3.39 3.885 3.4852 70.42 43.15 1.63198 Body N Y Paint N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/6 5yr4/2 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 L&S #3-Bowl 2 pcs glued together. red paint on int, firing clouds. same as 16, 24 KB 2 20-30 20 7.92 6.73 4.6 5.665 1.3981 40.63 34.67 1.17191 Body N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 Diagonal Hatch KB 2 20-30 21 2.26 3.37 2.76 3.065 0.7374 29.84 17.82 1.67452 Body Y Y N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 10r4/8 Reducing 3 Diagonal Hatch firing clouds on ext KB 2 20-30 22 15.42 6.26 5.66 5.96 2.5872 54.96 39.45 1.39316 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 23 15.24 6.7 4.28 5.49 2.776 66.16 48.94 1.35186 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Sand, Shell Coarse 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 5yr6/1 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 24 22.78 8.21 4.06 6.135 3.7131 71.49 60.55 1.18068 Rim N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/6 5yr4/2 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 L&S #3-Bowl same as 16, 19 KB 2 20-30 25 16.97 7.41 5.41 6.41 2.6474 53.59 41.59 1.28853 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Sand, Shell Coarse 10yr6/1 10yr5/2 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 26 13.18 4.75 4.08 4.415 2.9853 56.79 49.7 1.14266 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Varies 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 10yr6/3 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 27 9.92 4.9 4.49 4.695 2.1129 56.65 34.4 1.6468 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 20-30 28 6.29 5.21 5.09 5.15 1.2214 34 28.04 1.21255 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 7.5yr6/6 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 29 2.87 6.79 5.29 6.04 0.4752 22.86 14.84 1.54043 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10yr5/1 10yr5/2 10yr5/2 Reducing 3 Straight Flat KB 2 20-30 30 16.25 7.82 7.35 7.585 2.1424 41.25 39.66 1.04009 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Varies 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr6/6 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 31 6.63 4.42 3.09 3.755 1.7656 48.85 31.58 1.54687 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr5/2 5yr5/6 5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 32 6.8 4.62 3.4 4.01 1.6958 63.83 25.15 2.53797 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 firing clouds on ext KB 2 20-30 33 19.41 6.38 5.21 5.795 3.3494 78.89 47.82 1.64973 Base Y Y Paint N Shell (foraminifera) Varies 10yr5/1 10yr5/2 10r4/6 Reducing 3 L&S #3-Bowl 3 pcs glued together, broken in antiquity. Same as 24. ~ 12mm thick red line painted on int, possible chevron. KB 2 20-30 34 10.93 6.18 4.31 5.245 2.0839 54.03 44.1 1.22517 Base Y Y Paint N Shell (foraminifera) Varies 10yr5/1 7.5yr4/2 10r3/1 Reducing 3 L&S #3-Bowl firing clouds on ext. same as 24, 33, KB 2 20-30 35 7.77 7.45 7.51 7.48 1.0388 33.57 30.29 1.10829 Rim Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr3/2 Reducing 3 L&S #3-Bowl firing clouds on int and ext. same as 24, 33, KB 2 20-30 36 7.79 3.99 3.49 3.74 2.0829 63.41 34.86 1.81899 Body N Y Black StainingN Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 7.5yr5/4 10r3/6 Reducing 3 L&S #3-Bowl same as 24, 33 Page 40 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments KB 2 20-30 37 5.83 3.56 4.1 3.83 1.5222 54.6 34.13 1.59977 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/3 10yr4/1 10r4/6 Reducing 3 L&S #3-Bowl same as 24, 33 KB 2 20-30 38 7.06 5.76 5.83 5.795 1.2183 45.62 28.62 1.59399 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr6/2 10r4/6 10r4/6 Reducing 3 L&S #3-Bowl same as 24, 33 KB 2 20-30 39 3.12 3.87 3.97 3.92 0.7959 34.59 22.75 1.52044 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/4 10yr3/1 10r3/1 Oxidizing 3 L&S #3-Bowl same as 24, 33 KB 2 20-30 40 2.29 3.9 3.34 3.62 0.6326 29.98 25.78 1.16292 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/4 10yr5/2 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 L&S #3-Bowl same as 24, 33 KB 2 20-30 41 5.05 3.95 6.11 5.03 1.004 40.47 27.42 1.47593 Body Y Y Paint N Shell (foraminifera) Varies 10yr5/1 10yr5/2 10r4/6 Reducing 3 L&S #3-Bowl firing clouds on ext, red paint on int.same as 19, 24, 33 KB 2 20-30 42 5.74 7.07 4.98 6.025 0.9527 36.58 25.59 1.42946 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr5/2 10r4/6 Reducing 3 L&S #3-Bowl black staining on int. black line of paint/ slip on ext. same as 19, 24, 33 KB 2 20-30 43 3.07 3.9 3.65 3.775 0.8132 32.63 25.74 1.26768 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr4/1 10r4/6 Reducing 3 L&S #3-Bowl same as 24, 33 KB 2 20-30 44 5.16 4.24 3.95 4.095 1.2601 37.87 31.55 1.20032 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 5yr4/1 10r4/6 Reducing 3 L&S #3-Bowl same as 24, 33 KB 2 20-30 45 9.24 5.89 4.65 5.27 1.7533 52.81 43 1.22814 Base Y Y Paint N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 5yr4/1 10r4/6 Reducing 3 L&S #3-Bowl same as 24, 33. thick line of red paint on int. 2 pcs glued together KB 2 20-30 46 1.74 3.36 4.09 3.725 0.4671 27.47 21.75 1.26299 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r6/8 7.5yr5/4 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 L&S #3-Bowl same as 24, 33 KB 2 20-30 47 2.93 5.46 4.16 4.81 0.6091 30.3 25.74 1.17716 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr4/1 10r4/3 Reducing 3 L&S #3-Bowl same as 24, 33 KB 2 20-30 48 7.81 7.34 6.3 6.82 1.1452 36.06 32.69 1.10309 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 red slipped Everted rounded KB 2 20-30 49 13.86 6.34 6.42 6.38 2.1724 49.48 40.1 1.23392 Body N N Black StainingN Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr3/0 10r5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 50 8.98 9.29 7.4 8.345 1.0761 36.62 21.23 1.72492 Neck N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 51 4.84 4.32 3.79 4.055 1.1936 44.57 22.74 1.95998 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 52 12.69 5.56 4.94 5.25 2.4171 58.02 42.65 1.36038 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/2 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 53 8.1 6.65 3.83 5.24 1.5458 51.48 39.94 1.28893 Body N N N Coating Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr5/2 10r5/8 10yr5/3 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 54 6.34 4.16 3.95 4.055 1.5635 41.27 29.66 1.39144 Body N N N Coating Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 55 4.84 4.98 4.88 4.93 0.9817 35.77 30.95 1.15574 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 56 16.92 8.24 9.65 8.945 1.8916 40.96 32.65 1.25452 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Lava, Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 Red Paint straight rounded same as 57, 58, 59, 60. v. crumbly KB 2 20-30 57 26.13 11.57 7.32 9.445 2.7665 51.93 45.06 1.15246 Rim Y Y Paint N Grit w/ Lava, Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 Red Paint straight rounded same as 56, 58, 59, 60. 3 horizontal red lines painted on int. crumbly, multiple pcs glued together, some disintegrated, tho. KB 2 20-30 58 9.1 8.6 8.09 8.345 1.0905 30.12 24.79 1.21501 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Lava, Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 same as 56, 57, 59, 60. v. crumbly KB 2 20-30 59 1.17 4.26 4.1 4.18 0.2799 16.78 13.88 1.20893 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Lava, Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 same as 56, 57, 58, 60. v. crumbly KB 2 20-30 60 0.74 7.03 3.31 5.17 0.1431 13.5 10.36 1.30309 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Lava, Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 same as 56, 57, 58, 59. v. crumbly KB 2 20-30 61 9.37 7.57 7.62 7.595 1.2337 44.18 27.42 1.61123 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/0 10r6/8 7.5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 20-30 62 1.86 4.43 4.22 4.325 0.4301 23.1 21.06 1.09687 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 7.5yr6/4 10r5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 63 4.32 5.51 6.52 6.015 0.7182 26.32 23.34 1.12768 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Shell Varies 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 20-30 64 5.29 4.9 4.2 4.55 1.1626 41.05 27.75 1.47928 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr4/0 10r5/8 7.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 65 6.73 6.01 5.44 5.725 1.1755 31.82 30.58 1.04055 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 66 4.69 5.33 4.35 4.84 0.969 35.35 23.37 1.51262 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/8 7.5yr6/2 10r5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 67 6.98 6.06 4.96 5.51 1.2668 32.92 30.6 1.07582 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 7.5yr6/4 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 68 3.62 3.29 3.69 3.49 1.0372 41.25 24.65 1.67343 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 69 9.23 8.16 7.63 7.895 1.1691 35.89 31.75 1.13039 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 20-30 70 3.04 4.09 2.92 3.505 0.8673 32.41 25.44 1.27398 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/2 2.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 71 3.36 4.7 5.37 5.035 0.6673 30.88 20.77 1.48676 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr6/6 2.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 72 2.75 4.72 3.3 4.01 0.6858 33.58 22.05 1.5229 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr5/2 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 73 2.99 4.41 3.75 4.08 0.7328 27.51 20.68 1.33027 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 5yr6/4 2.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 74 2.09 3.84 4.31 4.075 0.5129 25.61 20.45 1.25232 Body N N N N Grit w/ Shell Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr3/2 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 75 1.73 3.49 3.35 3.42 0.5058 25.1 19.08 1.31551 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/8 7.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 20-30 76 1.2 3.49 2.79 3.14 0.3822 19.93 20.64 0.9656 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 5yr5/3 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 20-30 77 1.08 3.56 3.47 3.515 0.3073 16.12 15.83 1.01832 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 78 2.17 5.5 3.12 4.31 0.5035 28.34 19.64 1.44297 Body N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/4 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 Diagonal Hatch can't really tell the incised design due to size KB 2 20-30 79 0.62 3.46 2.74 3.1 0.2 15.65 12.34 1.26823 Body N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/2 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 Single Incise sim to above (78), but doesn't refit. KB 2 20-30 80 1.69 3.77 3.48 3.625 0.4662 22.25 20.14 1.10477 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 81 3.44 7.01 5.53 6.27 0.5486 24.26 22.01 1.10223 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr5/4 2.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 82 2 4.25 3.62 3.935 0.5083 26.21 21.64 1.21118 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 83 2.46 4.38 6.01 5.195 0.4735 23.42 18.63 1.25711 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 7.5yr6/4 10r3/1 Reducing 3 L&S #3-Bowl same as 16, 24 KB 2 20-30 84 1.89 3.9 3.21 3.555 0.5316 21.58 18.87 1.14361 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 7.5yr4/0 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 20-30 85 1.56 2.42 2.63 2.525 0.6178 26.52 20.33 1.30448 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava Fine 10r5/6 10r5/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 20-30 88 1.32 4.28 4.46 4.37 0.3021 17.29 14.11 1.22537 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 20-30 89 0.74 3.39 3.45 3.42 0.2164 19.6 11.68 1.67808 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr7/2 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 90 2.32 4.58 4.55 4.565 0.5082 21.98 18.49 1.18875 Body N N Black StainingN Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/4 2.5yr3/0 10yr4/1 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 20-30 91 1.66 3.14 2.23 2.685 0.6182 24.1 18.33 1.31478 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 20-30 92 1.67 4.73 4.32 4.525 0.3691 20.32 16.11 1.26133 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 20-30 93 1.77 5.68 4.56 5.12 0.3457 22.25 18.24 1.21985 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 94 1.57 5.04 5.13 5.085 0.3088 19.25 13.61 1.4144 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 95 0.91 4.08 3.86 3.97 0.2292 20.11 12.94 1.5541 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/2 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 96 1.3 3.99 3.96 3.975 0.327 18.92 15.49 1.22143 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr5/4 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/6 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 97 1.27 4.09 3.41 3.75 0.3387 17.27 17.18 1.00524 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 20-30 98 1.06 4.75 4.2 4.475 0.2369 19.06 14.25 1.33754 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 10r5/8 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 99 0.98 4.49 4.33 4.41 0.2222 18.62 13.43 1.38645 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 10yr5/1 2.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 100 2.13 4.8 4.77 4.785 0.4451 24.34 19.08 1.27568 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr5/2 2.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 101 1.26 3.39 3.27 3.33 0.3784 19.16 16.72 1.14593 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r5/4 10r5/4 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 20-30 102 1.83 4.85 6.02 5.435 0.3367 21.72 15.77 1.3773 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr6/4 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 20-30 103 1.9 4.98 4.49 4.735 0.4013 17.6 19.2 0.91667 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 10r5/8 7.5yr5/2 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 20-30 104 1.18 4.07 3.72 3.895 0.303 24.13 13.76 1.75363 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 20-30 105 0.93 5.01 4.63 4.82 0.1929 21.13 12.14 1.74053 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica, Shell Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 ext has sloughed off KB 2 20-30 106 1.22 3.25 3.32 3.285 0.3714 25.32 15.62 1.621 Body Y N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr5/6 10r4/6 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 20-30 107 1.13 3.18 3.11 3.145 0.3593 20.01 15.22 1.31472 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 108 0.9 2.43 2.21 2.32 0.3879 19.69 17.59 1.11939 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 20-30 109 1.05 3.45 3.42 3.435 0.3057 17.51 13.53 1.29416 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 10r5/2 10r5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 110 0.64 2.91 2.54 2.725 0.2349 19.84 12.34 1.60778 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 10yr5/3 10yr5/2 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 111 0.66 3.6 3.32 3.46 0.1908 16.4 11.94 1.37353 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Grog, Lava Fine 10r5/4 10r5/4 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 20-30 112 3.9 4.84 5.42 5.13 0.7602 31.82 24.82 1.28203 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr3/0 10yr4/2 10yr5/2 Reducing 3 2 pcs glued together KB 2 20-30 113 0.62 2.63 2.81 2.72 0.2279 14.71 11.87 1.23926 Body N N N Black StainingShell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 20-30 114 0.65 3.87 3.34 3.605 0.1803 16.06 11.23 1.4301 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 115 1.06 4.05 3.59 3.82 0.2775 21.53 12.02 1.79118 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 Diagonal Hatch KB 2 20-30 116 1.02 3.8 3.05 3.425 0.2978 16.85 15.92 1.05842 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr3/0 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 same as 114, above KB 2 20-30 117 0.81 2.87 3.07 2.97 0.2727 17.75 14.45 1.22837 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr2.5/4 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 20-30 118 1.63 5.13 4.58 4.855 0.3357 17.55 16.72 1.04964 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/6 7.5yr6/4 2.5yr4/0 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 20-30 119 0.79 3.58 3.33 3.455 0.2287 17.48 12.66 1.38073 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 20-30 120 0.63 2.78 3 2.89 0.218 18.16 13.61 1.33431 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 20-30 121 0.5 3.71 2.24 2.975 0.1681 14.57 11.25 1.29511 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/2 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 Page 41 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments KB 2 20-30 122 0.59 4.7 4.29 4.495 0.1313 15.42 9.19 1.67791 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 123 22.52 10.87 7.28 9.075 2.4815 58.64 48.93 1.19845 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr6/6 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 very flat. KB 2 20-30 124 34.41 15.26 9.66 12.46 2.7616 62.86 42.6 1.47559 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Mica, Shell Varies 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 Straight L&S #7- Forna firing clouds KB 2 20-30 125 4.72 3.64 4.02 3.83 1.2324 43.62 19.05 2.28976 Body N N N Coating Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 7.5yr5/2 5yr5/3 Reducing 3 white coating on ext KB 2 20-30 126 4.14 4.32 3.89 4.105 1.0085 39.47 21.27 1.85567 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 5yr6/4 2..5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 127 11.47 7.14 8.15 7.645 1.5003 40.38 31.99 1.26227 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 triangular shaped, with one corner broken off and not water-worn. KB 2 20-30 128 7.45 7.25 7.03 7.14 1.0434 29.39 27.29 1.07695 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 5yr6/4 10r5/8 10r5/6 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 129 10.85 7.25 6.31 6.78 1.6003 59.57 37.37 1.59406 Body N N Charred N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 130 9.52 8.28 7.75 8.015 1.1878 39.85 26.99 1.47647 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 131 3.43 4.52 3.54 4.03 0.8511 36.22 24.99 1.44938 Body N N N Coating Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 132 4.11 5.03 3.44 4.235 0.9705 34.75 27.18 1.27851 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 20-30 133 8.3 8.54 5.75 7.145 1.1617 32.14 25.76 1.24767 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Lava, Mica, Coarse 10r5/8 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 roofing tile? Same as 56 KB 2 20-30 134 4.3 5.7 4.58 5.14 0.8366 34.55 19.01 1.81746 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 7.5yr6/4 10r5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 135 3.91 4.52 3.75 4.135 0.9456 34.53 26.81 1.28795 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/8 Reducing 3 2 pcs glued together, one pc appears to be missing, but it's a recent break. KB 2 20-30 136 5.87 5.41 3.98 4.695 1.2503 50.21 28.25 1.77735 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 10yr5/1 10yr6/3 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 137 3.56 3.7 4.01 3.855 0.9235 32.79 24.89 1.3174 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 5yr4/1 10r4/6 Reducing 3 L&S #3-Bowl match with 44, 43 KB 2 20-30 138 4.87 4.26 5.76 5.01 0.9721 37.03 31.42 1.17855 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 3 pcs glued together KB 2 20-30 139 3.17 5.25 4.78 5.015 0.6321 30.42 23.7 1.28354 Body N N N Paint Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 Red and Black Paint gray, red, and peach paint on ext, mostly worn away, can't tell design. KB 2 20-30 140 3.7 6.52 6 6.26 0.5911 27.97 24.51 1.14117 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r6/6 5yr6/6 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 20-30 141 2.64 6.97 7.06 7.015 0.3763 22.86 16.84 1.35748 Rim N N Paint N Grit w/ Lava Fine 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 Red and Black Paint very crumbly, same as 142. red paint on int, but mostly worn off. KB 2 20-30 142 2.69 6.3 7.21 6.755 0.3982 25.68 16.51 1.55542 Body N N N N Grit w/ Lava Fine 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 7.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 very crumbly, same as 141, 3 pcs glued KB 2 20-30 143 1.33 4.94 4.13 4.535 0.2933 17.34 15.89 1.09125 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr5/6 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 144 2.04 3.49 3.28 3.385 0.6027 32.02 17.76 1.80293 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 20-30 145 1.57 4.21 3.67 3.94 0.3985 20.9 18.81 1.11111 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 146 1.78 4.9 4.66 4.78 0.3724 22.79 14.67 1.55351 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 20-30 147 3.28 4.29 3.47 3.88 0.8454 27.67 20.77 1.33221 Body N N N Coating Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/3 5yr5/6 5yr5/3 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 148 2.54 5.84 5.32 5.58 0.4552 20.84 16.59 1.25618 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 10yr4/1 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 149 2.94 7.67 7.34 7.505 0.3917 21.16 19.3 1.09637 Body N N N N Grit w/ Shell Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 20-30 150 4.52 5.71 4.42 5.065 0.8924 36.27 29.54 1.22783 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/0 2.5yr5/6 5yr4/1 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 151 4.53 4.28 5 4.64 0.9763 31.51 29.08 1.08356 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/1 5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 152 1.88 4.56 4.39 4.475 0.4201 19.09 17.06 1.11899 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/6 5yr5/8 5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 20-30 153 3.35 4.16 3.95 4.055 0.8261 28.74 24.48 1.17402 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 5yr5/8 7.5yr7/0 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 154 2.21 4.16 3.94 4.05 0.5457 24.62 21.47 1.14672 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 white coating on 2 edges, but not surface. KB 2 20-30 155 1.41 3.17 3.04 3.105 0.4541 25.09 19.63 1.27815 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 20-30 156 4.73 5.99 4.21 5.1 0.9275 41.06 27.85 1.47433 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr5/4 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 157 5.84 3.69 3.52 3.605 1.62 34.23 32.82 1.04296 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 10yr5/1 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 158 7.79 5.74 5.77 5.755 1.3536 31.93 31.9 1.00094 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 10r6/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 20-30 159 1.84 3.77 3.31 3.54 0.5198 22.85 18.85 1.2122 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr4/1 10r5/8 10yr4/3 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 160 5.39 4.13 3.03 3.58 1.5056 39.2 30.96 1.26615 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 7.5yr6/2 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 20-30 161 3.09 6.12 5.04 5.58 0.5538 22.77 19.71 1.15525 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 20-30 162 3.86 3.08 3.15 3.115 1.2392 32.33 30.45 1.06174 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 2 pcs glued together KB 2 20-30 163 8.81 3.53 5.24 4.385 2.0091 52.41 30.73 1.7055 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr7/2 7.5yr7/2 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 KB 2 30-40 1 57.4 4.92 3.79 4.355 13.18 106.85 98.67 1.0829 Shoulder Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 10yr5/2 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 broke into 6 pcs after photo. Glued back together. :-( KB 2 30-40 2 11.84 6.73 4.37 5.55 2.1333 64.34 34.84 1.84673 Body N Y N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/0 7.5yr5/4 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 Incise-links same as KB.2.20-30.13 (same decoration, probably same pot.) KB 2 30-40 3 52.53 7.76 8.95 8.355 6.2873 116.24 46.76 2.48589 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 Everted rounded L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ below KB 2 30-40 4 20.64 8.33 6.26 7.295 2.8293 65.81 36.94 1.78154 Shoulder N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 Everted rounded L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ above KB 2 30-40 5 7.17 7.82 6.97 7.395 0.9696 41.25 21.69 1.9018 Shoulder N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 Everted rounded L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ above KB 2 30-40 6 11.54 8.42 7.94 8.18 1.4108 41 26.79 1.53042 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 Everted rounded L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ above KB 2 30-40 7 7.1 6.86 7.06 6.96 1.0201 36.12 23.1 1.56364 Shoulder N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 Everted rounded L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ above KB 2 30-40 8 13.81 8.71 4.79 6.75 2.0459 47.25 40.55 1.16523 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 Everted rounded L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 4, 7 KB 2 30-40 9 7.84 5.33 5.79 5.56 1.4101 43.07 32.87 1.31031 Body N N N Black Staining Grit w/ Coral, Sand, Shell Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 same as KB.2.20-30.23 KB 2 30-40 10 8.93 5.67 5.57 5.62 1.589 43.03 30.01 1.43386 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/4 10yr4/1 Reducing 3 refit w/ below KB 2 30-40 11 9.86 5.81 5.79 5.8 1.7 44.47 33.33 1.33423 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/4 10yr4/1 Reducing 3 refit w/ above KB 2 30-40 12 39.76 13.21 5.81 9.51 4.1809 83.86 42.12 1.99098 Rim N N N Punctate Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 Reducing 3 Semi-Circular StampInverted Flat L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ Kb.2.20-30.10. semi-circle punctate. KB 2 30-40 13 92.9 13.94 21.99 17.965 5.1712 72.8 80.31 0.90649 Rim N N N Coating Shell (foraminifera) w/ Grog Varies 2.5yr5/0 5yr7/4 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 Everted pointed KB 2 30-40 14 57.29 15.05 7.51 11.28 5.0789 87.26 44.81 1.94733 Rim N N N Punctate Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr6/1 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 Semi-Circular StampInverted Flat L&S #1- Globular Jarh lf-circle punctates KB 2 30-40 15 16.18 8.71 10.06 9.385 1.724 60.9 29.76 2.04637 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 Everted pointed KB 2 30-40 16 9.4 10.1 9.32 9.71 0.9681 29.55 28.05 1.05348 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted rounded KB 2 30-40 17 12.26 9.33 7.75 8.54 1.4356 51.87 31.8 1.63113 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr5/0 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 Everted pointed KB 2 30-40 18 8.61 8.23 7.54 7.885 1.0919 39.53 27.88 1.41786 Rim Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/6 Reducing 3 Everted pointed KB 2 30-40 19 11.99 5.84 4.64 5.24 2.2882 50.51 39.61 1.27518 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 10r4/4 Oxidizing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jars me as 20 KB 2 30-40 20 6.85 5.63 4.85 5.24 1.3073 47.4 30.52 1.55308 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 10r4/4 Oxidizing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jars me as 19 KB 2 30-40 21 8.77 4.57 4.46 4.515 1.9424 65.58 36.74 1.78498 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 10r4/4 Oxidizing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jars me as 19, 20 KB 2 30-40 22 2.11 5.19 5.35 5.27 0.4004 22.33 18.64 1.19796 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 10r4/4 Oxidizing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jars me as 19, 20, 21 KB 2 30-40 23 2.19 5.56 5.45 5.505 0.3978 24.11 18.9 1.27566 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 10r4/4 Oxidizing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jars me as 19, 20, 21, 22 KB 2 30-40 24 1.85 4.73 4.14 4.435 0.4171 28.83 21.92 1.31524 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 10r4/4 Oxidizing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jars me as 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 KB 2 30-40 25 4.72 9.04 9.14 9.09 0.5193 29.91 21.34 1.40159 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr6/6 10r4/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jars me as 26, 27, 28 KB 2 30-40 26 5.02 7.63 7.91 7.77 0.6461 36.49 18.61 1.96077 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr6/6 10r4/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jars me as 25, 27, 28 KB 2 30-40 27 1.31 7.97 7.79 7.88 0.1662 16.21 13.13 1.23458 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr6/6 10r4/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jars me as 25, 26, 27 KB 2 30-40 28 9.43 4.75 4.07 4.41 2.1383 42.3 43.15 0.9803 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/4 10yr5/2 Reducing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 29 KB 2 30-40 29 4.77 3.57 3.63 3.6 1.325 36.07 30.43 1.18534 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr5/4 10yr5/2 Reducing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 28 KB 2 30-40 30 4.19 5.19 5.43 5.31 0.7891 32.77 25.73 1.27361 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 10r4/4 Oxidizing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jars me as 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 KB 2 30-40 31 3.1 6.25 5.16 5.705 0.5434 27.92 18.14 1.53914 Shoulder N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr4/4 Reducing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 32, 33 KB 2 30-40 32 3.88 5.71 4.1 4.905 0.791 27.4 19.55 1.40153 Shoulder N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr4/4 Reducing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 31, 33 KB 2 30-40 33 5.83 5.57 3.97 4.77 1.2222 41.76 27.43 1.52242 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr4/4 Reducing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 31, 32 KB 2 30-40 34 4.51 4 2.27 3.135 1.4386 35.58 41.45 0.85838 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 35 KB 2 30-40 35 2.25 3.28 3.99 3.635 0.619 33.92 14.91 2.27498 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 34 KB 2 30-40 36 10.07 5.21 5.21 5.21 1.9328 44.71 31.58 1.41577 Body N N Charred N Grit Coarse 2.5yr4/4 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 in a baggie b/c shedding charring. KB 2 30-40 37 7.75 4.37 4.19 4.28 1.8107 41.72 37.06 1.12574 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 10r5/8 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 38 Page 42 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments KB 2 30-40 38 3.2 4.57 4.89 4.73 0.6765 33.88 24.02 1.41049 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 10r5/8 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 37 KB 2 30-40 39 5.96 4.1 3.36 3.73 1.5979 36.42 36.14 1.00775 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/6 10r4/6 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 2 pcs glued together KB 2 30-40 40 6.84 7.46 4.81 6.135 1.1149 30.08 39.54 0.76075 Shoulder N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 Parallel Incise KB 2 30-40 41 12.11 4.54 4.99 4.765 2.5414 48.31 37.41 1.29137 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 30-40 42 7.14 3.72 4.36 4.04 1.7673 52.6 37.14 1.41626 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 30-40 43 5.43 11.33 6.32 8.825 0.6153 23.99 22.39 1.07146 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr7/2 10r5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 30-40 44 5.22 5.96 4.39 5.175 1.0087 36.94 29.64 1.24629 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/4 2.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 Inverted Rounded KB 2 30-40 45 1.94 4.98 4.61 4.795 0.4046 29.27 15.67 1.8679 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 refit w/ Kb.2.30-40.08 KB 2 30-40 46 3.68 4.69 5.35 5.02 0.7331 33.18 18.68 1.77623 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 30-40 47 8.14 2.94 4.01 3.475 2.3424 46.01 38.66 1.19012 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/8 5yr5/8 7.5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 30-40 48 5.81 4.66 4.14 4.4 1.3205 36.23 27.65 1.31031 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 7.5yr6/4 5yr4/2 Reducing 3 KB 2 30-40 49 5.68 5.21 3.69 4.45 1.2764 41.04 29.78 1.37811 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 5yr5/4 7.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 KB 2 30-40 50 2.81 3.91 3.63 3.77 0.7454 30.61 24.96 1.22636 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 refit w/ 51 KB 2 30-40 51 1.79 4.2 3.9 4.05 0.442 24.96 15.72 1.58779 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 refit w/ 50 KB 2 30-40 52 3.58 4.36 2.64 3.5 1.0229 33.89 25.56 1.3259 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr5/2 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 30-40 53 2.44 3.85 3.12 3.485 0.7001 32.87 19.76 1.66346 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 KB 2 30-40 54 5.61 6.11 5.28 5.695 0.9851 28.63 26.71 1.07188 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 2.5yr6/4 2.5yr6/4 2.5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 30-40 55 8.72 5.96 4.64 5.3 1.6453 41.08 34.76 1.18182 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r6/8 10r6/8 10r6/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 30-40 56 6.39 5.07 5.32 5.195 1.23 33.74 33.66 1.00238 Body Y N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 5yr4/6 10r4/8 5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 30-40 57 5.92 5.18 4.91 5.045 1.1734 38.1 28.28 1.34724 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr6/4 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 30-40 58 5.49 6.15 3.87 5.01 1.0958 37.41 27.41 1.36483 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 7.5yr5/4 2.5yr4/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 30-40 59 3.02 3.09 2.96 3.025 0.9983 38.17 26.87 1.42054 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 30-40 60 3.11 3.78 3.15 3.465 0.8975 33.92 25.06 1.35355 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 30-40 61 5.89 7.92 6.73 7.325 0.8041 29.85 24.71 1.20801 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr6/2 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 30-40 62 6.44 3.8 4.61 4.205 1.5315 37.64 29.46 1.27766 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 red slipped KB 2 30-40 63 3.36 5.31 4.89 5.1 0.6588 28.35 20.89 1.35711 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr4/0 5yr5/6 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 KB 2 30-40 64 8.09 6.1 4.5 5.3 1.5264 38.71 34.07 1.13619 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr6/2 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/0 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 30-40 65 5.61 3.29 2.31 2.8 2.0036 45.23 32.78 1.3798 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 10yr5/1 Reducing 3 KB 2 30-40 66 1.64 4.97 4.42 4.695 0.3493 20.98 13.64 1.53812 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 30-40 67 1.69 4.57 4.39 4.48 0.3772 24.84 12.4 2.00323 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 30-40 68 1.32 2.85 2.41 2.63 0.5019 19.35 18.92 1.02273 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 30-40 69 5.65 8.55 7.37 7.96 0.7098 26.56 25.51 1.04116 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 10r5/8 5yr6/1 Reducing 3 KB 2 30-40 70 3.76 7.31 4.72 6.015 0.6251 26.71 19.41 1.37609 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r4/8 2.5yr3/0 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 30-40 71 2.55 4.57 4.33 4.45 0.573 26.17 24.9 1.051 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/2 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 KB 2 30-40 72 2.45 5.51 4.08 4.795 0.5109 26.22 25.28 1.03718 lid N N N N Grit w/ Grog Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 L&S #3- Lid terra cotta lid? KB 2 30-40 73 6.49 4.83 4.27 4.55 1.4264 43.86 26.66 1.64516 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/6 10r4/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 30-40 74 2.85 3.81 2.95 3.38 0.8432 37.75 19.35 1.9509 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/2 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr4/6 Reducing 3 KB 2 30-40 75 4.01 5.14 3.48 4.31 0.9304 33.19 26.44 1.2553 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr5/0 Reducing 3 KB 2 30-40 76 3.38 4.22 4.4 4.31 0.7842 35.78 18.88 1.89513 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 7.5yr5/4 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 30-40 77 1.69 6 5.27 5.635 0.2999 25.04 12.73 1.96701 Body N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 Single Incise KB 2 30-40 78 1.41 3.45 3.51 3.48 0.4052 28.44 14.11 2.01559 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 7.5yr3/2 10r4/8 10r4/1 Reducing 3 KB 2 30-40 79 1.47 4.31 3.71 4.01 0.3666 21.33 15.07 1.41539 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 30-40 80 2.8 4.6 2.82 3.71 0.7547 26.73 19.3 1.38497 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 2.5yr3/0 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 30-40 81 1.77 5.2 3.52 4.36 0.406 26.39 18.53 1.42418 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 5yr6/6 2.5yr4/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 30-40 82 2.85 4.88 5 4.94 0.5769 26.53 17.57 1.50996 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 firing cloud KB 2 30-40 83 4.37 4.92 4.52 4.72 0.9258 26.23 24.19 1.08433 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/0 5yr5/4 10yr5/1 Reducing 3 KB 2 30-40 84 2.3 5.66 4.7 5.18 0.444 25.33 17.6 1.4392 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr4/4 Reducing 3 KB 2 30-40 87 3.98 6.02 5.99 6.005 0.6628 29.47 19.6 1.50357 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) w/ Grog Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 30-40 88 2.02 3.99 4.07 4.03 0.5012 20.42 18.3 1.11585 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 30-40 89 0.79 3.54 3.64 3.59 0.2201 21.02 11.83 1.77684 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 KB 2 30-40 90 1.66 4.91 4.8 4.855 0.3419 23.44 16.48 1.42233 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 30-40 91 3.82 5.15 4.92 5.035 0.7587 29.52 24.75 1.19273 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/2 Reducing 3 KB 2 30-40 92 1.1 3.16 3.45 3.305 0.3328 17.7 15.66 1.13027 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 KB 2 30-40 93 1.34 3.54 2.1 2.82 0.4752 25.79 23.57 1.09419 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 KB 2 30-40 94 1.14 2.63 2.62 2.625 0.4343 24.44 16.75 1.4591 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 30-40 95 1.03 3.2 3.38 3.29 0.3131 19.06 16.04 1.18828 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/8 5yr5/8 5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 30-40 96 1.04 4.99 5.02 5.005 0.2078 17.19 12.6 1.36429 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 30-40 97 0.91 2.93 3.12 3.025 0.3008 15.75 15.27 1.03143 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/6 7.5yr4/2 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 30-40 98 0.57 3.8 3.92 3.86 0.1477 12.62 9.6 1.31458 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 10r4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 30-40 99 0.39 2.46 2.44 2.45 0.1592 11.45 10.18 1.12475 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 30-40 100 1.41 5.21 5.96 5.585 0.2525 15.81 11.83 1.33643 Body N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 Single Incise KB 2 40-50 1 38.24 8.35 5.83 7.09 5.3935 80.88 65.48 1.23519 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 Everted rounded L&S #1- Globular Jarrefits with kb.2.30-40.4, 3, 8 KB 2 40-50 2 12.85 4.91 4.82 4.865 2.6413 56.49 47.71 1.18403 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/6 5yr6/4 2.5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 3 KB 2 40-50 3 17.22 5.13 5.47 5.3 3.2491 57.23 52.28 1.09468 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/6 5yr6/4 2.5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 2 KB 2 40-50 4 15.7 5.76 5.43 5.595 2.8061 61.96 44.36 1.39675 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/6 5yr6/4 2.5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 2 KB 2 40-50 5 44.28 10.36 7.9 9.13 4.8499 66.52 54.44 1.2219 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 Inverted rounded KB 2 40-50 6 27.1 11.99 7.14 9.565 2.8332 61.55 51.07 1.20521 Rim Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/4 10r4/6 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted rounded KB 2 40-50 7 7.27 11.08 8.67 9.875 0.7362 33.37 19.69 1.69477 Shoulder Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/4 10r4/6 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 40-50 8 5.44 6.84 7.12 6.98 0.7794 29.93 26.71 1.12055 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/4 10r4/6 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 40-50 9 2.77 4.64 4.47 4.555 0.6081 30.96 19.42 1.59423 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/6 5yr6/4 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 40-50 10 5.69 10.23 8.19 9.21 0.6178 32.17 22.84 1.40849 Shoulder Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 10r4/8 10r4/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 40-50 11 3.97 7.25 7.61 7.43 0.5343 25.02 23.86 1.04862 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/6 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 40-50 12 3.94 6.72 5.2 5.96 0.6611 23.55 21.32 1.1046 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 7.5yr6/4 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 red slipped Inverted Rounded KB 2 40-50 13 2.16 5.83 5.02 5.425 0.3982 21.29 21.11 1.00853 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r5/4 10r3/4 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 40-50 14 1.52 9.16 9.61 9.385 0.162 18.65 13.21 1.41181 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/6 10r4/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 40-50 15 1.31 7.22 7.09 7.155 0.1831 20.73 10.53 1.96866 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/6 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 40-50 16 42.28 15.22 14.31 14.765 2.8635 54.02 43.43 1.24384 Corner N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/4 2.5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 L&S #7- Forna refit w/ 17 KB 2 40-50 17 9.92 10.41 7.34 8.875 1.1177 31.76 27.83 1.14121 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/4 2.5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 Straight L&S #7- Forna refit w/ 16 KB 2 40-50 18 4.46 8.35 8.56 8.455 0.5275 24.69 24.49 1.00817 Body N N Paint N Grit w/ Grog, Mica Varies 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 Red Paint same as KB.2.20-30.57 KB 2 40-50 19 13.78 10.48 8.74 9.61 1.4339 38.28 26.34 1.4533 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr5/0 Reducing 3 KB 2 40-50 20 13.32 7.81 6.57 7.19 1.8526 45.91 33.17 1.38408 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) w/ Grog Varies 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 KB 2 40-50 21 6.74 4.24 6.25 5.245 1.285 32.2 31.64 1.0177 Shoulder N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 KB 2 40-50 22 4.37 5.67 6.1 5.885 0.7426 24.04 20.78 1.15688 Shoulder N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 40-50 23 5.1 8.61 7.25 7.93 0.6431 27.24 22.71 1.19947 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr4/8 7.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 40-50 24 2.36 3.44 3.71 3.575 0.6601 28.44 18.61 1.52821 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr3/2 2.5yr3/0 Oxidizing 3 Page 43 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments KB 2 40-50 25 2.12 4.56 3.33 3.945 0.5374 23.04 21.77 1.05834 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Varies 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 weird gray slip on ext. sim to one KB.2. 20- KB 2 40-50 26 2.89 4.31 3.42 3.865 0.7477 30.66 22.44 1.36631 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 40-50 27 1.06 3.37 2.75 3.06 0.3464 17.22 15.92 1.08166 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr6/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 40-50 28 1.06 6.7 6.16 6.43 0.1649 14.68 11.67 1.25793 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 Inverted Pointed KB 2 40-50 29 2.27 3.81 3.78 3.795 0.5982 23.43 20.77 1.12807 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 5yr5/6 2.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 KB 2 40-50 30 3.7 4.29 3.82 4.055 0.9125 40.38 27.38 1.4748 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/6 5yr6/6 Reducing 3 KB 2 40-50 31 8.62 8.78 6.62 7.7 1.1195 32.55 29.69 1.09633 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 7.5yr7/4 7.5yr7/4 7.5yr7/4 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 40-50 32 2.49 5.15 5.03 5.09 0.4892 27.07 21.46 1.26142 Rim Y N Paint N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 Red Paint Inverted Rounded KB 2 40-50 33 2.03 4.16 3.12 3.64 0.5577 22.8 19.92 1.14458 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/0 10yr6/2 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 40-50 34 1.36 3.88 2.58 3.23 0.4211 19.92 17.53 1.13634 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 40-50 35 3.18 3.47 3.65 3.56 0.8933 34.03 19.68 1.72917 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 5yr5/6 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr3/2 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 40-50 36 8.07 4.54 5.23 4.885 1.652 42.41 36.56 1.16001 Shoulder N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 5yr6/4 Reducing 3 KB 2 40-50 37 6.81 4.82 4.79 4.805 1.4173 36.12 27.24 1.32599 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr4/6 Reducing 3 KB 2 40-50 38 6.57 5.62 5.5 5.56 1.1817 37.99 31.62 1.20145 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 2.5yr5/0 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 40-50 39 2.96 4.84 3.72 4.28 0.6916 32.28 17.97 1.79633 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/8 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 40-50 40 5.27 4.95 4.84 4.895 1.0766 36.3 26.46 1.37188 Body N N N Coating Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 10yr6/1 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 KB 2 40-50 41 4 8 4.99 6.495 0.6159 24.87 23.61 1.05337 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 10yr5/1 10yr5/1 2.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 Everted Damaged KB 2 40-50 42 0.96 3.51 3.73 3.62 0.2652 19.56 12.24 1.59804 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 40-50 43 3.23 4.91 4.18 4.545 0.7107 32.07 21.07 1.52207 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 40-50 44 5.01 4.47 3.15 3.81 1.315 35.14 26.98 1.30245 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 40-50 45 3.59 4.24 3.47 3.855 0.9313 29.79 24.31 1.22542 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr6/4 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 40-50 46 4.69 5.05 4.77 4.91 0.9552 33.88 27.63 1.2262 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 40-50 47 1.82 3.95 3.43 3.69 0.4932 29.12 15.34 1.89831 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 KB 2 40-50 48 4.41 6.37 6.04 6.205 0.7107 26.7 24.55 1.08758 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/4 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 KB 2 40-50 49 4.85 6.72 4.33 5.525 0.8778 27.73 24.88 1.11455 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 40-50 50 2.3 5 4.91 4.955 0.4642 23.01 19.93 1.15454 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/2 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr5/4 Reducing 3 KB 2 40-50 51 11.44 9.46 7.01 8.235 1.3892 39.72 28.83 1.37773 Shoulder Y N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr6/0 Reducing 3 orange int w/ black staining KB 2 40-50 52 3.39 4.75 3.84 4.295 0.7893 30.03 22.79 1.31768 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 40-50 53 7.63 8.61 5.34 6.975 1.0939 33.46 28.47 1.17527 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 40-50 54 2.68 4.98 5.24 5.11 0.5245 30.15 18.37 1.64126 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 10yr4/1 Reducing 3 KB 2 40-50 55 8.77 10.79 5.87 8.33 1.0528 40.14 25.04 1.60304 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 5yr6/4 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted Pointed KB 2 40-50 56 4.43 3.24 3.89 3.565 1.2426 37.52 24.8 1.5129 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 KB 2 40-50 57 0.86 8.44 6.68 7.56 0.1138 19.49 5.5 3.54364 Body N N N N Grit w/ Shell Coarse 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 40-50 58 0.61 3.93 3.84 3.885 0.157 13.66 9.94 1.37425 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/8 10r4/8 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 40-50 59 0.49 3.57 3.77 3.67 0.1335 15.67 10.04 1.56076 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r6/8 10r6/8 10r6/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 40-50 60 0.63 3.26 3.45 3.355 0.1878 17.51 9.61 1.82206 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 10r5/6 10r5/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 50-60 1 9.96 8.6 4.87 6.735 1.4788 36.13 31.4 1.15064 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 Everted pointed KB 2 50-60 2 47.76 11.19 9.75 10.47 4.5616 66.04 57.72 1.14414 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica Varies 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 Inverted Rounded Roofing Tile roofing tile? KB 2 50-60 3 13.43 5.07 3.06 4.065 3.3038 71.14 48.43 1.46892 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/6 5yr6/4 2.5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 same as KB.2.40-50.2,3,4 but does not refit KB 2 50-60 4 19.53 10.2 9.83 10.015 1.9501 58.94 33.79 1.7443 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica Varies 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 Roofing Tile roofing tile? KB 2 50-60 5 1.23 5.12 4.6 4.86 0.2531 21.2 11.79 1.79813 Body N N Black StainingN Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 same interior as kb.2.40-50.51 KB 2 50-60 6 3.35 4.09 4.3 4.195 0.7986 27.85 24.58 1.13303 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 KB 2 50-60 7 4.96 4.47 3.96 4.215 1.1767 31.92 28.88 1.10526 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 50-60 8 4.26 3.9 2.9 3.4 1.2529 33.29 25.06 1.32841 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 KB 2 50-60 9 4.83 7.27 4.65 5.96 0.8104 33.41 24.77 1.34881 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/0 10r5/8 10yr3/1 Reducing 3 KB 2 50-60 10 3.65 6.64 4.43 5.535 0.6594 29.83 20.01 1.49075 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/4 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 50-60 11 3.22 4.6 3.97 4.285 0.7515 24.36 22.74 1.07124 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 7.5yr5/0 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 50-60 12 4.64 5.56 5.22 5.39 0.8609 28.16 26.63 1.05745 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog, Mica Coarse 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr5/6 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 KB 2 50-60 13 4.1 4.52 3.65 4.085 1.0037 29.69 29.62 1.00236 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr4/6 Reducing 3 refit w/ KB.2.40-50.37 KB 2 50-60 14 1.82 3.96 2.91 3.435 0.5298 29.16 19.43 1.50077 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 50-60 15 3.91 4.91 4.82 4.865 0.8037 32.61 25.15 1.29662 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 50-60 16 1 3.21 3.28 3.245 0.3082 20.91 17.54 1.19213 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 50-60 17 0.94 3.97 3.47 3.72 0.2527 21.41 13.14 1.62938 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/2 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 KB 2 50-60 18 1.19 3.91 4.02 3.965 0.3001 22.03 12.39 1.77805 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 50-60 19 0.85 4.33 3.57 3.95 0.2152 15.38 15.2 1.01184 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 50-60 20 0.76 3.44 3.02 3.23 0.2353 18.87 9.34 2.02034 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 KB 2 50-60 21 1.34 5.29 5.16 5.225 0.2565 16.68 12.21 1.36609 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr3/0 7.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 KB 2 60-70 1 6.2 5.02 4.69 4.855 1.277 36.81 33.57 1.09651 Body N N N Coating Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr5/1 2.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 2 KB 2 60-70 2 1.85 5.55 5.17 5.36 0.3451 23.67 12.55 1.88606 Body N N N Coating Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr5/1 2.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 1,2 KB 2 60-70 3 3.58 5.16 5.68 5.42 0.6605 29.4 18.95 1.55145 Body N N N Coating Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr5/1 2.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 4,2 KB 2 60-70 4 4.22 5.49 4.32 4.905 0.8603 36.64 22.51 1.62772 Body N N N Coating Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr5/1 2.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 3,1 KB 2 60-70 5 2.34 5.99 5.45 14.805 0.1581 24.16 14 1.72571 Body N N N Coating Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr5/1 2.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/2 KB 2 60-70 6 5.15 6.14 5.7 5.92 0.8699 27.19 25.28 1.07555 Body N N N Coating Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr5/1 2.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jars me as 1-5, but no refit (yet) KB 2 60-70 7 11.27 6.06 5.77 5.915 1.9053 52.19 33.85 1.5418 Body N N N Coating Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr5/1 2.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jars me as 1-5, but no refit (yet) KB 2 60-70 8 6.61 6.31 5.48 5.895 1.1213 31.01 27.76 1.11707 Body N N N Coating Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr5/1 2.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jars me as 1-5, but no refit (yet) KB 2 60-70 9 11.65 5.94 6.82 6.38 1.826 45.65 33.08 1.37999 Body N N N Coating Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr5/1 2.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jars me as 1-5, but no refit (yet) KB 2 60-70 10 4.21 5.77 5.88 5.825 0.7227 34.03 18.81 1.80914 Body N N N Coating Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr5/1 2.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jars me as 1-5, but no refit (yet) KB 2 60-70 11 26.02 6.32 6.14 6.23 4.1766 61.01 48.68 1.25329 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/0 5yr6/6 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 12 KB 2 60-70 12 9.25 7.32 5.68 6.5 1.4231 48.34 20.58 2.34888 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/0 5yr6/6 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 11 KB 2 60-70 13 0.84 2.38 2.51 2.445 0.3436 16.61 16.5 1.00667 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/0 2.5yr4/2 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 60-70 14 7.77 6.7 6.49 6.595 1.1782 38.82 28.66 1.3545 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 10yr5/1 2.5yr3/0 10yr5/2 Reducing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 15 KB 2 60-70 15 14.35 6.63 4.54 5.585 2.5694 47.58 44 1.08136 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 10yr5/1 2.5yr3/0 10yr5/2 Reducing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 14 KB 2 60-70 16 12.23 5.17 5.95 5.56 2.1996 58.83 45.29 1.29896 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr5/6 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 KB 2 60-70 17 15.22 7.72 4.95 6.335 2.4025 63.48 41.2 1.54078 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/8 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jars me as 18, but no refit KB 2 60-70 18 19.58 6.55 3.55 5.05 3.8772 71.88 47.25 1.52127 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/8 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 L&S #1- Globular Jars me as 17, but no refit KB 2 60-70 19 5.44 4.58 5.16 4.87 1.117 38.04 30.02 1.26716 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 60-70 20 3.88 4.01 3.91 3.96 0.9798 32.94 24.38 1.35111 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 60-70 21 19.66 4.57 3.6 4.085 4.8127 72.86 56.63 1.2866 Body N N Black StainingPunctate Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 Semi-Circular StampInverted Flat L&S #1- Globular Jar feels high fired, firing clouds, black staining on int. some white dribbling on ext.refit w/ 31, 32 KB 2 60-70 22 29.65 5.41 4.42 4.915 6.0326 92.42 65.7 1.4067 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/0 Reducing 3 firing clouds on ext KB 2 60-70 23 12.43 7.34 6.52 6.93 1.7937 47.22 33.59 1.40578 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr5/0 5yr6/6 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 KB 2 60-70 24 7.49 8.2 6.8 7.5 0.9987 36.74 24.42 1.5045 Body Y Y Paint N Grit w/ Lava, Mica Coarse 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 same as KB.2.20-30.56, 58, 59, 60. 3 horizontal red lines painted on int. crumbly, multiple pcs glued together, some disintegrated, tho. KB 2 60-70 25 7.03 6.94 7.44 7.19 0.9777 28.38 27.38 1.03652 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r6/6 10r6/6 10r6/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 60-70 26 6.92 3.59 3.4 3.495 1.98 41.17 38.38 1.07269 Shoulder N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 refit w/ 27 KB 2 60-70 27 5.44 3.32 4.17 3.745 1.4526 35.27 33.14 1.06427 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 refit w/ 26 KB 2 60-70 28 4.77 4.25 3.37 3.81 1.252 39.85 29.01 1.37366 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 10yr5/1 Reducing 3 KB 2 60-70 29 8.24 7.3 5.18 6.24 1.3205 39.64 34.11 1.16212 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 Page 44 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments KB 2 60-70 30 7.72 6.17 4.75 5.46 1.4139 33.32 30.88 1.07902 Rim Y Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r3/4 Oxidizing 3 Everted Pointed KB 2 60-70 31 82.31 12.17 4.66 8.415 9.7813 107.23 64.02 1.67495 Rim N N N Punctate Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/8 7.5yr5/0 Reducing 3 Semi-Circular StampInverted Flat L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 32, 21 KB 2 60-70 32 26.83 8.67 4.32 6.495 4.1309 104.63 42.26 2.47586 Body N N N Punctate Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/8 10r6/8 Reducing 3 Semi-Circular StampInverted Flat L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 31 KB 2 60-70 33 4.17 6.09 5.96 6.025 0.6921 35.07 19.92 1.76054 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/3 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 60-70 34 3.3 3.96 3.74 3.85 0.8571 37.3 21.19 1.76026 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/6 5yr4/2 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 same as KB.2.20-30.19 KB 2 60-70 35 2.89 6.24 5.41 5.825 0.4961 32.43 17.95 1.80669 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr3/0 10r5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 60-70 36 2.4 5.24 5.29 5.265 0.4558 28.17 17.62 1.59875 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/8 10r6/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 60-70 37 2.28 4.74 5.51 5.125 0.4449 21.85 15.39 1.41975 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 60-70 38 1.06 3.84 3.59 3.715 0.2853 20.51 15.05 1.36279 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr7/2 2.5yr5/6 7.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 KB 2 60-70 39 3.67 4.63 3.51 4.07 0.9017 34.3 25.9 1.32432 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr4/0 2.5yr3/0 5yt6/3 Reducing 3 KB 2 60-70 40 2.2 4.51 4.38 4.445 0.4949 26.14 17.69 1.47767 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 60-70 41 3.3 4.53 3.32 3.925 0.8408 30.37 21.16 1.43526 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 5yr5/6 7.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 KB 2 60-70 42 5.58 8.02 6.26 7.14 0.7815 30.16 30.04 1.00399 Rim N N N N Grit w/ Mica, Shell Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 Straight Crenalated, flat KB 2 60-70 43 3.95 4.17 3.7 3.935 1.0038 30.06 28.69 1.04775 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 2.5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 60-70 44 4.97 4.95 4.42 4.685 1.0608 28.33 27.17 1.04269 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr5/0 10yr4/1 7.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 KB 2 60-70 45 3.74 5.28 4.62 4.95 0.7556 27.74 24.86 1.11585 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/8 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 KB 2 60-70 47 3.76 5.47 4.51 4.99 0.7535 30.43 22.22 1.36949 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr6/1 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 KB 2 60-70 48 1.63 5.57 3.99 4.78 0.341 24.61 17.35 1.41844 Body N N N N Grit w/ Lava Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 60-70 49 2.23 3.89 2.29 3.09 0.7217 28.69 19.93 1.43954 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr5/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 60-70 50 1.3 4.73 4.34 4.535 0.2867 19.33 13.71 1.40992 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/2 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr4/6 Reducing 3 KB 2 60-70 51 1.36 4.47 2.92 17.985 0.0756 19.56 16.41 1.19196 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 60-70 52 1.14 2.95 2.91 2.93 0.3891 19.53 14.6 1.33767 Body N N N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr4/4 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 60-70 53 1.39 2.68 2.58 2.63 0.5285 22.4 16.79 1.33413 Body N N N N Grit w/ Grog Coarse 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 70-80 1 65.05 9.06 4.64 6.85 9.4964 95.07 86.78 1.09553 Rim N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr5/1 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 Incise-Star Everted L&S #1- Globular Jardouble incised triangle; refit w/ 2, 3 KB 2 70-80 2 44.94 9.3 5.56 7.43 6.0485 101.78 45.55 2.23447 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr5/1 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 Incise-Star Everted L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 1 KB 2 70-80 3 18.37 6.9 3.9 5.4 3.4019 79.76 46.29 1.72305 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr5/1 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 Incise-Star L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 1,2 KB 2 70-80 4 35.39 6.43 4.36 5.395 6.5598 89.44 69.12 1.29398 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr5/1 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 Incise-Star L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 2 KB 2 70-80 5 3.54 6.51 6.03 6.27 0.5646 22.86 24.64 0.92776 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr5/1 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 Incise-Star L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 4.2 KB 2 70-80 6 10.2 4.41 4.03 4.22 2.4171 61.85 58.31 1.06071 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr5/1 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 Incise-Star L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 3,4 KB 2 70-80 7 3.5 4.51 3.4 3.955 0.885 39.32 29.56 1.33018 Body N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr5/1 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 Incise-Star L&S #1- Globular Jarincised asterisk; 2 pcs glued together, refit KB 2 70-80 8 10.9 4.4 2.46 3.43 3.1778 21.26 59.04 0.36009 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr5/1 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 Incise-Star L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 7, 1 KB 2 70-80 9 25.24 7.87 5.05 6.46 3.9071 68.73 50.12 1.37131 Body N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 Perpendicular InciseInverted Flat L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 10, 11 KB 2 70-80 10 4.02 7.53 6.4 6.965 0.5772 22.58 20.67 1.0924 Body N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 Perpendicular InciseInverted Flat L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 9, 11 KB 2 70-80 11 68.57 15.45 7.78 11.615 5.9036 76.98 54.2 1.4203 Rim N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 Perpendicular InciseInverted Flat L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 9, 12 KB 2 70-80 12 6.9 6.71 3.79 21.46 0.3215 39.13 22.54 1.73602 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 Inverted Flat L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 11 KB 2 70-80 13 3.34 10.33 7.47 8.9 0.3753 24.02 17.1 1.40468 Body N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 Perpendicular InciseInverted Flat L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ KB 2 70-80 14 31.57 15.4 7.94 11.67 2.7052 61.31 44.76 1.36975 Rim N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 Perpendicular InciseInverted Flat L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ KB 2 70-80 15 64.85 14.71 9.94 12.325 5.2617 110.55 29.3 3.77304 Rim N N N Punctate Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/2 10r6/8 10r6/8 Reducing 3 Semi-Circular StampInverted Flat L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 16, 17 KB 2 70-80 16 21.57 10.5 6.68 8.59 2.5111 42.89 40.71 1.05355 Body N N N Punctate Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/2 10r6/8 10r6/8 Reducing 3 Semi-Circular StampInverted Flat L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 15,17 KB 2 70-80 17 31.9 5.79 10.14 7.965 4.005 71.76 39.6 1.81212 Body N N N Punctate Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/2 10r6/8 10r6/8 Reducing 3 Semi-Circular StampInverted Flat L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 15, 16 KB 2 70-80 18 13.09 8.65 8.52 8.585 1.5248 42.05 33.22 1.2658 Body N N N N Grit w/ Lava Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 4 roofing tile? KB 2 70-80 19 45.44 9.49 5.94 7.715 5.8898 93.16 34.29 2.71683 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 Everted pointed KB 2 70-80 20 59.22 11.52 5.21 8.365 7.0795 96.59 70.39 1.37221 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 10r6/8 10r6/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 70-80 21 34.54 8.13 7.89 8.01 4.3121 73.62 62.56 1.17679 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 10r3/6 10r4/6 Reducing 3 KB 2 70-80 22 24.98 17.61 5.14 11.375 2.196 61.63 41.03 1.50207 Rim Y Y N Impress Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 10r4/8 10r4/8 Reducing 3 Impress on Rim Everted Rounded KB 2 70-80 23 21.92 5.14 5.61 5.375 4.0781 77.97 55.19 1.41276 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/4 5yr6/4 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 70-80 24 25.96 15.12 9.04 12.08 2.149 47.39 33.13 1.43043 Rim Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 10r4/6 10r4/6 Reducing 3 Inverted rounded KB 2 70-80 25 5.93 7.25 6.69 6.97 0.8508 29.92 23.69 1.26298 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 10r4/6 10r4/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 70-80 26 8.92 8.61 7.14 7.875 1.1327 34.3 29.38 1.16746 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 10r4/6 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 KB 2 70-80 27 4.02 3.05 3.77 3.41 1.1789 38.98 28.78 1.35441 Body Y N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/6 2.5yr3/0 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 70-80 28 11.43 6.38 6.16 6.27 1.823 63.63 35.78 1.77837 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 70-80 29 5.02 3.36 3.17 3.265 1.5375 44.93 35.4 1.26921 Body N Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/4 2.5yr4/2 2.5yr2.5/2 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 70-80 30 3.54 7.47 6.52 6.995 0.5061 23.96 21.99 1.08959 Base N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr4/0 7.5yr6/2 5yr6/6 Reducing 3 carinated base? KB 2 70-80 31 2.56 5.1 4.76 4.93 0.5193 30.52 20.3 1.50345 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog Coarse 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr5/2 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 KB 2 70-80 32 14.08 6.72 3.68 5.2 2.7077 52.82 48.62 1.08638 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr5/2 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 70-80 33 3.69 4.49 3.99 4.24 0.8703 30.39 25.56 1.18897 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/6 10r4/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 70-80 34 8.51 5.41 4.73 5.07 1.6785 44.15 39.39 1.12084 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 70-80 35 4.42 5.97 5.76 5.865 0.7536 30.47 25.46 1.19678 Body N N N Coating Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr5/1 2.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 same as KB.2.60-70.1-5, but no refit (yet) KB 2 70-80 36 2.81 5.93 5.91 5.92 0.4747 22.35 19.89 1.12368 Body N N N Coating Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr5/1 2.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 same as KB.2.60-70.1-5, but no refit (yet) KB 2 70-80 37 2.8 6.29 5.75 6.02 0.4651 24.94 17.84 1.39798 Body N N N Coating Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr5/1 2.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 same as KB.2.60-70.1-5, but no refit (yet) KB 2 70-80 38 12.07 5.03 5.24 5.135 2.3505 58.8 29.2 2.0137 Body Y Y Black StainingN Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 10yr5/1 Reducing 3 KB 2 70-80 39 2.13 4.45 4.31 4.38 0.4863 28.44 20.31 1.4003 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 70-80 40 1 3.71 3.48 3.595 0.2782 18.33 18.1 1.01271 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr5/1 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 Incise-Star L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 1, 41 KB 2 70-80 41 1.17 3.57 3.22 3.395 0.3446 23.26 16.84 1.38124 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr5/1 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 Incise-Star L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 40, 3 KB 2 70-80 42 0.93 3.41 2.8 3.105 0.2995 19.67 17.92 1.09766 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr5/1 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 Incise-Star L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 6, 41 KB 2 70-80 43 0.93 3.63 3.05 3.34 0.2784 24.49 13.21 1.8539 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr5/1 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 Incise-Star L&S #1- Globular Jars me as 1-7, & 40-45 KB 2 70-80 44 1.13 3.39 2.81 3.1 0.3645 23.34 17.61 1.32538 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr5/1 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 Incise-Star L&S #1- Globular Jars me as 1-7, & 40-45 KB 2 70-80 45 0.59 3.12 3.26 3.19 0.185 17.66 11.68 1.51199 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr5/1 10yr5/1 7.5yr6/6 Reducing 3 Incise-Star L&S #1- Globular Jars me as 1-7, & 40-45 KB 2 70-80 46 9.11 6.28 4.73 5.505 1.6549 42.23 41.45 1.01882 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr6/2 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 70-80 47 3.56 5 5.1 5.05 0.705 32.64 18.64 1.75107 Body N N Black StainingN Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr4/8 10yr5/1 Reducing 3 KB 2 70-80 48 2.18 3.27 3.55 3.41 0.6393 25.11 21.95 1.14396 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/6 2.5yr3/0 Reducing 3 KB 2 70-80 49 4.48 5.01 5.35 5.18 0.8649 33.47 19.93 1.67938 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 70-80 50 3.29 6.1 5.38 5.74 0.5732 32.72 17.59 1.86015 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr6/2 10r5/8 10r5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 70-80 51 1.91 4.15 4.4 4.275 0.4468 22.02 19.65 1.12061 Body N N N Paint Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 Red and White Paint KB 2 70-80 52 2.13 3.08 3.51 3.295 0.6464 31.47 22.31 1.41058 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/2 Reducing 3 KB 2 70-80 53 2.66 5.87 3 4.435 0.5998 25.15 19.67 1.2786 Shoulder Y Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r4/6 10r4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 70-80 54 1.35 4.42 3.99 4.205 0.321 16.95 16.13 1.05084 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 70-80 55 3.17 3.96 3.1 3.53 0.898 27.49 26.06 1.05487 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 KB 2 70-80 56 2.7 4.18 3.82 4 0.675 31.12 18.65 1.66863 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 refit w/ 32 KB 2 70-80 57 2.72 4.48 4.71 4.595 0.5919 28.88 21.92 1.31752 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/2 2.5yr3/0 10r3/2 Reducing 3 KB 2 70-80 58 1.82 4.1 4.04 4.07 0.4472 23.7 20.89 1.13451 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/1 5yr5/6 5yr5/6 Reducing 3 KB 2 70-80 59 0.96 2.9 2.55 2.725 0.3523 23.79 13.35 1.78202 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 70-80 60 0.99 3.24 3.79 3.515 0.2817 21.54 16.61 1.29681 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Mica Fine 10r4/6 10r4/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 70-80 61 1.46 4.13 3.86 3.995 0.3655 23.04 15.37 1.49902 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/2 2.5yr5/0 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 70-80 62 1.13 4.11 4.53 4.32 0.2616 21.53 14.23 1.513 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Varies 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 70-80 63 0.71 3.77 3.17 3.47 0.2046 17.05 15.76 1.08185 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10r5/8 10r5/8 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 70-80 64 0.91 3.06 4.48 3.77 0.2414 24.38 11.87 2.05392 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/4 10r4/4 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 Page 45 of 46 Banda 2011 Earthenware Catalog Site Unit Level (cm) Sherd # Weight (g) Thick 1 (mm) Thick 2 (mm) Av. Thick (mm) g/mm Max (mm) length Min (mm) width Max/Min (mm) Vessel Part Interior Slip (Y/N) Exterior Slip (Y/N) Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Temper Type Temper Size Core Color- munsell Interior Color- munsell Exterior Color- munsell Core Moh' s Hard ness Typology Rim Lip Form Comments KB 2 70-80 65 35.91 4.82 3.91 4.365 8.2268 76.44 76.17 1.00354 Shoulder N Y N Paint Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr4/0 10yr5/1 7.5yr7/2 Reducing 3 Red and White Paint red paint on white background. Lots of KB 2 70-80 66 1.17 2.79 2.44 2.615 0.4474 22.45 19.27 1.16502 Body N Y N Paint Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/0 10yr5/1 7.5yr7/2 Reducing 3 Red and White Paint red paint on white background. Lots of KB 2 70-80 67 3.1 3.77 2.32 3.045 1.0181 31.77 31.63 1.00443 Body N Y N Paint Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr4/0 10yr5/1 7.5yr7/2 Reducing 3 Red and White Paint red paint on white background. Lots of KB 2 70-80 68 9.83 8.78 4.72 6.75 1.4563 50.42 35.26 1.42995 Shoulder N Y N Paint Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr4/0 10yr5/1 7.5yr7/2 Reducing 3 Red and White Paint red paint on white background. Lots of KB 2 70-80 69 10.25 11.05 5.32 8.185 1.2523 49.99 27.71 1.80404 Base N Y N Paint Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr4/0 10yr5/1 7.5yr7/2 Reducing 3 Red and White Paint L&S #5- Ring-footred paint on white background. Lots of KB 2 70-80 70 4.53 3.2 2.77 2.985 1.5176 42.7 27.07 1.57739 Body N Y N Paint Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr4/0 10yr5/1 7.5yr7/2 Reducing 3 Red and White Paint red paint on white background. Lots of KB 2 70-80 71 3.01 4.24 3.43 3.835 0.7849 41.11 16.32 2.519 Body N Y N Paint Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr4/0 10yr5/1 7.5yr7/2 Reducing 3 Red and White Paint red paint on white background. Lots of KB 2 70-80 72 0.82 3.47 3.62 3.545 0.2313 16.94 15.74 1.07624 Body N Y N Paint Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 7.5yr4/0 10yr5/1 7.5yr7/2 Reducing 3 Red and White Paint red paint on white background. Lots of KB 2 70-80 73 1.71 5.14 4.18 4.66 0.367 21.73 20.92 1.03872 Body N Y N Paint Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 Red and White Paint red paint on white background. Lots of KB 2 70-80 74 1.7 3.92 3.3 3.61 0.4709 24.1 17.5 1.37714 Body N Y N Paint Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr6/8 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 Red and White Paint red paint on white background. Lots of KB 2 70-80 75 0.42 0 Bits KB 2 80-90 1 73.89 5.53 3.46 4.495 16.438 116.33 139.7 0.83271 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 10r4/8 10r4/8 Reducing 3 same as KB.2.20-30.24, etc KB 2 80-90 2 66.72 10.27 3.99 7.13 9.3576 108.53 66.9 1.62227 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 Everted Flat L&S #1- Globular Jarfiring clouds. Refit w/ 2 KB 2 80-90 3 13.8 8.55 5.6 7.075 1.9505 55.32 30.12 1.83665 Rim N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 Everted Flat L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 1 KB 2 80-90 4 8.27 5.1 5.78 5.44 1.5202 44.21 30.57 1.44619 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 Everted Flat L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/3 KB 2 80-90 5 6.24 5.8 5.04 5.42 1.1513 38.65 29.43 1.31329 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 Everted Flat L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 3 KB 2 80-90 6 2.09 5.56 5.14 5.35 0.3907 23.67 19.5 1.21385 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 Everted Flat L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 4, 5 KB 2 80-90 7 1.9 4.77 4.56 4.665 0.4073 18.8 17.61 1.06758 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 Everted Flat L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 6 KB 2 80-90 8 4.29 5.78 5.38 5.58 0.7688 35.04 21.21 1.65205 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 Everted Flat L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 5,6,7 KB 2 80-90 9 38.41 16.84 5.51 11.175 3.4371 75.88 70.86 1.07084 Rim Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr6/2 5yr4/3 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 Everted Flat KB 2 80-90 10 1.34 3.57 3.27 3.42 0.3918 31.58 16.28 1.9398 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 7.5yr5/2 Reducing 3 Everted Flat L&S #1- Globular Jarrefit w/ 2. 3 tiny pcs glued together KB 2 80-90 11 20.11 6.46 5.78 6.12 3.2859 81.48 35.18 2.31609 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 10yr5/1 10r5/8 7.5yr4/0 Reducing 3 KB 2 80-90 12 17.37 7.58 4.19 5.885 2.9516 49 47.58 1.02984 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr6/1 5yr3/1 10yr5/2 Reducing 3 KB 2 80-90 13 18 8.79 5.3 7.045 2.555 58.03 35.03 1.65658 Base Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 5yr5/3 Reducing 3 KB 2 80-90 14 4.98 5.53 3.73 4.63 1.0756 38.94 28.81 1.35161 Shoulder N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 10yr5/1 5yr5/6 5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 80-90 15 17.95 8.71 6.83 7.77 2.3102 52.19 42.17 1.23761 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 10yr6/2 5yr6/2 10yr6/2 Reducing 3 very flat KB 2 80-90 16 7.47 4.81 2.84 3.825 1.9529 41.41 34 1.21794 Body Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr4/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 80-90 17 2.86 4.76 4.05 4.405 0.6493 34.08 22.19 1.53583 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr6/4 7.5yr6/4 Reducing 3 KB 2 80-90 18 2.7 5.34 5.2 5.27 0.5123 23.45 18.71 1.25334 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/4 5yr5/6 5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 80-90 19 2.76 6.06 6.09 6.075 0.4543 25.57 20.71 1.23467 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 80-90 20 2.87 4.36 4.02 4.19 0.685 23.72 23.17 1.02374 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 80-90 21 1.56 3.11 3.47 3.29 0.4742 27.32 18.53 1.47437 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 80-90 22 1.81 4.6 3.92 4.26 0.4249 21.33 19.87 1.07348 Body Y Y N Paint Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 Red Paint red paint on ext. too small to tell design KB 2 80-90 23 0.98 3.33 3.16 3.245 0.302 21.17 13.08 1.6185 Body Y Y N Paint Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr6/6 2.5yr6/6 Oxidizing 3 Red Paint red paint on ext. too small to tell design KB 2 80-90 24 0.8 5.84 5.08 5.46 0.1465 13.34 13.15 1.01445 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 KB 2 80-90 25 1.2 3.88 3.29 3.585 0.3347 18.4 14.09 1.30589 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/3 10r3/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 80-90 26 1.41 6.26 7.08 6.67 0.2114 17.54 14.88 1.17876 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Lava Fine 7.5yr5/2 10r3/6 10r4/8 Reducing 3 white coating around exposed edges and int, but not ext. KB 2 80-90 27 0.7 3.87 3.93 3.9 0.1795 13.37 12.37 1.08084 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 80-90 28 1.03 3.29 3.22 3.255 0.3164 15.95 14.2 1.12324 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 80-90 29 1.55 5.55 6.3 5.925 0.2616 15.37 12.72 1.20833 Body N N N Incising Shell (foraminifera) Fine 7.5yr5/0 7.5yr6/4 10r5/8 Reducing 3 Single Incise KB 2 80-90 30 0.59 2.08 2.25 2.165 0.2725 21.19 12.47 1.69928 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 90-100 1 14.71 9.45 7.21 8.33 1.7659 53.15 22.88 2.32299 Rim Y Y N Paint Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr6/6 10yr6/4 10yr6/4 Oxidizing 3 Red Paint Everted Rounded KB 2 90-100 2 7.86 7.73 7.47 7.6 1.0342 33.78 23.69 1.42592 Rim Y Y N N Shell (foraminifera) Varies 2.5yr5/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/8 Reducing 3 Straight pointed KB 2 90-100 3 3.96 5.25 4.9 5.075 0.7803 27.81 26.79 1.03807 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 10yr6/2 Reducing 3 KB 2 90-100 4 1.61 5.06 4.94 5 0.322 18.75 16.24 1.15456 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Coarse 10r5/6 10r5/8 2.5yr5/2 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 90-100 5 1.09 3.79 3.33 3.56 0.3062 22.48 22.07 1.01858 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 5yr5/2 5yr5/2 10r5/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 90-100 6 0.63 5.36 5.18 5.27 0.1195 15.65 10.07 1.55412 Body N N N N Shell (foraminifera) Fine 2.5yr4/0 2.5yr5/8 2.5yr5/6 Reducing 3 KB 2 90-100 7 1.43 3.32 3.43 3.375 0.4237 27.32 16.59 1.64678 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r4/8 2.5yr4/6 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 90-100 8 0.59 1.83 1.74 1.785 0.3305 17.41 16.23 1.0727 Body Y Y N N Grit w/ Coral Fine 10r4/8 5yr4/4 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 90-100 9 0.94 3.91 3.39 3.65 0.2575 15.04 13.09 1.14897 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Fine 10r5/6 10r5/6 10r4/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 90-100 10 2.21 3.17 2.67 2.92 0.7568 23.59 22.95 1.02789 Body N Y N N Grit w/ Coral Coarse 2.5yr4/8 2.5yr4/2 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 90-100 11 1.43 3.19 3.11 3.15 0.454 23.68 17.24 1.37355 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Lava, Mica Coarse 2.5yr4/6 2.5yr5/4 2.5yr4/6 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 90-100 12 3.6 5.78 4.82 5.3 0.6792 29.5 21.16 1.39414 Body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 KB 2 90-100 13 1.72 3 2.46 2.73 0.63 25.52 19.26 1.32503 body N N N N Grit w/ Coral, Grog, Mica Coarse 10r4/8 10r4/8 10r4/8 Oxidizing 3 Page 46 of 46 Appendix C Tradeware Analysis Tradeware Catalog Site Unit Level Sherd # Vessel part Vessel Style Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Typological Designation Euro/ Asian date comments OR 1 Sur 1 body plate? hand paint n E print? blue flowers. Crazing on int and ext OR 1 Sur 2 rim plate hand paint n A over glaze ~55cm thick. Abstract band around edge, possible medallion in middle OR 1 Sur 3 rim bowl hand paint hand paint A over glaze ~35mm thick. Rim painted blue on int and ext. band on int w/ thin blue bottom border and abstract S b/w rim and bottom. Unid'd abstract design on ext, blue w/ some green. OR 1 Sur 4 rim unk hand paint hand paint A "pink" core. Hand painted. Blue on rim. Designs on int and ext, too small to discern. OR 1 0-10 1 rim plate? hand paint English pearlwareE 1770-1830 green drip on rim. English pearlware OR 1 0-10 2 rim bowl? hand paint A hand paint blue on int, top of rim OR 1 0-10 3 body bowl n n Unk no dec OR 1 0-10 4 body unk hand paint A hand paint blue on int OR 1 0-10 5 rim unk n hand paint batavia ware? C 1700-1780 brown edge on rim OR 1 0-10 6 body unk n hand paint A blue hand paint design OR 1 0-10 7 body unk n n Unk too small to tell what it is OR 1 0-10 8 body unk n n Unk too small to tell what it is OR 1 10-20 P 1 rim plate? hand paint n A- Thai? over glaze paint, possibly green? Pink core in spots. Crazing. Thai or OR 1 10-20 P 2 rim bowl? hand paint hand paint A blue leaf (?) on ext OR 1 10-20 1 rim/base bowl n n A small bowl (?) with rim for lid (?) apothecary? OR 1 10-20 2 rim/base bowl n incising A small bowl (?) with rim for lid (?) apothecary? 3 diagonal lines on each side of ext OR 1 10-20 3 rim unk n n A firing clouds? Blue and white OR 1 10-20 4 rim unk hand paint n A blue line below rim, 1 perp. Line coming down. Scaolloped edge? OR 1 10-20 5 rim unk hand paint n A blue line on rim OR 1 10-20 6 body unk hand paint n A faint blue line OR 1 10-20 7 body unk n n E no dec. crazed. OR 1 10-20 8 body unk hand paint n A small blue hand paint, can't tell what it is OR 1 10-20 9 body unk red transferred transferRed Transfer E 1830- red transfer, but too small to tell what it is OR 1 20-30 1 body bowl? n n A no dec OR 1 20-30 2 body unk n n A no dec OR 1 20-30 3 body unk n hand paint E blue under glaze. Too small to tell what it is. Crazed. OR 1 20-30 4 body unk hand paint n A small blue line on edge of sherd OR 1 20-30 5 body unk n n A OR 1 30-40 1 body unk n hand paint Rouge-de-fer A 1710-1739 red lattice, hand paint, over glaze. Green (copper?) ?glaze over the red. Interior wavy. OR 2 Sur 1 body unk hand paint n A blue hand paint. Too small to tell what it is OR 2 0-10 1 body unk n hand paint A multiple II brush strokes of 3 II lines, some offest but overlapping. Same design as 2. OR 2 0-10 2 body unk n hand paint A multiple II brush strokes of 3 II lines, some offest but overlapping. Same design as 1. OR 2 0-10 3 body unk n hand paint A blue paint. Too small to tell design. OR 2 0-10 4 body unk hand paint n A blue paint. Too small to tell design. OR 2 0-10 5 rim unk hand paint hand paint A? blue paint. Too small to tell design. OR 2 0-10 6 body unk hand paint n A? can't tell if it's int or ext, just one side of it. OR 2 0-10 7 body bowl? n n A? OR 2 0-10 8 body unk n n E crazed OR 2 0-10 9 body unk n n E crazed OR 2 0-10 10 body unk n n E crazed OR 2 0-10 11 body unk n n E crazed OR 2 0-10 12 body unk n n E crazed OR 2 0-10 13 rim unk n n E refit w/ 14. crazing OR 2 0-10 14 rim unk n n E refit w/ 13. crazing OR 2 0-10 15 shoulder unk n n stoneware E? OR 2 0-10 16 body unk n hand paint stoneware (glazed)A- Thai? tiny bit of faint blue paint underglaze on ext. OR 2 10-20 1 base plate? n MM stamp E 1836 "REGOUT MAASTRICHT Ao 1836" stamped in black on the base OR 2 10-20 2 base plate? n MM stamp E Y (?) stamp on base OR 2 10-20 3 base unk n n E? crazed OR 2 10-20 4 base unk n n E? crazed OR 2 10-20 5 base unk hand paint MM stamp E blue paint underglaze on int. small stamp of anchor on ext.some writing I can't make out above anchor. Anchor is flanked by a ?4, and an 0. OR 2 10-20 6 body unk n hand paint E green hand paint. Over glaze? OR 2 10-20 7 body unk hand paint n A blue ?flowers. OR 2 10-20 8 base plate? hand paint n E? 2 brown humps and brown lattice. Outlines around base and design. OR 2 10-20 9 body unk n n E? no dec OR 2 10-20 10 body unk n n A OR 2 10-20 11 rim unk hand paint n E lavender hand paint or print, geometric. OR 2 10-20 12 rim unk red transfern Red Transfer E 1830- red transfer OR 2 10-20 13 rim unk hand paint hand paint A 1 thin blue line on int, 2 II blue lines on ext beneath rim, a blue blow of something. Same type (pot?) as 14. OR 2 10-20 14 rim unk hand paint hand paint A 1 thin blue line on int, 2 II blue lines on ext beneath rim, a blue blow of something. Same type (pot?) as 13. OR 2 10-20 15 body unk n hand paint stoneware (glazed)A- Thai? thin green lines OR 2 20-30 1 body unk n hand paint E blue on white. Can't tell design. Crazed. OR 2 20-30 2 body unk n n E crazed OR 2 20-30 3 rim unk n n A OR 2 20-30 4 body unk hand paint hand paint A blue, too small to tell what it is. OR 2 20-30 5 body unk n n E crazed OR 2 20-30 6 body unk n n E crazed OR 3 surf 1 body unk n n A curved,but don't know what it is. Has remains of a print on it- flower and leaf. OR 3 0-10 1 rim unk n n A no dec. OR 3 0-10 2 body unk n n A no dec. Page 1 of 7 Tradeware Catalog Site Unit Level Sherd # Vessel part Vessel Style Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Typological Designation Euro/ Asian date comments OR 3 0-10 3 body unk n n E crazed OR 3 0-10 4 body unk n n E crazed OR 3 0-10 5 body unk n n A OR 3 10-20 1 body unk print n A orange print (not transfer). Recent. OR 3 10-20 2 base plate print n A orange flowers. Some paint worn off. 2 ridges on base + plate base. Same as OR.3.Sur.1? OR 3 10-20 3 body cup n print A flower print. Paint worn off, but lines still visible. OR 3 10-20 4 rim unk hand paint hand paint E majolica-like. Red stripe on ext outlined w/ black. Green? Below on ext. black line on int below rim. OR 3 10-20 5 rim unk print n E? blue print. Geometric designs, like argyle. OR 3 10-20 6 base cup n n A? no dec. cup base? OR 3 10-20 7 body unk n n A? no dec. OR 3 10-20 8 base unk n n A? dimpling on bottom, like an orange peel. OR 3 10-20 9 body unk hole hole A? hole drilled in sherd, probably at manufacture OR 3 10-20 10 body unk n n A? no dec. OR 3 10-20 11 rim ?bowl n n E crazing. Bowl? OR 3 10-20 12 base unk n n A? 1 small ridge on base. Plate? OR 3 10-20 13 base unk n n A? 2 small ridges on base. Plate? OR 3 10-20 14 rim unk n n A? no dec. OR 3 10-20 15 body unk n n A? no dec. OR 3 10-20 16 body unk n n A? no dec. OR 3 10-20 17 body unk n n E? crazing OR 3 10-20 18 body unk hand paint n E blue on blue. Crazing on ext. Print? OR 3 10-20 19 body ?plate hand paint n A blue geometric border. Hand paint. OR 3 10-20 20 body unk n n E crazing OR 3 10-20 21 body unk n n E gray crazing OR 3 10-20 22 body unk n hand paint A? blue on white. Crazing. Slip mostly worn off. Not from China? Water worn. OR 3 10-20 23 body unk n hand paint A? blue on white. Crazing. Slip mostly worn off. Not from China? Water worn. OR 3 20-30 1 rim unk n n A? no dec. OR 3 20-30 2 rim unk n n A? no dec. OR 3 20-30 3 body unk n n E crazing OR 3 20-30 4 body ?bowl n n E crazing OR 3 20-30 5 body unk n n E crazing OR 3 20-30 6 body unk hand paint n A blue hand painted flower, ?poppy? OR 3 20-30 7 rim unk hand paint hand paint A blue hand painted flower on both sides. OR 3 30-40 1 rim unk n n A? no dec. OR 3 40-50 1 rim ?bowl n n A scalloping on rim GW 1 0-10 1 base unk n n GW 1 0-10 2 rim unk n n GW 1 0-10 3 base unk n print C green "N CHI" probably "made in china" GW 1 0-10 4 base unk hand paint n blue hand paint. Too small to tell. GW 1 0-10 5 body unk n n light green on int. GW 1 0-10 6 rim unk hand paint n C blue hand paint. Too small to tell. GW 1 0-10 7 rim unk hand paint hand paint C blue hand paint. 2 II lines on int; 2 II lines on ext w/ swirls GW 1 0-10 8 body unk hand paint n C blue hand paint. Too small to tell. GW 1 10-20 1 base unk n n 3 ridges on base. Raised print- "IN" milk glass? GW 1 10-20 2 body unk n n crazing GW 1 10-20 3 body unk hand paint hand paint C blue hand paint lines on int and ext. crazing. GW 1 10-20 4 rim cup n hand paint C blue line below rim, plus unk design on body GW 1 10-20 5 rim unk n n GW 1 20-30 1 rim unk hand paint hand paint blue hand paint on int and ext, flower deisgns. Possible bowl. Scalloped rim. GW 1 20-30 2 rim unk hand paint hand paint blue hand paint. Curly designs on int rim. European style house on ect. GW 1 20-30 3 body unk hand paint hand paint blue hand paint. Too small to tell. GW 1 30-40 1 rim unk hand paint n blue hand paint. Too small to tell. GW 1 30-40 2 body unk n n O pink core. GW 1 50-60 1 body unk n hand paint blue hand paint. Flowers. GW 1 50-60 2 rim unk hand paint n green hand paint. Line below rim, possible fowers. GW 1 50-60 3 rim unk hand paint hand paint blue hand paint. Line below rim on int and ext. blue flower on int. GW 1 70-80 1 body unk n n stoneware brown glaze on int GW 1.5 0-10 1 rim unk hand paint n blue hand paint. Thin line below rim. Circles with dots on background, some curvlinear designs- flowers? GW 1.5 10-20 1 rim unk hand paint hand paint blue hand paint. Thin line below rim on int and ext. GW 1.5 10-20 2 rim unk hand paint hand paint blue hand paint. Thin line below rim on int and ext. other design, too small to tell. GW 1.5 20-30 1 body unk print n brown(?) print, mostly worn off. Radiating lines? GW 1.5 20-30 2 rim ?plate hand paint hand paint blue hand paint. Thin line below rim int and ext. swirl (s) by radiating lines- flower? GW 1.5 30-40 1 base unk hand paint n blue hand paint. Chinese character ? Or sailboat? GW 1.5 30-40 2 body unk hand paint n brown paint. 2 lines. GW 1.5 70-80 1 body unk hand paint hand paint blue hand paint. Too small to tell. GW 1.5 80-90 1 body unk n n GW 2 0-10 1 rim unk n n scalloped design on rim GW 2 0-10 2 body unk n n GW 2 0-10 3 body unk n n crazing GW 2 0-10 4 body unk hand paint n blue hand paint. Too smalll to tell. Page 2 of 7 Tradeware Catalog Site Unit Level Sherd # Vessel part Vessel Style Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Typological Designation Euro/ Asian date comments GW 2 0-10 5 body ?bowl n hand paint green hand paint. GW 2 0-10 6 base unk n n GW 2 0-10 7 rim unk n n GW 2 0-10 8 rim unk hand paint hand paint blue hand paint. Can't tell design. But some chinese characters. GW 2 0-10 9 body unk hand paint hand paint blue hand paint, geometric designs GW 2 0-10 10 body unk n n GW 2 0-10 11 rim unk n n GW 2 0-10 12 body unk n n crazing GW 2 0-10 13 rim unk hand paint n green line below rim GW 2 0-10 14 body unk hand paint n blue hand paint. Too smalll to tell. GW 2 10-20 1 base bowl n n GW 2 10-20 2 base unk n n GW 2 10-20 3 base unk n n crazing GW 2 10-20 4 body unk n n crazing GW 2 10-20 5 rim unk hand paint n hand paint blue. Geometric designs. GW 2 10-20 6 base unk hand paint n hand paint blue. Can't tell design. Pink core. GW 2 10-20 7 rim unk hand paint hand paint blue line on int. blue-red-blue on ext. majolca? GW 2 10-20 8 rim cup hand paint n green hand paint, nested diamonds. GW 2 10-20 9 rim unk n n GW 2 10-20 10 body unk n n GW 2 10-20 11 body unk n hand paint blue hand paint. Too small to tell. GW 2 10-20 12 rim unk print n orange print- line below rim GW 2 10-20 13 rim unk hand paint n blue hand paint. Too small to tell. GW 2 10-20 14 body unk n hand paint blue line and red. Majolca? GW 2 10-20 15 rim unk n n pink and grey core GW 2 10-20 16 rim unk n n GW 2 10-20 17 body unk n n GW 2 10-20 18 body unk n hand paint most of paint worn off, can't tell design possibly orange. Some green (copper?) paint, too. GW 2 10-20 19 body plate hand paint n blue geometric + flowers design on plate rim. GW 2 10-20 20 body plate transfer MM stamp Blue transfer E 1750- "ORTATION ANGL" maker's mark. Blue flower transfer. GW 2 10-20 21 base ?plate hand paint hand paint looks like 2 circles on base, and flowers on int. handpaint blue. GW 2 10-20 22 body unk n n stoneware GW 2 20-30 1 body unk n n GW 2 20-30 2 body unk n n GW 2 20-30 3 body unk n n stoneware GW 2 30-40 1 body unk n n most of glaze worn away. Sorta green. GW 2 90-100 1 body unk n n brown glaze on int. pink core. GW 3 0-10 1 body unk n n GW 3 0-10 2 body unk n n possible rim or base. Odd shape. GW 3 0-10 3 lip unk n n stoneware E top of a bottle. Brown glaze. GW 3 0-10 4 body unk n n stoneware E brown glaze on ext, no glaze on int. GW 3 0-10 5 body unk n n GW 3 0-10 6 base unk n n GW 3 0-10 7 base unk hand paint n blue hand paint. Line. GW 3 0-10 8 base unk n n GW 3 0-10 9 base unk n n GW 3 0-10 10 base unk n n GW 3 0-10 11 body unk n n stoneware glaze mostly worn off, just core GW 3 0-10 12 rim unk n n GW 3 0-10 13 body unk hand paint hand paint hand paint blue. GW 3 10-20 1 body unk hand paint n hand paint blue. Part of willow pattern? Top of pagoda and some tree. GW 3 10-20 2 rim ?cup hand paint hand paint blue line below rim on int and ext. Green leaves. GW 3 10-20 3 rim ?cup n hand paint blue lines outlined with handpainted circles. GW 3 10-20 4 body unk n hand paint blue hand paint. Sun or flower GW 3 10-20 5 body unk n incise stoneware green-grey slip with incising; incising not glazed. GW 3 10-20 6 body unk n n stoneware GW 3 10-20 7 body unk hand paint n batavia ware? C 1700-1780 brown glaze on ext. thick blue line, hand paint. GW 3 10-20 8 body unk n n GW 3 20-30 1 body unk hand paint n Kangxi Kraak C 1680-1750 refit w/ 2, 3. flower or fruit within delineated windows on plate (?) rim. GW 3 20-30 2 body unk hand paint n Kangxi Kraak C 1680-1750 refit w/ 1, 3. flower or fruit within delineated windows on plate (?) rim. GW 3 20-30 3 body unk hand paint n Kangxi Kraak C 1680-1750 refit w/ 1, 2. flower or fruit within delineated windows on plate (?) rim. GW 3 20-30 4 rim unk print n paint worn off, possible sun or flower design. GW 3 20-30 5 body unk hand paint n Kangxi Kraak C 1680-1750 refit w/ 1, 2, 3. GW 3 20-30 6 body unk hand paint n blue hand paint, too small to tell. GW 3 20-30 7 rim bowl hand paint hand paint geometric below rim; some chinese characters, sunflower design on base. Lines below rim and base on int. kitchen Ching. 18th-19th C. handpaint, but cheap. GW 3 20-30 8 base unk n n stoneware no glaze on int. probably wheel thrown. Blue glaze on ext. core is gray and beige. Unglazed bottom is a marker of Ming-ness. GW 3 20-30 9 base unk n n stoneware white glaze, none on ext. unglazed basse, wheel made, tan coarse, glaze. ~pre-ching? GW 3 20-30 10 rim unk hand paint n blue hand paint, too small to tell. GW 3 20-30 11 base unk hand paint hand paint blue hand paint, too small to tell. GW 3 20-30 12 base unk hand paint n blue hand paint, too small to tell. Page 3 of 7 Tradeware Catalog Site Unit Level Sherd # Vessel part Vessel Style Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Typological Designation Euro/ Asian date comments GW 3 20-30 13 base unk hand paint n blue hand paint, too small to tell. GW 3 20-30 14 base unk n hand paint hand paint blue lines below rim; red triangles w/in blue lines GW 3 20-30 15 body unk n n GW 3 20-30 16 body unk n n GW 3 20-30 17 body unk n n GW 3 20-30 18 rim unk hand paint brown batavia ware? C 1700-1780 brown glaze on ext. blue handpaint below rim. GW 3 20-30 19 body unk brown batavia ware? C 1700-1780 brown glaze on ext; no dec on int. batavia ware? Cup? 17th C. made in china for indonesia. GW 3 20-30 20 body unk hand paint n blue hand paint, too small to tell. GW 3 20-30 21 rim unk hand paint n blue hand paint, too small to tell. GW 3 20-30 22 rim unk hand paint n blue hand paint, line below rim, possible fish or flower. GW 3 20-30 23 body unk n hand paint blue hand paint, too small to tell. GW 3 20-30 24 body unk n hand paint possible maker's mark? Swirlies. GW 3 20-30 25 body unk hand paint n blue hand paint, too small to tell. GW 3 20-30 26 body unk n n GW 3 20-30 27 body unk hand paint n blue hand paint, too small to tell. GW 3 20-30 28 body unk n n GW 3 20-30 29 body unk hand paint n blue hand paint, too small to tell. GW 3 20-30 30 body unk hand paint n blue hand paint, too small to tell. GW 3 20-30 31 stem pipe n impress E outside diameter: 7.61; inside diameter:2.08-2.15mm. Little circles around the stem. GW 3 20-30 32 stem pipe n n E inside diameter 2.06- 2.15 mm GW 3 30-40 1 base unk n n GW 3 30-40 2 rim ?plate n hand paint English pearlwareE 1770-1830 blue hand paint, scalloped edges, some impress. GW 3 30-40 3 rim ?plate hand paint hand paint Kangxi Kraak C 1680-1750 blue hand paint on int and ext, brown on rim. Design on ext is a flowy line. Int is geometric, negative (?) swastika-like in band across top, plus another abstract band below that. GW 3 30-40 4 rim unk hand paint n blue hand paint band below rim. GW 3 30-40 5 rim unk n n GW 3 30-40 6 rim unk hand paint n blue hand paint, too small to tell. GW 3 40-50 1 rim unk hand paint n blue hand paint, too small to tell. GW 3 50-60 1 rim unk hand paint hand paint blue hand paint, too small to tell. GW 3 50-60 2 body ?bowl hand paint hand paint blue hand paint, too small to tell. GW 3 50-60 3 body unk n hand paint blue hand paint, too small to tell. GW 3 60-70 1 body unk hand paint n blue hand paint, too small to tell. GW 4 0-10 1 rim unk n n GW 4 0-10 2 base unk n n GW 4 0-10 3 base unk print n color worn off. Leaf pattern. GW 4 0-10 4 body unk n n GW 4 0-10 5 body unk n n GW 4 0-10 6 body unk n n GW 4 0-10 7 body unk n n GW 4 10-20 1 base bowl n n GW 4 10-20 2 body unk n n GW 4 10-20 3 base unk n n GW 4 10-20 4 base unk n n GW 4 10-20 5 rim unk hand paint n blue hand paint. GW 4 20-30 1 base ?plate n n GW 4 20-30 2 shoulder unk n n GW 4 20-30 3 rim unk n n GW 4 20-30 4 rim unk n hand paint blue hand paint. Too small to tell. GW 4 30-40 1 body unk n n stoneware brown glaze wih some(?) sort of coating GW 4 30-40 2 rim ?plate hand paint hand paint blue hand paint line below rim on int and ext GW 4 30-40 3 body unk n hand paint GW 4 30-40 4 body unk n hand paint GW 4 70-80 1 body unk n hand paint blue hand paint. Too small to tell. GW 4 90-100 1 body cup n hand paint blur hand paint. Little fields and structures. GW 4 90-100 2 body unk hand paint protrusions green hand paint on int. pink core. Little bumps on ext- from making it? GW 4 90-100 3 body unk n n stoneware salt glaze?brown glaze on int and ext KB 1 10-20 1 body jug n applique handlestoneware brown glaze on ext, none on int (small splash of glaze in int.). Possibly thai. KB 1 40-50 1 rim unk hand paint n C 1700-1800 some defects in ext glaze. Blue hand paint, scroll varient on rim. KB 1 40-50 2 rim unk paint n line below rim; most of paint worn off. KB 1 40-50 3 rim unk paint n KB 1 50-60 1 body unk hand paint n KB 1 50-60 2 body unk n n KB 1 50-60 3 body unk n n stoneware brown glaze on int and ext KB 1 60-70 1 body unk n n KB 2 0-10 1 rim ?bowl transfer transfer Red Transfer E 1830- red transfer on int and ext. flowers and trees. KB 2 0-10 2 body unk n n KB 2 0-10 3 body unk n n crazing KB 2 0-10 4 body unk n hand paint small blue handpaint spot on edge. Too small to tell. KB 2 0-10 5 body unk n n KB 2 0-10 6 body unk n n KB 2 0-10 7 body unk hand paint hand paint blue hand paint. Too small to tell. Page 4 of 7 Tradeware Catalog Site Unit Level Sherd # Vessel part Vessel Style Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Typological Designation Euro/ Asian date comments KB 2 0-10 8 rim unk n n KB 2 0-10 9 body unk n n KB 2 0-10 10 body unk n n KB 2 0-10 11 body unk n n KB 2 0-10 12 rim unk n n KB 2 0-10 13 rim unk n n KB 2 0-10 14 body unk n n KB 2 0-10 15 body unk n n KB 2 0-10 16 body unk hand paint n blue hand paint, flower. KB 2 10-20 1 body unk n applique handlestoneware greenish glaze on ext. KB 2 10-20 2 base ?bowl n maker's mark stamp E "P. REGOUT -26- [..]ICHT" stamped on base. KB 2 10-20 3 rim ?bowl n n refit w/ 4 KB 2 10-20 4 body ?bowl n n refit w/ 3 KB 2 10-20 5 base ?bowl n n KB 2 10-20 6 body ?bowl n n KB 2 10-20 7 rim unk n n KB 2 10-20 8 body unk n n KB 2 10-20 9 rim unk hand paint n English pearlwareE 1770-1830 green hand paint along rim. KB 2 10-20 10 body ?plate hand paint n probably the flare of a plate. Blue hand plaint. Tiny flowers connected w/ lattice. KB 2 10-20 11 rim unk hand paint hand paint blue hand paint flowers on int and possible landscape scene on ext. KB 2 10-20 12 rim unk hand paint n blue flow? blue hand paint flower on int. KB 2 10-20 13 rim bowl transfer transfer Japanese Imari A dk blue or black transfer. Flowers on int, Asian person in robes w/ willow (?) tree on ext. Orange line on top of rim. KB 2 10-20 14 body unk transfer n Blue transfer E 1750- blue transfer. Probably flowers. KB 2 10-20 15 rim unk n n not true porcelain. Green glaze on ext. lead-based. Sung-Yuan. But probably churrned up. KB 2 10-20 16 body unk n n not true porcelain, white glaze, pink core. KB 2 10-20 17 body unk hand paint n blue hand paint, too small to tell. KB 2 10-20 18 rim unk transfer n Purple transferE 1830- purple transfer, flowers w/ dots as a background. Refit w/ KB.2.20-30.22 KB 2 10-20 19 rim unk hand paint n blue hand paint. Line below rim, and something else. KB 2 10-20 20 body unk hand paint n green hand paint nesting diamonds. Same as at GW. KB 2 10-20 21 rim unk hand paint n English pearlware 1770-1830 blue hand paint along rim. Scalloped edge. KB 2 10-20 22 body unk n hand paint maiolica yellow paint with thin green line above and faint blue line above that. KB 2 10-20 23 body unk n n KB 2 10-20 24 body unk n n KB 2 10-20 25 body unk n n KB 2 10-20 26 body unk hand paint n blue hand paint. Flowers? KB 2 10-20 27 body unk n n KB 2 10-20 28 body unk n n KB 2 10-20 29 body unk n n KB 2 10-20 30 body unk n n brown on int, white on ext. not true porc, but not stoneware KB 2 10-20 31 body unk n n yellow brown, not true porc. Not stoneware KB 2 10-20 32 rim unk hand paint n blue hand paint geometric design below rim KB 2 10-20 33 handle unk n hand paint blue hand paint flowers on handle. Tea cup handle? KB 2 20-30 1 rim bowl hand paint n rim to base. Blue hand paint at base on int. brown glaze on rim edge. KB 2 20-30 2 base ?bowl n n base + beginning of bottom. Bluish glaze KB 2 20-30 3 base ?plate transfer transfer Blue Camel E 1750- blue transfer. Camel and building on int. remains of a marker's mark on base, but too fragmented KB 2 20-30 4 body unk n n KB 2 20-30 5 rim bowl transfer n Blue transfer E 1750- blue transfer. Flowers on a dot background. Refit w/ 6,7 KB 2 20-30 6 base bowl transfer n Blue transfer E 1750- blue transfer. Flowers on a dot background. Refit w/ 5,7 KB 2 20-30 7 rim bowl transfer n Blue transfer E 1750- blue transfer. Flowers on a dot background. Refit w/ 5,6 KB 2 20-30 8 rim ?plate transfer n Blue transfer E 1750- blue transfer, geometric designs and flowers. KB 2 20-30 9 rim ?plate transfer n Blue transfer E 1750- blue transfer, geometric designs. KB 2 20-30 10 body unk transfer n Blue transfer E 1750- blue transfer, geometric designs and flowers. KB 2 20-30 11 rim unk hand paint hand paint hand paint blue band below rim, geometric on int. thin line below rim and possible flowers on ext. dlightly blue tint to glaze. KB 2 20-30 12 body ?plate hand paint n hand paint blue, deisgn to small to tell. Possible water. KB 2 20-30 13 rim unk hand paint n blue hand plaint, geometric designs below rim KB 2 20-30 14 rim unk n n KB 2 20-30 15 base ?plate n MM stamp possible maastricht maker's mark. Black. KB 2 20-30 16 rim unk hand paint hand paint blue hand paint (bamboo leaves?) on int, flowers (?) on ext. Rim is also painted blue.everted rim. KB 2 20-30 17 base unk n n KB 2 20-30 18 base unk hand paint n blue hand paint on int. core is pink. Probably not true porcelain. KB 2 20-30 19 body unk n n probably not tru porcelain. Core is pink, KB 2 20-30 20 base unk n n KB 2 20-30 21 base unk transfer n Blue transfer E 1750- blue transferware, flowers and shrubbery, KB 2 20-30 22 base unk transfer n Purple transferE 1830- purple transferware, flowers. Refit with 23. Refit w/ KB.2.10-20.18 KB 2 20-30 23 body unk transfer n Purple transferE 1830- purple transferware, flowers. Refit with 22. KB 2 20-30 24 base ?bowl n n KB 2 20-30 25 base ?cup n n KB 2 20-30 26 pipe bowl pipe n impress E marker's mark on base, a bit small to tell. KB 2 30-40 1 rim ?lid n n ?stoneware not tru porcelain. Weird shape. KB 2 30-40 2 shoulder jar n stamp stoneware E brown glaze on ext, gray on int. Some writing on ext- "IGE[R?]" medallion on shoulder; "[…]OR" below on body Page 5 of 7 Tradeware Catalog Site Unit Level Sherd # Vessel part Vessel Style Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Typological Designation Euro/ Asian date comments KB 2 30-40 3 shoulder unk n n ?stoneware not true porc. Brown ext glaze. Weird shape, looks kinda like a nut. KB 2 30-40 4 base bowl hand paint hand paint same type as KB.2.20-30.Por.1, and below. Blue hand paint, blue tint to glaze. Round medallion on base int, blue line above base on int, some blue hand paint on ext, juga. KB 2 30-40 5 rim bowl hand paint hand paint same type as KB.2.20-30.Por.1, and above. Blue abstract designs on ext, brown on rim. KB 2 30-40 6 body unk n n ?stoneware v. thick. From amphora or something? Unglazed on int. KB 2 30-40 7 rim plate transfer n Blue Willow E 1750- blue transfer, probably willow pattern. Scalloped edge to plate. KB 2 30-40 8 base plate transfer n Blue Willow E 1750- blue transfer. Willow pattern. Bit of willow tree, pagoda and possibly bird wing KB 2 30-40 9 rim unk hand paint n blue hand paint. Too small. KB 2 30-40 10 body unk n n KB 2 30-40 11 rim unk hand paint n English pearlware 1770-1830 blue hand paint on rim, dripping down KB 2 30-40 12 body tile n n KB 2 30-40 13 body unk n n KB 2 30-40 14 rim ?plate hand paint hand paint blue hand paint in band below rim on int; thin blue line below rim on ext KB 2 30-40 15 body unk hand paint n blue hand paint. Band around rim? KB 2 40-50 1 rim ?plate hand paint n English pearlwareE 1770-1830 blur hand paint, dripping down from rim. KB 2 40-50 2 rim ?bowl transfer n Blue transfer E 1750- blue transfer, probably a scene, but just decorative flowers around rim KB 2 40-50 3 rim unk hand paint n blue hand paint flowers. Looks like it was drawn on and then bled? Whole sherd has blue tinge to it. KB 2 40-50 4 body unk hand paint n blue hand paint scene. Trees and clouds? KB 2 40-50 5 shoulder ?plate transfer n Blue Camel E 1750- blue transferware, similar to above w/ camel. Looks like an arabian-type scene w/ minaret-like architecture. People riding horses? KB 2 40-50 6 rim ?plate transfer n Blue transfer E 1830- v. dark blue transfer. Flowers/ KB 2 40-50 7 body unk hand paint hand paint greenish hand paint. Thick lines. Abstract? KB 2 40-50 8 body unk hand paint hand paint blue hand paint. Flower? KB 2 40-50 9 body unk n n stoneware brown ext glaze, no int glaze. KB 2 40-50 10 body unk n n ?euro? possibly molded? Has a ridge. V. thin. KB 2 40-50 11 body unk n n ?euro? possibly molded? Has a ridge. Brown int glaze, none on ext. KB 2 40-50 12 body unk n n ?euro? brown glaze on ext. v thin. KB 2 50-60 1 rim unk hand paint hand paint ?asian not true porcelain. Gray not white. Some remants of handpaint designs? Flower on ext and abstract on int rim? KB 2 50-60 2 rim unk hand paint hand paint hand paint blue. Leaf/ grass design right below rim on int, abstract or Chinese characters on ext. KB 2 50-60 3 base ?plate transfer n Blue transfer E 1750- blue transfer, decidious trees/ forest scene. KB 2 50-60 4 rim unk n n KB 2 50-60 5 body unk n hand paint hand paint, light blue/ green. Leaves? KB 2 50-60 6 rim unk n hand paint hand paint red and green over glaze. Green is clumpy, possibly copper? KB 2 50-60 7 body unk n n ?stoneware brown glaze on int and ext. wheel thrown. Euro? KB 2 50-60 8 body unk n n ?euro? possible molded? Has ridge. Brown glaze on int. none on ext. v. thin. KB 2 50-60 9 body unk n n ?euro? Brown glaze on int. none on ext. v. thin. KB 2 60-70 1 rim plate transfer n Blue Camel E 1750- blue transfer. Flowers around rim, Arabian-inspired scene on base. Refit w/ #2 below KB 2 60-70 2 rim plate transfer n Blue Camel E 1750- blue transfer. Flowers around rim, Arabian-inspired scene on base. Refit w/ #1 above. People riding horses. KB 2 60-70 3 body unk transfer n Purple transferE 1830- light purple transfer. Flower or leaf w/ II lines. Possible writing. KB 2 60-70 4 rim unk hand paint n blur hand paint, flowers. KB 2 60-70 5 body unk hand paint n not true porcelain. Pink core. Blue hand paint line. KB 2 60-70 6 rim unk hand paint n blur hand paint, dripping down from rim. Also, impress. KB 2 60-70 7 rim ?sm jar n hand paint apothecary jar? Red line around rim on ext. KB 2 60-70 8 stem pipe n n E inside diamter 2.26. thin and nore is large. KB 2 60-70 9 stem pipe n n E KB 2 70-80 1 rim plate transfer n Blue Willow E 1780- willow pattern. KB 2 70-80 2 rim unk n n ?asian? same as KB.2.50-60.01. not true por. KB 2 70-80 3 body unk n hand paint blue hand paint. KB 2 70-80 4 rim unk hand paint n blue hand paint, floral. KB 2 70-80 5 stem pipe n maker's mark stamp E marker's mark stamp- star w/ moon KB 2 80-90 1 rim plate transfer n Blue Camel E 1750- Same as KB.2.60-70.02, flowers on rim, Arabian-style scene. Blue transfer. KB 2 80-90 2 body tile n n flat white tile, sim to KB.2.30-40.12 KB 2 80-90 3 shoulder plate transfer n Purple transferE 1830- purple transfer, flowers and dots. KB 2 80-90 4 base unk hand paint hand paint blue hand paint at bottom, abstract? Thin blue line around interior of base on ext. KB 2 80-90 5 shoulder ?plate transfer n Blue transfer E 1750- blue transfer. Flowers on lined background. KB 2 80-90 6 body unk n hand paint blue hand paint on ext, too small to tell. KB 2 80-90 7 rim unk hand paint n blue hand paint flowers. Looks like it was drawn on and then bled? Whole sherd has blue tinge to it. Same as KB.2.40-50.3 KB 2 80-90 8 body unk n n stoneware brown glaze on ext, none on int. KB 2 90-100 1 rim unk n hand paint ?asian? green hand paint. Not tru porcelain. Asian? Green-gray tint to glaze, core is neutral. KB 2 90-100 2 shoulder unk n n ?asian? not true porcelain. Greenish gray tint to glaze. Core is neutral. Glaze is very thick. Sherd is thick. Platter? Celadon-y? pre-blue and white ware? Southern sung? KB 2 90-100 3 body unk n n ?european core is dark red/ purple. Ext glaze has a patina like on glass. Blackish glaze. Similar to KB.2.30-40.06 KB 2 90-100 4 base bowl hand paint hand paint blue hand paint on int. radiating sun (?) w/ abstract sqiuggles. Line above base on ext. KB 2 90-100 5 rim plate transfer n Blue transfer E 1750- blue transfer. Flowers on lined background. KB 2 90-100 6 body unk hand paint hand paint blue hand paint. Too small to tell. KB 2 90-100 7 rim unk hand paint hand paint blue hand paint, abstract squiggles on int, 2 II lines below rim on ext. KB 2 90-100 8 rim unk transfer n Red Transfer E 1830- red transfer, leaves on a red-dot background KB 2 90-100 9 rim unk n hand paint blue hand paint, small line on ext. below rim KB 3 0-10 1 shoulder ?plate n n KB 3 0-10 2 rim plate n n KB 3 0-10 3 body unk n n KB 3 0-10 4 body unk n hand paint blue hand paint, too small to tell. KB 3 0-10 5 rim unk n n Page 6 of 7 Tradeware Catalog Site Unit Level Sherd # Vessel part Vessel Style Int. Surface Trtment Ext. Surface Trtment Typological Designation Euro/ Asian date comments KB 3 10-20 1 base plate transfer n Blue Willow E 1780- blue transfer willow pattern. Refit w/ 2,3 KB 3 10-20 2 base plate transfer n Blue Willow E 1780- blue transfer willow pattern. Refit w/ 1,3 KB 3 10-20 3 base plate transfer maker's mark stampBlue Willow E 1780- blue transfer willow pattern. Refit w/ 1,2. maker's mark stamp w/ ?rampant lion, "TRICHT" on bottom and "QUE" on top. KB 3 10-20 4 rim plate transfer n Blue Willow E 1780- blue willow pattern; same as 1-7 KB 3 10-20 5 base plate transfer n Blue Willow E 1780- blue willow pattern; same as 1-7 KB 3 10-20 6 base plate transfer n Blue Willow E 1780- blue willow pattern; same as 1-7 KB 3 10-20 7 rim plate transfer n Blue Willow E 1780- blue willow pattern; same as 1-7 KB 3 10-20 8 rim unk hand paint n green hand paint dripping down from rim KB 3 10-20 9 rim unk hand paint n green hand paint dripping down from rim KB 3 10-20 10 body unk hand paint hand paint blue squiggles KB 3 10-20 11 base unk n n KB 3 10-20 12 body unk n n KB 3 10-20 13 body unk transfer n Red Transfer E 1830- red transfer, geometric design KB 3 10-20 14 body unk n n ?euro? orange glaze on ext, none on int. KB 3 20-30 1 body plate transfer n Blue Willow E 1780- blue willow pattern; same as 1-7. refit w/ 3, above KB 3 20-30 2 shoulder unk n n KB 3 20-30 3 body unk transfer n Red Transfer E 1750- blue transfer KB 3 20-30 4 body unk n n KB 3 20-30 5 rim unk n n KB 3 20-30 6 body unk n n Page 7 of 7 Appendix D Faunal Analysis Ordatang Unit 1 Faunal Site Unit Level Number Weight Species Size Element Side Notes OR 1 0-10 1 0.25 fish cranium unk OR 1 0-10 2 0.61 fish maxilla right parrot-fish? OR 1 0-10 3 0.1 fish unk unk OR 1 0-10 4 0.06 fish unk unk OR 1 0-10 5 0.29 fish unk unk cut marks OR 1 0-10 6 0.85 fish vert n/a OR 1 0-10 7 0.18 fish vert n/a OR 1 10-20 1 0.02 mammal med LBF? unk med mammal? OR 1 10-20 2 0.08 mammal med LBF? unk med mammal? OR 1 10-20 3 0.09 mammal med LBF? unk med mammal? OR 1 10-20 4 0.89 mammal med rib unk med mammal? OR 1 10-20 5 0.76 mammal lrg LBF? unk lrg mammal OR 1 30-40 1 0.64 fish cranium n/a OR 1 30-40 2 0.08 fish unk unk OR 1 40-50 1 0.14 fish fin unk Page 1 of 1 Ordatang Unit 2 Faunal Site Unit Level Number Weight Species Size Element Side Notes OR 2 0-10 1 0.07 bird rib? unk OR 2 10-20 1 0.33 fish cranium unk OR 2 10-20 2 0.38 mammal lrg LBF? unk lrg mammal; burned black. OR 2 20-30 1 1.01 bird rib unk OR 2 20-30 2 0.22 bird pelvis unk pelvis frag. Page 1 of 1 Ordatang Unit 3 Faunal Site Unit Level Number Weight Species Size Element Side Notes OR 3 0-10 1 2.7 mammal lrg frag-rib OR 3 0-10 1 2.9 mammal lrg rib unk OR 3 0-10 2 0.41 fish vert unk OR 3 0-10 2 0.4 fish vert OR 3 0-10 3 0.13 fish fin unk OR 3 0-10 3 0.14 fish rib OR 3 0-10 4 0.18 unid'able bits unid'able bits OR 3 0-10 4 0.23 unid'able bits unid'able bits mix of fish and mammal, probably OR 3 10-20 1 1.49 mammal med tibia unk ephiphyses are missing. 53.76 mm. med mammal. Cut marks. OR 3 10-20 2 0.93 mammal med fibula? unk ephiphyses are missing. 47.39 mm. med mammal. Cut marks. OR 3 10-20 3 1.68 mammal med pelvis? unk med mammal? OR 3 10-20 4 3.08 mammal med astralagus unk med mammal- goat? OR 3 10-20 5 0.49 mammal med astralagus unk med mammal- goat? OR 3 10-20 6 0.41 mammal med rib unk med mammal? OR 3 10-20 7 0.21 mammal med FBF unk ext cortical bone? OR 3 10-20 8 0.28 mammal med ulna unk proximal epihysis OR 3 10-20 9 0.06 mammal med rib unk axial articular surface. Sm mammal. OR 3 10-20 10 0.14 mammal med FBF/ vert unk OR 3 10-20 11 0.18 mammal med rib unk OR 3 10-20 12 0.42 mammal med rib unk OR 3 10-20 13 0.1 mammal med rib? unk OR 3 10-20 14 0.45 mammal med LBF? unk ext cortical bone? OR 3 10-20 15 0.66 mammal med fibula? unk OR 3 10-20 16 0.37 bird med tibia/fibula right distal end of tibio-fibula- probably chicken OR 3 10-20 17 0.33 mammal med fibula? unk OR 3 10-20 18 0.15 mammal med pelvis unk OR 3 10-20 19 0.38 mammal med vert n/a mammals= 11.69 g OR 3 10-20 20 2.78 bird chicken humerus unk bird= 3.66 g OR 3 10-20 21 0.88 bird chicken cranium unk "occipital" OR 3 10-20 22 0.29 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 23 0.29 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 24 0.59 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 25 0.19 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 26 0.51 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 27 0.59 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 28 0.28 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 29 0.25 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 30 0.23 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 31 0.3 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 32 0.19 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 33 0.2 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 34 0.51 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 35 0.23 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 36 0.42 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 37 0.41 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 38 0.31 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 39 0.31 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 40 0.49 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 41 0.21 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 42 0.18 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 43 0.41 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 44 0.5 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 45 0.24 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 46 0.16 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 47 0.17 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 48 0.11 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 49 0.26 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 50 0.03 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 51 0.07 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 52 0.18 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 53 0.27 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 54 0.21 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 55 0.16 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 56 0.22 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 57 0.21 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 58 0.06 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 59 0.11 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 60 0.06 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 61 0.02 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 62 0.01 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 63 0.08 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 64 0.05 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 65 0.09 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 66 0.08 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 67 0.01 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 68 0.01 fish vert unk OR 3 10-20 69 0.25 fish max/ mand unk mouth grinding surface OR 3 10-20 70 0.1 fish max/ mand unk mouth grinding surface OR 3 10-20 71 0.3 fish cranium unk OR 3 10-20 72 0.48 fish cranium unk OR 3 10-20 73 0.35 fish cranium unk OR 3 10-20 74 0.06 fish cranium unk OR 3 10-20 75 0.4 fish fin unk OR 3 10-20 76 0.13 fish fin unk OR 3 10-20 77 0.06 fish fin unk OR 3 10-20 78 0.74 turtle? carapace? unk spongy, flat bone, light in weight. OR 3 10-20 79 1.23 turtle? carapace? unk spongy, flat bone, light in weight. OR 3 10-20 80 0.26 turtle? carapace? unk spongy, flat bone, light in weight. OR 3 10-20 81 0.36 turtle? carapace? unk spongy, flat bone, light in weight. Page 1 of 2 Ordatang Unit 3 Faunal Site Unit Level Number Weight Species Size Element Side Notes OR 3 10-20 82 0.44 turtle? carapace? unk spongy, flat bone, light in weight. OR 3 10-20 83 1.54 unid'able bits unid'able bits unk OR 3 20-30 1 0.72 mammal lrg LBF? unk OR 3 20-30 2 0.55 mammal lrg LBF? unk OR 3 20-30 3 0.19 mammal lrg vert unk OR 3 20-30 4 0.26 mammal small mandible right OR 3 20-30 5 0.21 fish vert unk OR 3 20-30 6 0.83 fish fin unk OR 3 20-30 7 0.06 fish fin unk OR 3 20-30 8 0.03 fish fin unk OR 3 20-30 9 0.48 bird rib/ LBF bits unk OR 3 30-40 1 0.48 mammal med scapula left dog OR 3 30-40 2 1.71 mammal med humerus left OR 3 30-40 3 1.72 mammal med humerus right OR 3 30-40 4 2.04 mammal med femur right OR 3 30-40 5 1.83 mammal med femur left OR 3 30-40 6 2.26 mammal med tibia left 2 pcs OR 3 30-40 7 1.47 mammal med tibia right proximal half. OR 3 30-40 8 1.57 mammal med long bone unk OR 3 30-40 9 1.48 mammal med long bone unk OR 3 30-40 10 0.89 mammal med long bone unk distal articular surface OR 3 30-40 11 0.08 mammal med caudal vert n/a OR 3 30-40 12 0.6 mammal med metatarsal unk OR 3 30-40 13 1.03 mammal med metatarsal unk OR 3 30-40 14 0.56 mammal med metatarsal unk OR 3 30-40 15 0.01 mammal med rib unk OR 3 30-40 16 0.03 mammal med rib unk OR 3 30-40 17 0.15 mammal med frag- metatarsal? unk OR 3 30-40 18 0.11 mammal med frag- metatarsal? unk OR 3 30-40 19 0.18 mammal med frag- vert? unk articular surface w/ foramen. OR 3 30-40 20 0.26 mammal med frag- metatarsal? unk OR 3 30-40 21 0.18 mammal med frag- metatarsal? unk OR 3 30-40 22 0.24 mammal med frag- metatarsal? unk OR 3 30-40 23 0.12 mammal med frag- metatarsal? unk OR 3 30-40 24 0.13 mammal med frag-pelvis unk OR 3 30-40 25 0.3 mammal med tarsal unk OR 3 30-40 26 0.33 mammal med tarsal unk OR 3 30-40 27 0.26 mammal med tarsal unk OR 3 30-40 28 0.04 mammal med tarsal unk OR 3 30-40 29 0.16 mammal med phalanx unk OR 3 30-40 30 0.16 mammal med phalanx unk OR 3 30-40 31 0.18 mammal med phalanx unk OR 3 30-40 32 0.08 mammal med frag-phalanx unk OR 3 30-40 33 0.07 mammal med frag-phalanx unk OR 3 30-40 34 0.11 mammal med frag-pelvis unk OR 3 30-40 35 0.14 mammal med frag-femur? unk articular surface, possibe femur epiphysis OR 3 30-40 36 0.12 mammal med frag-phalanx? unk OR 3 30-40 37 0.23 mammal med frag-cranium n/a 3 pcs, thin bones, sinus? OR 3 30-40 38 0.68 mammal med frag-cranium auditory bula? OR 3 30-40 39 2.35 mammal med teeth 11 goat teeth, mostly molar frags, 1 incisor. OR 3 30-40 40 0.4 fish vert OR 3 30-40 41 0.29 fish vert OR 3 30-40 42 3.17 mammal med unid'able bits bits and pieces too small to ID, mostly bits of the mammal OR 3 40-50 1 0.21 mammal med frag-scapula OR 3 40-50 2 0.13 mammal med frag-pelvis? pelvis frag? Epiphysis. Page 2 of 2 Groot Waling Unit 1, 1.5 Faunal Site Unit Level Number Weight Species Size Element Side Notes GW 1 0-10 1 3.03 mammal med frag- flat bone cranium? Possible suture lines GW 1 0-10 2 0.37 mammal med frag- flat bone cranium? GW 1 0-10 3 0.45 mammal med tooth tooth root- goat? GW 1 0-10 4 0.01 fish small maxilla? GW 1 0-10 5 0.25 fish unk GW 1 0-10 6 0.03 fish unk GW 1 0-10 7 0.08 fish unk GW 1 0-10 8 0.06 fish unk GW 1.5 0-10 1 0.27 mammal lrg/ med frag-?rib GW 1 10-20 1 10.14 mammal med frag-long bone medial malleolus? Or calcanous. With cut marks. GW 1 10-20 2 0.64 mammal med frag-long bone sliver of LB or tarsal, etc frag. Darkened- burned? GW 1 10-20 3 0.23 mammal med LBF? sliver of bone; not burned. GW 1 10-20 4 0.12 fish unk GW 1.5 10-20 1 15.26 mammal med scapula matches lrg mammal in GW-1 80-90 cm. GW 1.5 10-20 2 0.31 mammal med LBF? possible water-worn GW 1 20-30 1 0.18 mammal lrg frag-long bone sliver of bone. GW 1 20-30 2 0.36 mammal med ?tooth? possibly goat tooth frag. GW 1 20-30 3 0.06 mammal lrg unk some spongy int bone GW 1 20-30 4 0.04 mammal unk GW 1 20-30 5 0.05 mammal med frag-tarsal? articular surfaces. GW 1 20-30 6 0.02 mammal med frag-tarsal? articular surfaces. GW 1 20-30 7 0.02 fish vert GW 1 20-30 8 0.06 fish unk possibly heat-altered. GW 1 20-30 9 0.07 fish unk possibly heat-altered. GW 1 20-30 10 0.12 fish unk possibly heat-altered. GW 1 20-30 11 0.03 fish unk GW 1 20-30 12 0.01 fish unk GW 1 20-30 13 0.02 fish unid'able bits GW 1.5 20-30 1 1.69 mammal lrg frag- rib cut marks GW 1.5 20-30 2 1.27 mammal lrg frag- flat bone possibly skull frag, but no spongy bone. Interior topography but not cancellous bone. GW 1.5 20-30 3 0.14 mammal lrg LBF? bone sliver GW 1.5 20-30 4 0.15 mammal lrg LBF? bone sliver GW 1.5 20-30 5 0.42 mammal med epipysis GW 1.5 20-30 6 0.04 fish vert GW 1 30-40 1 0.49 fish unk GW 1 30-40 2 0.37 fish unk GW 1 30-40 3 0.15 fish unk GW 1 30-40 4 0.03 fish unk GW 1 30-40 5 0.05 fish unk GW 1 30-40 6 0.05 fish unk GW 1 30-40 7 0.02 fish unk GW 1 30-40 8 0.01 fish unid'able bits GW 1 30-40 9 0.01 fish unid'able bits GW 1.5 30-40 1 1.24 mammal lrg rib GW 1.5 30-40 2 1.05 mammal lrg ?rib calcined GW 1.5 30-40 3 0.45 mammal lrg LBF? calcined GW 1.5 30-40 4 0.25 mammal lrg LBF? calcined GW 1.5 30-40 5 0.43 mammal lrg LBF? calcined GW 1.5 30-40 6 0.01 mammal unid'able bits GW 1.5 30-40 7 0.03 mammal small long bone GW 1.5 30-40 8 0.11 fish unk GW 1.5 30-40 9 0.17 fish unk GW 1.5 30-40 10 0.04 fish unk GW 1.5 30-40 11 0.06 fish unk GW 1.5 40-50 1 4.06 mammal lrg tarsal 4.06 5 pcs glued together GW 1.5 40-50 2 0.25 mammal lrg tarsal 0.25 GW 1.5 40-50 3 0.11 mammal lrg tarsal 0.11 GW 1.5 40-50 4 0.13 mammal lrg tarsal 0.13 GW 1.5 40-50 5 0.31 mammal lrg ?phalanx GW 1.5 40-50 6 0.22 mammal lrg ?phalanx GW 1.5 40-50 7 0.14 fish unk GW 1 40-50 1 27.16 mammal lrg tibia 3 pcs glued together. Triangular cross-section. Mid-shaft. Cow? Cut marks on front & back. GW 1 40-50 2 1.5 mammal lrg frag- LB GW 1 40-50 3 0.27 mammal med frag-rib GW 1 40-50 4 0.63 mammal lrg phalanx GW 1 40-50 5 0.22 mammal med carpal/ tarsal dog? GW 1 40-50 6 0.13 mammal med carpal/ tarsal dog? GW 1 40-50 7 0.14 mammal med carpal/ tarsal dog? GW 1 40-50 8 0.49 fish lrg vert GW 1 40-50 9 0.05 fish rib heat treated? GW 1 40-50 10 0.08 fish unk GW 1 40-50 11 1.63 mammal lrg LBF LBF slivers GW 1 50-60 1 0.37 mammal med caudal vert dog? GW 1 50-60 2 1.1 mammal med epipysis- distal femur? 2 pcs glued together GW 1 50-60 3 0.35 fish vert GW 1 50-60 4 0.05 fish unk GW 1 50-60 5 0.06 fish unk GW 1 50-60 6 0.01 fish unk GW 1 60-70 1 0.06 ?avian? unk GW 1 60-70 2 0.03 ?avian? unk GW 1 60-70 3 0.01 ?avian? unk GW 1 60-70 4 0.61 fish maxilla heat treated. GW 1 60-70 5 0.29 fish vert GW 1 60-70 6 0.06 fish vert GW 1 60-70 7 0.09 fish unid'able bits GW 1 70-80 1 2.53 mammal lrg rib broken and pitted. Cut marks. Digested by dog? GW 1 70-80 2 0.01 fish vert GW 1 70-80 3 0.09 fish vert GW 1 70-80 4 0.3 fish unid'able bits not greasy. Possibly water-worn. GW 1.5 70-80 1 2.4 mammal med metatarsal refit w/ GW 1 90-100cm GW 1 80-90 1 3.77 mammal med scapula heat treated. Scapula frag. Refits w/ pc in GW 1.5 10-20 cm. GW 1 80-90 2 1.28 avian long bone probably chicken, possibly tibia. Cutmarks. GW 1 80-90 3 0.44 avian unid'able bits GW 1.5 80-90 1 0.08 fish vert water worn. GW 1.5 80-90 2 0.26 fish unid'able bits 8 pcs. Water worn. GW 1 90-100 1 5.54 mammal med metatarsal goat? Juvenile- missing epiphysis. 2 pcs glued together. Epiphysis in Unit 1.5, 70-80 cm. GW 1 90-100 2 1.45 mammal lrg frag- vert? spinous process? GW 1 90-100 3 0.15 mammal lrg unid'able bits GW 1.5 90-100 1 0.16 fish small unid'able bits water worn. Page 1 of 1 Groot Waling Unit 2 Faunal Site Unit Level Number Weight Species Size Element Side Notes GW 2 0-10 1 0.38 fish vert GW 2 0-10 2 0.15 fish spine GW 2 0-10 3 0.03 fish spine GW 2 0-10 4 0.12 fish unk GW 2 10-20 1 13.27 mammal med pelvis frag cut marks. Goat? GW 2 10-20 2 1.59 mammal med tarsal GW 2 10-20 3 2.03 mammal med tarsal burned. Cuboid? 2 pcs glued together. GW 2 10-20 4 1.03 mammal lrg unk cranium? GW 2 10-20 5 1.34 mammal lrg LBF? cut marks. GW 2 10-20 6 0.78 mammal med ?rib cut marks. GW 2 10-20 7 1.29 mammal lrg unid'able bits GW 2 10-20 8 0.74 mammal med hoof/ horn GW 2 10-20 9 0.95 avian LBF? GW 2 10-20 10 1.38 fish unid'able bits 6 pcs, spines, cranium bits GW 2 70-80 1 0.35 mammal unid'able bits water worn Page 1 of 1 Groot Waling Unit 3 Faunal Site Unit Level Number Weight Species Size Element Side Notes GW 3 0-10 1 0.03 mammal med unid'able bits GW 3 20-30 1 0.64 mammal med frag Vert? GW 3 20-30 2 0.55 mammal med frag Rib? GW 3 20-30 3 0.37 mammal med unid'able bits GW 3 20-30 4 0.02 fish unk GW 3 30-40 1 0.6 mammal med ?metaT/ phalanx calcined GW 3 30-40 2 0.54 mammal med unid'able bits long bone fragment slivers? GW 3 40-50 1 0.56 mammal med unk burned. Cross section is rectangulat w/ indentations on 2 sides. GW 3 80-90 1 0.62 fish unk water worn. There are 3. GW 3 90-100 1 0.01 fish small vert water worn. GW 3 90-100 2 0.44 fish unk water worn. Page 1 of 1 Groot Waling Unit 4 Faunal Site Unit Level number weight species size element side notes GW 4 0-10 1 0.51 mammal med cranium- orbital GW 4 0-10 2 0.24 mammal med phalanx GW 4 0-10 3 0.04 mammal unid'able bits 2 pcs GW 4 0-10 4 0.44 fish vert GW 4 10-20 1 0.66 mammal med vert atlas GW 4 10-20 2 0.43 mammal med vert atlas GW 4 10-20 3 0.65 mammal med vert cervial GW 4 10-20 4 0.15 mammal med vert axis GW 4 10-20 5 0.17 mammal med vert GW 4 10-20 6 0.22 mammal med vert GW 4 10-20 7 0.24 mammal med vert GW 4 10-20 8 0.1 mammal med vert GW 4 10-20 9 0.09 mammal med vert GW 4 10-20 10 0.09 mammal med vert GW 4 10-20 11 0.71 mammal med frag-cranium GW 4 10-20 12 0.13 mammal med frag-cranium GW 4 10-20 13 0.15 mammal med frag-cranium GW 4 10-20 14 0.14 mammal med frag-cranium GW 4 10-20 16 2.25 mammal med frag-cranium burned- blackened on one end. GW 4 10-20 15 0.2 mammal med LBF? GW 4 10-20 17 1.33 mammal med calcaneous GW 4 10-20 18 0.12 mammal unid'able bits GW 4 10-20 19 0.49 fish vert GW 4 10-20 20 0.67 fish vert GW 4 10-20 21 0.11 fish vert GW 4 10-20 22 0.33 fish vert GW 4 10-20 23 0.4 fish vert GW 4 10-20 24 0.08 fish vert GW 4 10-20 25 0.51 fish vert GW 4 10-20 26 0.3 fish vert GW 4 10-20 27 0.7 fish frag- cranium GW 4 10-20 29 0.38 fish frag-cranium GW 4 10-20 28 0.82 fish spine GW 4 10-20 30 0.11 fish spine GW 4 10-20 31 0.11 fish fin? GW 4 10-20 32 0.13 fish unid'able bits GW 4 20-30 1 14.58 mammal med vert Dog GW 4 20-30 2 3.07 mammal med scapula 5 pcs. Dog GW 4 20-30 3 2.29 mammal med frag-cranium Dog GW 4 20-30 4 23.04 mammal med tibia 4 tibia: 2R, 2L. Dog GW 4 20-30 5 5.3 mammal med femur right Dog GW 4 20-30 6 2.71 mammal med fibula lots of bits, R, L and shafts. Dog GW 4 20-30 7 11.02 mammal med humerus 1 R, 1L. Dog GW 4 20-30 8 7.21 mammal med ulna 1 R, 1L. Dog GW 4 20-30 9 5.15 mammal med radius 1 R, 1L. Dog GW 4 20-30 10 7.44 mammal med ribs Dog GW 4 20-30 11 7.85 mammal med phalanx Dog GW 4 20-30 12 4.45 mammal med tarsal Dog GW 4 20-30 13 4.34 mammal med teeth goat GW 4 20-30 14 10.78 mammal unid'able bits GW 4 20-30 15 0.27 fish vert GW 4 20-30 16 0.12 fish vert GW 4 20-30 17 0.11 fish vert GW 4 20-30 18 0.15 fish vert GW 4 20-30 22 0.28 fish vert GW 4 20-30 23 0.06 fish vert GW 4 20-30 19 1 fish cranium GW 4 20-30 20 0.49 fish cranium GW 4 20-30 21 0.49 fish cranium GW 4 20-30 24 1.46 fish unid'able bits GW 4 30-40 1 21.64 mammal med femur dog. 1 r, 2 L. GW 4 30-40 2 11.22 mammal med humerus dog 1R, 1L GW 4 30-40 3 5.23 mammal med ulna dog 1R, 1L GW 4 30-40 4 4.22 mammal med radius dog R, 1L GW 4 30-40 5 0.94 mammal med scapula GW 4 30-40 6 17.34 mammal med vert dog GW 4 30-40 7 5.83 mammal med pelvis frag dog Page 1 of 2 Groot Waling Unit 4 Faunal Site Unit Level number weight species size element side notes GW 4 30-40 8 6.59 mammal med ribs dog GW 4 30-40 9 3.61 mammal med phalanx dog GW 4 30-40 12 3.03 mammal lrg rib cow or pig? GW 4 30-40 11 12.63 mammal lrg phalanx cow? GW 4 30-40 10 5.65 mammal unid'able bits GW 4 40-50 1 0.38 mammal lrg LBF? GW 4 40-50 2 0.18 mammal med tibia distal GW 4 40-50 3 0.26 fish unid'able bits GW 4 50-60 1 15.95 mammal med teeth goat teeth frags GW 4 50-60 2 1.75 mammal lrg LBF? GW 4 50-60 3 3.2 mammal lrg ?phalanx GW 4 60-70 1 5.05 mammal med frag-cranium auditory bulla. Water-worn GW 4 60-70 2 1.09 mammal lrg/ med unid'able bits water-worn GW 4 60-70 3 0.09 fish vert water-worn GW 4 60-70 4 0.16 fish vert water-worn GW 4 60-70 5 0.09 fish vert water-worn GW 4 60-70 6 0.38 fish unid'able bits water-worn GW 4 60-70 7 0.04 mammal small femur right water-worn GW 4 60-70 8 0.77 unk unid'able bits water-worn GW 4 90-100 1 0.14 fish unid'able bits Page 2 of 2 Komber Unit 1 Faunal Site Unit Level Number Weight Species Size Element Side Notes KB 1 0-10 1 0.16 fish spine KB 1 0-10 2 0.28 fish frag-cranium KB 1 0-10 3 0.48 mammal LBF? KB 1 20-30 1 0.67 fish maxilla KB 1 20-30 2 0.16 fish maxilla KB 1 30-40 1 1.02 mammal lrg molar human tooth KB 1 30-40 2 0.07 fish vert KB 1 30-40 3 0.04 fish vert KB 1 30-40 4 0.13 mammal small LBF? KB 1 30-40 5 0.01 mammal small KB 1 40-50 1 0.25 fish vert KB 1 40-50 2 0.1 fish vert KB 1 40-50 3 0.08 fish vert KB 1 40-50 4 0.08 fish vert KB 1 40-50 5 0.01 fish vert KB 1 40-50 6 0.06 fish vert KB 1 40-50 7 0.5 fish mandible KB 1 40-50 8 0.36 fish frag-cranium KB 1 40-50 9 0.16 fish fin? KB 1 40-50 10 0.13 fish maxilla KB 1 40-50 11 0.75 fish unid'able bits KB 1 50-60 1 1.29 mammal med femur right cat KB 1 50-60 2 0.49 mammal med femur left cat. Proximal KB 1 50-60 3 0.29 mammal med femur femoral heads. N=3 KB 1 50-60 4 0.71 mammal med femur distal femur epiphyses KB 1 50-60 5 0.79 mammal med tibia L and R tibia KB 1 50-60 6 0.14 mammal med femur trochanter epiphysis KB 1 50-60 7 1.14 mammal med pelvis frag 3 pcs. KB 1 50-60 8 0.27 mammal med tibia epiphyses KB 1 50-60 9 0.36 mammal med tibia distal end KB 1 50-60 10 0.83 mammal med vert KB 1 50-60 11 0.82 mammal med Metatarsal 7 meta-tarsals KB 1 50-60 12 0.76 mammal med calcaneous 1 R, 1 L KB 1 50-60 13 4.11 mammal med phalanx phalanges and metaTs, LBF KB 1 50-60 14 0.68 fish vert KB 1 50-60 15 0.58 fish vert KB 1 50-60 16 1.5 fish unid'able bits KB 1 50-60 17 6.16 unk unid'able bits KB 1 60-70 1 1.6 avian humerus cutmarks KB 1 60-70 2 1.54 fish maxilla KB 1 60-70 3 0.17 fish vert KB 1 60-70 4 0.13 fish spine KB 1 60-70 5 0.05 mammal epiphysis Page 1 of 1 Komber Unit 2 Faunal Site Unit Level Number Weight Species Size Element Side Notes KB 2 0-10 1 16.77 mammal lrg phalanx cow or pig. KB 2 0-10 2 0.44 mammal med rib KB 2 0-10 3 0.31 fish maxilla heat treated KB 2 0-10 4 0.04 fish spine heat treated KB 2 0-10 5 0.02 fish unk KB 2 10-20 1 12.92 fish unk KB 2 10-20 2 1.17 mammal unid'able bits KB 2 20-30 1 12.17 mammal med cranium KB 2 20-30 2 2.36 mammal med tooth goat (?) incisor, root frag KB 2 20-30 3 1.2 mammal med unk phalanges (?) and LBF KB 2 20-30 4 2.31 avian LBF? KB 2 20-30 5 1.27 fish vert KB 2 20-30 6 0.4 fish mouth plate KB 2 20-30 7 4.27 fish cranium KB 2 20-30 8 12.36 fish unk KB 2 20-30 9 2.98 fish unid'able bits KB 2 30-40 1 57.51 mammal lrg teeth cow- 5 teeth- very worn. Molar and pre-molars KB 2 30-40 2 42.1 mammal lrg mandible frags of mandible KB 2 30-40 3 0.16 mammal med vert frags caudal vert KB 2 30-40 4 5.77 mammal lrg rib frags KB 2 30-40 5 1.17 avian LBF? KB 2 30-40 6 8.88 fish various unk KB 2 30-40 7 4.9 unk unid'able bits KB 2 40-50 1 85.7 mammal med humerus distal. Multiple frags glued together. Goat? Cut marks KB 2 40-50 2 4.66 mammal med unid'able bits cancelous bone frags KB 2 40-50 3 3.26 avian LBF? KB 2 40-50 4 1.62 fish vert KB 2 40-50 5 2.58 fish spine KB 2 40-50 6 6.74 fish cranium KB 2 40-50 7 3.23 unk unid'able bits KB 2 50-60 1 7.68 mammal lrg/ med calcaneous epiphyses, cancelous bone. KB 2 50-60 2 28.74 mammal lrg/ med flat bone frags pelvis KB 2 50-60 3 1.74 avian femur KB 2 50-60 4 0.83 fish vert KB 2 50-60 5 3.94 fish cranium KB 2 50-60 6 1.98 fish spine KB 2 50-60 7 2.14 unk unid'able bits KB 2 60-70 1 4.53 mammal med rib KB 2 60-70 2 0.35 fish vert KB 2 60-70 3 1.05 fish mandible w/ teeth KB 2 60-70 4 1.8 fish other KB 2 70-80 1 2.16 avian LBF? N=2 KB 2 70-80 2 1.52 mammal small humerus distal. Not cat or dog. Bat? Cuscus? Pretty short and stubby. KB 2 70-80 3 0.78 mammal med vert N=1 KB 2 70-80 4 15.24 mammal lrg cranium N=8 KB 2 70-80 5 10.77 mammal lrg flat bone frags rib? N=4 KB 2 70-80 6 0.6 fish vert N=2 KB 2 70-80 7 4.81 fish other N=24 KB 2 70-80 8 3.44 unk unid'able bits KB 2 80-90 1 0.62 mammal small maxilla maxilla + 2 teeth- phalanger? KB 2 80-90 2 0.13 mammal small caudal vert KB 2 80-90 3 2.21 mammal med tooth incisor. Goat? KB 2 80-90 4 2.91 mammal med cranium KB 2 80-90 5 0.17 fish vert KB 2 80-90 6 0.52 fish other KB 2 80-90 7 0.4 unk unid'able bits Page 1 of 1 Appendix E Starch Grain Analysis Comparative Collection Measurements Species Length C. esculenta 2.63 C. esculenta 2.86 C. esculenta 2.91 C. esculenta 3.13 C. esculenta 3.31 C. esculenta 3.32 C. esculenta 3.44 C. esculenta 3.45 C. esculenta 3.46 C. esculenta 3.5 C. esculenta 3.53 C. esculenta 3.54 C. esculenta 3.68 C. esculenta 3.78 C. esculenta 3.81 C. esculenta 3.82 C. esculenta 3.91 C. esculenta 3.91 C. esculenta 3.95 C. esculenta 3.95 C. esculenta 3.95 C. esculenta 3.96 C. esculenta 4.01 C. esculenta 4.01 C. esculenta 4.01 C. esculenta 4.07 C. esculenta 4.07 C. esculenta 4.08 C. esculenta 4.1 C. esculenta 4.14 C. esculenta 4.15 C. esculenta 4.24 C. esculenta 4.26 C. esculenta 4.27 C. esculenta 4.27 C. esculenta 4.27 C. esculenta 4.31 C. esculenta 4.32 C. esculenta 4.33 C. esculenta 4.33 C. esculenta 4.36 C. esculenta 4.36 C. esculenta 4.38 C. esculenta 4.47 C. esculenta 4.54 C. esculenta 4.55 Page 1 of 30 Comparative Collection Measurements Species Length C. esculenta 4.55 C. esculenta 4.59 C. esculenta 4.59 C. esculenta 4.6 C. esculenta 4.67 C. esculenta 4.67 C. esculenta 4.69 C. esculenta 4.7 C. esculenta 4.79 C. esculenta 4.8 C. esculenta 4.83 C. esculenta 4.84 C. esculenta 4.87 C. esculenta 4.87 C. esculenta 4.88 C. esculenta 4.93 C. esculenta 4.99 C. esculenta 5.03 C. esculenta 5.04 C. esculenta 5.11 C. esculenta 5.13 C. esculenta 5.18 C. esculenta 5.22 C. esculenta 5.22 C. esculenta 5.26 C. esculenta 5.3 C. esculenta 5.4 C. esculenta 5.47 C. esculenta 5.5 C. esculenta 5.51 C. esculenta 5.58 C. esculenta 5.59 C. esculenta 5.68 C. esculenta 5.78 C. esculenta 5.85 C. esculenta 5.86 C. esculenta 5.88 C. esculenta 5.95 C. esculenta 5.95 C. esculenta 5.97 C. esculenta 5.99 C. esculenta 6 C. esculenta 6.04 C. esculenta 6.06 C. esculenta 6.06 C. esculenta 6.13 Page 2 of 30 Comparative Collection Measurements Species Length C. esculenta 6.15 C. esculenta 6.15 C. esculenta 6.18 C. esculenta 6.19 C. esculenta 6.41 C. esculenta 6.85 C. esculenta 7.73 C. esculenta 7.81 C. esculenta 7.86 C. esculenta 8.18 C. esculenta 9.37 D. esculenta 1.68 D. esculenta 1.77 D. esculenta 2.1 D. esculenta 2.18 D. esculenta 2.28 D. esculenta 2.29 D. esculenta 2.37 D. esculenta 2.42 D. esculenta 2.43 D. esculenta 2.48 D. esculenta 2.5 D. esculenta 2.5 D. esculenta 2.55 D. esculenta 2.6 D. esculenta 2.65 D. esculenta 2.73 D. esculenta 2.73 D. esculenta 2.74 D. esculenta 2.79 D. esculenta 2.79 D. esculenta 2.8 D. esculenta 2.8 D. esculenta 2.8 D. esculenta 2.82 D. esculenta 2.82 D. esculenta 2.83 D. esculenta 2.86 D. esculenta 2.87 D. esculenta 2.89 D. esculenta 2.89 D. esculenta 2.89 D. esculenta 2.91 D. esculenta 2.93 D. esculenta 2.93 D. esculenta 2.93 Page 3 of 30 Comparative Collection Measurements Species Length D. esculenta 2.94 D. esculenta 2.94 D. esculenta 2.95 D. esculenta 3 D. esculenta 3.01 D. esculenta 3.02 D. esculenta 3.16 D. esculenta 3.16 D. esculenta 3.23 D. esculenta 3.23 D. esculenta 3.24 D. esculenta 3.25 D. esculenta 3.26 D. esculenta 3.3 D. esculenta 3.3 D. esculenta 3.3 D. esculenta 3.3 D. esculenta 3.31 D. esculenta 3.31 D. esculenta 3.33 D. esculenta 3.33 D. esculenta 3.4 D. esculenta 3.41 D. esculenta 3.43 D. esculenta 3.43 D. esculenta 3.44 D. esculenta 3.45 D. esculenta 3.45 D. esculenta 3.45 D. esculenta 3.45 D. esculenta 3.48 D. esculenta 3.49 D. esculenta 3.53 D. esculenta 3.53 D. esculenta 3.53 D. esculenta 3.55 D. esculenta 3.58 D. esculenta 3.62 D. esculenta 3.64 D. esculenta 3.64 D. esculenta 3.69 D. esculenta 3.72 D. esculenta 3.74 D. esculenta 3.76 D. esculenta 3.78 D. esculenta 3.83 Page 4 of 30 Comparative Collection Measurements Species Length D. esculenta 3.88 D. esculenta 3.91 D. esculenta 3.95 D. esculenta 3.98 D. esculenta 4.01 D. esculenta 4.06 D. esculenta 4.06 D. esculenta 4.09 D. esculenta 4.18 D. esculenta 4.19 D. esculenta 4.21 D. esculenta 4.24 D. esculenta 4.37 D. esculenta 4.41 D. esculenta 4.44 D. esculenta 4.54 D. esculenta 4.61 D. esculenta 4.63 D. esculenta 4.84 D. esculenta 4.97 D. esculenta 5.09 I. batatas 7.11 I. batatas 8.11 I. batatas 8.33 I. batatas 8.49 I. batatas 8.58 I. batatas 8.64 I. batatas 8.67 I. batatas 9.05 I. batatas 9.34 I. batatas 9.9 I. batatas 10.22 I. batatas 10.3 I. batatas 10.47 I. batatas 10.5 I. batatas 10.58 I. batatas 10.62 I. batatas 10.64 I. batatas 10.78 I. batatas 10.83 I. batatas 10.91 I. batatas 11 I. batatas 11.07 I. batatas 11.09 I. batatas 11.15 I. batatas 11.16 Page 5 of 30 Comparative Collection Measurements Species Length I. batatas 11.22 I. batatas 11.32 I. batatas 11.49 I. batatas 11.58 I. batatas 11.67 I. batatas 11.7 I. batatas 11.72 I. batatas 11.76 I. batatas 11.87 I. batatas 12.45 I. batatas 12.51 I. batatas 12.85 I. batatas 12.98 I. batatas 12.99 I. batatas 13.22 I. batatas 13.27 I. batatas 13.29 I. batatas 13.43 I. batatas 13.57 I. batatas 13.76 I. batatas 13.85 I. batatas 14.01 I. batatas 14.17 I. batatas 14.2 I. batatas 14.21 I. batatas 14.24 I. batatas 14.35 I. batatas 14.38 I. batatas 14.49 I. batatas 14.65 I. batatas 14.73 I. batatas 15.06 I. batatas 15.24 I. batatas 15.58 I. batatas 15.66 I. batatas 16.12 I. batatas 16.13 I. batatas 16.23 I. batatas 16.31 I. batatas 16.47 I. batatas 16.65 I. batatas 17.05 I. batatas 17.11 I. batatas 17.2 I. batatas 17.37 I. batatas 17.41 Page 6 of 30 Comparative Collection Measurements Species Length I. batatas 17.48 I. batatas 17.51 I. batatas 17.64 I. batatas 18.28 I. batatas 18.4 I. batatas 18.67 I. batatas 18.9 I. batatas 19.68 I. batatas 19.78 I. batatas 20.61 I. batatas 21.09 I. batatas 21.6 I. batatas 21.75 I. batatas 21.84 I. batatas 22.09 I. batatas 22.11 I. batatas 22.38 I. batatas 22.44 I. batatas 22.68 I. batatas 23.32 I. batatas 23.36 I. batatas 23.81 I. batatas 25.33 I. batatas 26.41 I. batatas 27.22 I. batatas 27.42 I. batatas 28.01 I. batatas 29.96 I. batatas 29.97 I. batatas 30.39 I. batatas 33.12 M. sagu 24.14 M. sagu 25.43 M. sagu 27.99 M. sagu 28.75 M. sagu 32.69 M. sagu 32.98 M. sagu 33.79 M. sagu 34.23 M. sagu 35.92 M. sagu 36.16 M. sagu 36.34 M. sagu 36.6 M. sagu 37.29 M. sagu 37.52 M. sagu 37.6 Page 7 of 30 Comparative Collection Measurements Species Length M. sagu 37.88 M. sagu 38.44 M. sagu 38.67 M. sagu 38.69 M. sagu 39.33 M. sagu 39.59 M. sagu 39.8 M. sagu 39.84 M. sagu 40.18 M. sagu 40.2 M. sagu 40.31 M. sagu 41.12 M. sagu 41.87 M. sagu 41.92 M. sagu 42.03 M. sagu 42.15 M. sagu 42.28 M. sagu 42.46 M. sagu 42.5 M. sagu 42.62 M. sagu 43.55 M. sagu 43.55 M. sagu 43.69 M. sagu 43.73 M. sagu 44.04 M. sagu 44.13 M. sagu 44.17 M. sagu 44.23 M. sagu 44.58 M. sagu 44.64 M. sagu 44.66 M. sagu 44.7 M. sagu 44.72 M. sagu 44.75 M. sagu 44.89 M. sagu 45.05 M. sagu 45.06 M. sagu 45.08 M. sagu 45.26 M. sagu 45.29 M. sagu 45.35 M. sagu 45.45 M. sagu 45.94 M. sagu 46.01 M. sagu 46.09 M. sagu 46.13 Page 8 of 30 Comparative Collection Measurements Species Length M. sagu 46.24 M. sagu 46.3 M. sagu 46.36 M. sagu 46.4 M. sagu 46.83 M. sagu 47.19 M. sagu 47.25 M. sagu 47.39 M. sagu 47.5 M. sagu 47.78 M. sagu 47.88 M. sagu 48.04 M. sagu 49.16 M. sagu 49.37 M. sagu 49.47 M. sagu 49.71 M. sagu 49.89 M. sagu 50.12 M. sagu 50.16 M. sagu 50.31 M. sagu 50.71 M. sagu 50.87 M. sagu 51.68 M. sagu 51.98 M. sagu 52.63 M. sagu 52.68 M. sagu 52.76 M. sagu 53.36 M. sagu 54.7 M. sagu 54.81 M. sagu 54.91 M. sagu 57.97 M. sagu 58.48 M. sagu 58.59 M. sagu 59.57 M. sagu 60.39 M. sagu 60.77 M. sagu 61.14 M. sagu 65.05 M. sagu 73.47 M.esculenta (cassava) 3.86 M.esculenta (cassava) 4.79 M.esculenta (cassava) 4.9 M.esculenta (cassava) 4.97 M.esculenta (cassava) 5.62 M.esculenta (cassava) 5.95 Page 9 of 30 Comparative Collection Measurements Species Length M.esculenta (cassava) 6.08 M.esculenta (cassava) 6.4 M.esculenta (cassava) 6.43 M.esculenta (cassava) 6.48 M.esculenta (cassava) 6.54 M.esculenta (cassava) 6.57 M.esculenta (cassava) 6.77 M.esculenta (cassava) 7 M.esculenta (cassava) 7.07 M.esculenta (cassava) 7.08 M.esculenta (cassava) 7.13 M.esculenta (cassava) 7.36 M.esculenta (cassava) 7.45 M.esculenta (cassava) 7.6 M.esculenta (cassava) 7.78 M.esculenta (cassava) 8.08 M.esculenta (cassava) 8.32 M.esculenta (cassava) 8.39 M.esculenta (cassava) 8.49 M.esculenta (cassava) 8.55 M.esculenta (cassava) 8.81 M.esculenta (cassava) 8.86 M.esculenta (cassava) 9.01 M.esculenta (cassava) 9.04 M.esculenta (cassava) 9.15 M.esculenta (cassava) 9.24 M.esculenta (cassava) 9.37 M.esculenta (cassava) 9.37 M.esculenta (cassava) 9.41 M.esculenta (cassava) 9.57 M.esculenta (cassava) 9.68 M.esculenta (cassava) 9.71 M.esculenta (cassava) 9.91 M.esculenta (cassava) 10 M.esculenta (cassava) 10.04 M.esculenta (cassava) 10.05 M.esculenta (cassava) 10.11 M.esculenta (cassava) 10.19 M.esculenta (cassava) 10.42 M.esculenta (cassava) 10.42 M.esculenta (cassava) 10.52 M.esculenta (cassava) 10.61 M.esculenta (cassava) 10.61 M.esculenta (cassava) 10.75 M.esculenta (cassava) 10.76 M.esculenta (cassava) 10.83 Page 10 of 30 Comparative Collection Measurements Species Length M.esculenta (cassava) 10.93 M.esculenta (cassava) 10.94 M.esculenta (cassava) 11.01 M.esculenta (cassava) 11.22 M.esculenta (cassava) 11.24 M.esculenta (cassava) 11.24 M.esculenta (cassava) 11.31 M.esculenta (cassava) 11.33 M.esculenta (cassava) 11.34 M.esculenta (cassava) 11.35 M.esculenta (cassava) 11.37 M.esculenta (cassava) 11.52 M.esculenta (cassava) 11.77 M.esculenta (cassava) 11.9 M.esculenta (cassava) 11.91 M.esculenta (cassava) 11.94 M.esculenta (cassava) 12.16 M.esculenta (cassava) 12.29 M.esculenta (cassava) 12.3 M.esculenta (cassava) 12.68 M.esculenta (cassava) 12.73 M.esculenta (cassava) 12.81 M.esculenta (cassava) 12.89 M.esculenta (cassava) 13.1 M.esculenta (cassava) 13.33 M.esculenta (cassava) 13.39 M.esculenta (cassava) 13.41 M.esculenta (cassava) 13.53 M.esculenta (cassava) 13.6 M.esculenta (cassava) 13.61 M.esculenta (cassava) 13.68 M.esculenta (cassava) 13.79 M.esculenta (cassava) 13.98 M.esculenta (cassava) 13.98 M.esculenta (cassava) 14 M.esculenta (cassava) 14.37 M.esculenta (cassava) 14.52 M.esculenta (cassava) 14.79 M.esculenta (cassava) 14.92 M.esculenta (cassava) 14.97 M.esculenta (cassava) 14.98 M.esculenta (cassava) 15.03 M.esculenta (cassava) 15.14 M.esculenta (cassava) 15.19 M.esculenta (cassava) 15.25 M.esculenta (cassava) 15.26 Page 11 of 30 Comparative Collection Measurements Species Length M.esculenta (cassava) 15.54 M.esculenta (cassava) 15.67 M.esculenta (cassava) 15.72 M.esculenta (cassava) 15.75 M.esculenta (cassava) 15.84 M.esculenta (cassava) 15.94 M.esculenta (cassava) 16.14 M.esculenta (cassava) 16.23 M.esculenta (cassava) 16.37 M.esculenta (cassava) 16.38 M.esculenta (cassava) 16.43 M.esculenta (cassava) 16.68 M.esculenta (cassava) 16.86 M.esculenta (cassava) 16.87 M.esculenta (cassava) 16.87 M.esculenta (cassava) 16.88 M.esculenta (cassava) 17.37 M.esculenta (cassava) 17.42 M.esculenta (cassava) 17.8 M.esculenta (cassava) 18.57 M.esculenta (cassava) 18.85 M.esculenta (cassava) 19.08 M.esculenta (cassava) 19.5 M.esculenta (cassava) 19.77 M.esculenta (cassava) 20.56 M.fragrans 3.69 M.fragrans 4.06 M.fragrans 4.28 M.fragrans 4.35 M.fragrans 4.53 M.fragrans 4.53 M.fragrans 4.54 M.fragrans 4.65 M.fragrans 4.69 M.fragrans 4.71 M.fragrans 4.76 M.fragrans 4.78 M.fragrans 4.83 M.fragrans 4.84 M.fragrans 4.86 M.fragrans 5.01 M.fragrans 5.06 M.fragrans 5.3 M.fragrans 5.31 M.fragrans 5.32 M.fragrans 5.32 Page 12 of 30 Comparative Collection Measurements Species Length M.fragrans 5.39 M.fragrans 5.44 M.fragrans 5.47 M.fragrans 5.49 M.fragrans 5.53 M.fragrans 5.67 M.fragrans 5.73 M.fragrans 5.74 M.fragrans 5.8 M.fragrans 5.86 M.fragrans 5.92 M.fragrans 5.92 M.fragrans 5.95 M.fragrans 5.95 M.fragrans 5.95 M.fragrans 6.03 M.fragrans 6.05 M.fragrans 6.05 M.fragrans 6.2 M.fragrans 6.24 M.fragrans 6.28 M.fragrans 6.32 M.fragrans 6.37 M.fragrans 6.41 M.fragrans 6.47 M.fragrans 6.52 M.fragrans 6.54 M.fragrans 6.6 M.fragrans 6.61 M.fragrans 6.74 M.fragrans 6.78 M.fragrans 6.83 M.fragrans 6.85 M.fragrans 6.89 M.fragrans 6.91 M.fragrans 6.92 M.fragrans 6.97 M.fragrans 7.14 M.fragrans 7.29 M.fragrans 7.3 M.fragrans 7.36 M.fragrans 7.4 M.fragrans 7.42 M.fragrans 7.43 M.fragrans 7.55 M.fragrans 7.65 Page 13 of 30 Comparative Collection Measurements Species Length M.fragrans 7.68 M.fragrans 7.8 M.fragrans 7.95 M.fragrans 7.96 M.fragrans 7.98 M.fragrans 7.99 M.fragrans 7.99 M.fragrans 8.02 M.fragrans 8.1 M.fragrans 8.15 M.fragrans 8.18 M.fragrans 8.41 M.fragrans 8.41 M.fragrans 8.56 M.fragrans 8.63 M.fragrans 8.7 M.fragrans 8.7 M.fragrans 8.74 M.fragrans 8.87 M.fragrans 8.97 M.fragrans 9.25 M.fragrans 9.35 M.fragrans 9.35 M.fragrans 9.42 M.fragrans 9.59 M.fragrans 9.8 M.fragrans 10.28 M.fragrans 10.89 M.fragrans 11.24 M.fragrans 11.29 M.fragrans 11.31 M.fragrans 11.42 M.fragrans 11.77 M.fragrans 11.85 M.fragrans 12.17 M.fragrans 12.33 M.fragrans 12.86 M.fragrans 13.94 M.fragrans 14.45 M.peekeli 3.43 M.peekeli 3.76 M.peekeli 3.79 M.peekeli 3.86 M.peekeli 3.96 M.peekeli 3.98 M.peekeli 3.99 Page 14 of 30 Comparative Collection Measurements Species Length M.peekeli 3.99 M.peekeli 4.04 M.peekeli 4.06 M.peekeli 4.12 M.peekeli 4.17 M.peekeli 4.19 M.peekeli 4.26 M.peekeli 4.29 M.peekeli 4.29 M.peekeli 4.33 M.peekeli 4.33 M.peekeli 4.36 M.peekeli 4.38 M.peekeli 4.42 M.peekeli 4.46 M.peekeli 4.49 M.peekeli 4.54 M.peekeli 4.59 M.peekeli 4.63 M.peekeli 4.65 M.peekeli 4.76 M.peekeli 4.77 M.peekeli 4.83 M.peekeli 4.9 M.peekeli 4.91 M.peekeli 4.95 M.peekeli 4.99 M.peekeli 5.03 M.peekeli 5.15 M.peekeli 5.16 M.peekeli 5.17 M.peekeli 5.22 M.peekeli 5.29 M.peekeli 5.32 M.peekeli 5.32 M.peekeli 5.34 M.peekeli 5.36 M.peekeli 5.37 M.peekeli 5.47 M.peekeli 5.48 M.peekeli 5.49 M.peekeli 5.5 M.peekeli 5.63 M.peekeli 5.73 M.peekeli 5.75 M.peekeli 5.77 Page 15 of 30 Comparative Collection Measurements Species Length M.peekeli 5.81 M.peekeli 5.83 M.peekeli 5.86 M.peekeli 5.9 M.peekeli 5.94 M.peekeli 5.98 M.peekeli 5.99 M.peekeli 6 M.peekeli 6.01 M.peekeli 6.1 M.peekeli 6.15 M.peekeli 6.19 M.peekeli 6.27 M.peekeli 6.4 M.peekeli 6.42 M.peekeli 6.46 M.peekeli 6.63 M.peekeli 6.65 M.peekeli 6.66 M.peekeli 6.75 M.peekeli 6.77 M.peekeli 6.84 M.peekeli 6.98 M.peekeli 7.18 M.peekeli 7.21 M.peekeli 7.27 M.peekeli 7.48 M.peekeli 7.49 M.peekeli 7.59 M.peekeli 7.78 M.peekeli 7.85 M.peekeli 8.14 M.peekeli 9.02 M.peekeli 9.05 M.peekeli 9.3 M.peekeli 9.31 M.peekeli 9.42 M.peekeli 10.16 M.peekeli 10.17 M.peekeli 10.25 M.peekeli 10.4 M.peekeli 11 M.peekeli 11.07 M.peekeli 11.67 M.peekeli 11.87 M.peekeli 12.18 Page 16 of 30 Comparative Collection Measurements Species Length M.peekeli 12.19 M.peekeli 12.22 M.peekeli 12.4 Myristica spp. 4.1 Myristica spp. 4.67 Myristica spp. 4.95 Myristica spp. 4.97 Myristica spp. 4.97 Myristica spp. 5.03 Myristica spp. 5.04 Myristica spp. 5.25 Myristica spp. 5.28 Myristica spp. 5.51 Myristica spp. 5.51 Myristica spp. 5.51 Myristica spp. 5.53 Myristica spp. 5.71 Myristica spp. 5.84 Myristica spp. 5.85 Myristica spp. 5.88 Myristica spp. 5.9 Myristica spp. 5.92 Myristica spp. 6.03 Myristica spp. 6.03 Myristica spp. 6.07 Myristica spp. 6.08 Myristica spp. 6.14 Myristica spp. 6.15 Myristica spp. 6.15 Myristica spp. 6.25 Myristica spp. 6.28 Myristica spp. 6.28 Myristica spp. 6.29 Myristica spp. 6.3 Myristica spp. 6.31 Myristica spp. 6.35 Myristica spp. 6.41 Myristica spp. 6.44 Myristica spp. 6.44 Myristica spp. 6.46 Myristica spp. 6.54 Myristica spp. 6.56 Myristica spp. 6.6 Myristica spp. 6.64 Myristica spp. 6.69 Myristica spp. 6.84 Page 17 of 30 Comparative Collection Measurements Species Length Myristica spp. 6.91 Myristica spp. 6.93 Myristica spp. 7.09 Myristica spp. 7.09 Myristica spp. 7.11 Myristica spp. 7.16 Myristica spp. 7.17 Myristica spp. 7.22 Myristica spp. 7.25 Myristica spp. 7.29 Myristica spp. 7.32 Myristica spp. 7.32 Myristica spp. 7.33 Myristica spp. 7.35 Myristica spp. 7.39 Myristica spp. 7.39 Myristica spp. 7.4 Myristica spp. 7.49 Myristica spp. 7.5 Myristica spp. 7.5 Myristica spp. 7.63 Myristica spp. 7.63 Myristica spp. 7.7 Myristica spp. 7.83 Myristica spp. 7.92 Myristica spp. 8.02 Myristica spp. 8.03 Myristica spp. 8.13 Myristica spp. 8.14 Myristica spp. 8.18 Myristica spp. 8.19 Myristica spp. 8.19 Myristica spp. 8.31 Myristica spp. 8.32 Myristica spp. 8.39 Myristica spp. 8.44 Myristica spp. 8.56 Myristica spp. 8.56 Myristica spp. 8.6 Myristica spp. 8.6 Myristica spp. 8.61 Myristica spp. 8.74 Myristica spp. 8.74 Myristica spp. 8.75 Myristica spp. 8.75 Myristica spp. 8.83 Page 18 of 30 Comparative Collection Measurements Species Length Myristica spp. 8.83 Myristica spp. 8.83 Myristica spp. 8.85 Myristica spp. 9.2 Myristica spp. 9.27 Myristica spp. 9.5 Myristica spp. 9.7 Myristica spp. 9.86 Myristica spp. 10.22 Myristica spp. 11.14 Myristica spp. 11.15 Myristica spp. 11.48 Myristica spp. 11.52 Myristica spp. 11.63 Myristica spp. 11.63 Myristica spp. 11.67 Myristica spp. 11.67 Myristica spp. 13.54 Myristica spp. 14.05 O.sativa japonica (short white)4.46 O.sativa japonica (short white)5.09 O.sativa japonica (short white)5.16 O.sativa japonica (short white)5.16 O.sativa japonica (short white)5.21 O.sativa japonica (short white)5.22 O.sativa japonica (short white)5.51 O.sativa japonica (short white)5.65 O.sativa japonica (short white)5.72 O.sativa japonica (short white)5.75 O.sativa japonica (short white)5.79 O.sativa japonica (short white)5.82 O.sativa japonica (short white)5.85 O.sativa japonica (short white)5.87 O.sativa japonica (short white) 5.9 O.sativa japonica (short white)5.91 O.sativa japonica (short white)5.92 O.sativa japonica (short white)5.95 O.sativa japonica (short white)6.14 O.sativa japonica (short white)6.15 O.sativa japonica (short white)6.25 O.sativa japonica (short white)6.25 O.sativa japonica (short white)6.28 O.sativa japonica (short white)6.28 O.sativa japonica (short white)6.38 O.sativa japonica (short white)6.38 O.sativa japonica (short white)6.44 Page 19 of 30 Comparative Collection Measurements Species Length O.sativa japonica (short white)6.52 O.sativa japonica (short white)6.54 O.sativa japonica (short white) 6.6 O.sativa japonica (short white)6.64 O.sativa japonica (short white)6.69 O.sativa japonica (short white)6.77 O.sativa japonica (short white)6.88 O.sativa japonica (short white)6.88 O.sativa japonica (short white)6.89 O.sativa japonica (short white)6.91 O.sativa japonica (short white)6.92 O.sativa japonica (short white)6.93 O.sativa japonica (short white)6.96 O.sativa japonica (short white)6.98 O.sativa japonica (short white)6.99 O.sativa japonica (short white) 7 O.sativa japonica (short white)7.06 O.sativa japonica (short white)7.07 O.sativa japonica (short white)7.18 O.sativa japonica (short white)7.26 O.sativa japonica (short white)7.39 O.sativa japonica (short white)7.48 O.sativa japonica (short white) 7.5 O.sativa japonica (short white)7.52 O.sativa japonica (short white)7.52 O.sativa japonica (short white)7.58 O.sativa japonica (short white)7.59 O.sativa japonica (short white)7.73 O.sativa japonica (short white)7.86 O.sativa japonica (short white)7.87 O.sativa japonica (short white)7.89 O.sativa japonica (short white) 7.9 O.sativa japonica (short white)7.95 O.sativa japonica (short white)7.95 O.sativa japonica (short white)7.97 O.sativa japonica (short white)7.99 O.sativa japonica (short white)7.99 O.sativa japonica (short white)8.01 O.sativa japonica (short white)8.02 O.sativa japonica (short white)8.07 O.sativa japonica (short white)8.07 O.sativa japonica (short white)8.07 O.sativa japonica (short white)8.09 O.sativa japonica (short white)8.09 O.sativa japonica (short white)8.34 O.sativa japonica (short white)8.35 Page 20 of 30 Comparative Collection Measurements Species Length O.sativa japonica (short white)8.46 O.sativa japonica (short white)8.51 O.sativa japonica (short white)8.58 O.sativa japonica (short white)8.63 O.sativa japonica (short white)8.74 O.sativa japonica (short white)8.85 O.sativa japonica (short white)9.11 O.sativa japonica (short white)9.11 O.sativa japonica (short white)9.18 O.sativa japonica (short white)9.25 O.sativa japonica (short white)9.26 O.sativa japonica (short white)9.39 O.sativa japonica (short white) 9.4 O.sativa japonica (short white)9.45 O.sativa japonica (short white) 9.5 O.sativa japonica (short white)9.56 O.sativa japonica (short white)9.67 O.sativa japonica (short white)9.69 O.sativa japonica (short white) 9.7 O.sativa japonica (short white)9.79 O.sativa japonica (short white)9.86 O.sativa japonica (short white)10.04 O.sativa japonica (short white)10.18 O.sativa japonica (short white)10.26 O.sativa japonica (short white)10.29 O.sativa japonica (short white)10.83 O.sativa japonica (short white)11.06 O.sativa japonica (short white)11.7 O.sativa-1 (white long) 2.95 O.sativa-1 (white long) 3.36 O.sativa-1 (white long) 3.63 O.sativa-1 (white long) 3.76 O.sativa-1 (white long) 3.76 O.sativa-1 (white long) 3.84 O.sativa-1 (white long) 3.95 O.sativa-1 (white long) 4 O.sativa-1 (white long) 4.21 O.sativa-1 (white long) 4.41 O.sativa-1 (white long) 4.55 O.sativa-1 (white long) 4.63 O.sativa-1 (white long) 4.63 O.sativa-1 (white long) 4.65 O.sativa-1 (white long) 4.69 O.sativa-1 (white long) 4.78 O.sativa-1 (white long) 4.79 O.sativa-1 (white long) 4.8 Page 21 of 30 Comparative Collection Measurements Species Length O.sativa-1 (white long) 4.81 O.sativa-1 (white long) 4.83 O.sativa-1 (white long) 4.87 O.sativa-1 (white long) 4.91 O.sativa-1 (white long) 4.91 O.sativa-1 (white long) 4.97 O.sativa-1 (white long) 4.99 O.sativa-1 (white long) 5 O.sativa-1 (white long) 5.04 O.sativa-1 (white long) 5.1 O.sativa-1 (white long) 5.23 O.sativa-1 (white long) 5.25 O.sativa-1 (white long) 5.26 O.sativa-1 (white long) 5.36 O.sativa-1 (white long) 5.44 O.sativa-1 (white long) 5.44 O.sativa-1 (white long) 5.44 O.sativa-1 (white long) 5.45 O.sativa-1 (white long) 5.48 O.sativa-1 (white long) 5.58 O.sativa-1 (white long) 5.59 O.sativa-1 (white long) 5.61 O.sativa-1 (white long) 5.63 O.sativa-1 (white long) 5.66 O.sativa-1 (white long) 5.75 O.sativa-1 (white long) 5.81 O.sativa-1 (white long) 5.81 O.sativa-1 (white long) 5.83 O.sativa-1 (white long) 5.85 O.sativa-1 (white long) 5.99 O.sativa-1 (white long) 6.03 O.sativa-1 (white long) 6.06 O.sativa-1 (white long) 6.1 O.sativa-1 (white long) 6.17 O.sativa-1 (white long) 6.24 O.sativa-1 (white long) 6.24 O.sativa-1 (white long) 6.25 O.sativa-1 (white long) 6.32 O.sativa-1 (white long) 6.33 O.sativa-1 (white long) 6.34 O.sativa-1 (white long) 6.38 O.sativa-1 (white long) 6.38 O.sativa-1 (white long) 6.4 O.sativa-1 (white long) 6.54 O.sativa-1 (white long) 6.55 O.sativa-1 (white long) 6.57 Page 22 of 30 Comparative Collection Measurements Species Length O.sativa-1 (white long) 6.65 O.sativa-1 (white long) 6.72 O.sativa-1 (white long) 6.74 O.sativa-1 (white long) 6.76 O.sativa-1 (white long) 6.78 O.sativa-1 (white long) 6.8 O.sativa-1 (white long) 6.83 O.sativa-1 (white long) 6.91 O.sativa-1 (white long) 6.92 O.sativa-1 (white long) 6.93 O.sativa-1 (white long) 7.16 O.sativa-1 (white long) 7.18 O.sativa-1 (white long) 7.2 O.sativa-1 (white long) 7.25 O.sativa-1 (white long) 7.29 O.sativa-1 (white long) 7.41 O.sativa-1 (white long) 7.43 O.sativa-1 (white long) 7.52 O.sativa-1 (white long) 7.58 O.sativa-1 (white long) 7.67 O.sativa-1 (white long) 7.82 O.sativa-1 (white long) 7.93 O.sativa-1 (white long) 8.03 O.sativa-1 (white long) 8.13 O.sativa-1 (white long) 8.26 O.sativa-1 (white long) 8.33 O.sativa-1 (white long) 8.52 O.sativa-1 (white long) 8.55 O.sativa-1 (white long) 8.57 O.sativa-1 (white long) 8.92 O.sativa-1 (white long) 9.25 O.sativa-1 (white long) 9.27 O.sativa-1 (white long) 9.43 O.sativa-1 (white long) 9.58 O.sativa-1 (white long) 9.73 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 3.48 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 3.49 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 3.72 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 3.74 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 3.94 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 4.06 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 4.06 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 4.17 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 4.35 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 4.37 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 4.37 Page 23 of 30 Comparative Collection Measurements Species Length O.sativa-2 (brown long) 4.43 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 4.43 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 4.6 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 4.79 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 4.79 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 4.83 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 4.93 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 4.95 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 4.99 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 5.01 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 5.1 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 5.11 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 5.14 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 5.17 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 5.18 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 5.19 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 5.23 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 5.24 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 5.25 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 5.26 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 5.3 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 5.31 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 5.34 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 5.42 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 5.45 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 5.47 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 5.47 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 5.51 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 5.54 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 5.58 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 5.61 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 5.66 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 5.72 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 5.74 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 5.75 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 5.78 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 5.85 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 5.88 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 5.95 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 5.95 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 5.98 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 6.03 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 6.05 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 6.07 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 6.08 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 6.1 Page 24 of 30 Comparative Collection Measurements Species Length O.sativa-2 (brown long) 6.1 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 6.15 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 6.15 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 6.19 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 6.23 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 6.24 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 6.34 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 6.37 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 6.39 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 6.4 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 6.4 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 6.46 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 6.54 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 6.6 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 6.68 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 6.75 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 6.75 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 6.81 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 6.85 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 6.86 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 6.93 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 6.97 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 7.01 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 7.06 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 7.08 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 7.14 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 7.38 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 7.39 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 7.51 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 7.54 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 7.56 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 7.57 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 7.7 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 7.77 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 7.98 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 8.01 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 8.04 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 8.11 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 8.21 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 8.27 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 8.4 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 8.82 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 9.95 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 10.04 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 10.19 O.sativa-2 (brown long) 10.59 Page 25 of 30 Comparative Collection Measurements Species Length O.sativa-2 (brown long) 11.31 S. tuberosum 3.92 S. tuberosum 6.78 S. tuberosum 7.25 S. tuberosum 8.3 S. tuberosum 8.42 S. tuberosum 8.99 S. tuberosum 9.57 S. tuberosum 10.07 S. tuberosum 10.16 S. tuberosum 10.49 S. tuberosum 10.54 S. tuberosum 10.73 S. tuberosum 11.24 S. tuberosum 11.43 S. tuberosum 11.68 S. tuberosum 11.9 S. tuberosum 12.63 S. tuberosum 13.03 S. tuberosum 13.07 S. tuberosum 13.34 S. tuberosum 13.4 S. tuberosum 13.66 S. tuberosum 13.81 S. tuberosum 13.83 S. tuberosum 14 S. tuberosum 14.12 S. tuberosum 14.2 S. tuberosum 14.34 S. tuberosum 14.69 S. tuberosum 14.82 S. tuberosum 15.22 S. tuberosum 15.3 S. tuberosum 15.57 S. tuberosum 15.68 S. tuberosum 15.76 S. tuberosum 15.96 S. tuberosum 16.07 S. tuberosum 16.28 S. tuberosum 16.3 S. tuberosum 16.53 S. tuberosum 16.65 S. tuberosum 16.65 S. tuberosum 16.66 S. tuberosum 16.68 S. tuberosum 16.74 Page 26 of 30 Comparative Collection Measurements Species Length S. tuberosum 17.13 S. tuberosum 17.63 S. tuberosum 17.67 S. tuberosum 18 S. tuberosum 18.29 S. tuberosum 18.51 S. tuberosum 19.04 S. tuberosum 19.55 S. tuberosum 19.87 S. tuberosum 20.06 S. tuberosum 20.31 S. tuberosum 20.37 S. tuberosum 20.77 S. tuberosum 21.13 S. tuberosum 21.27 S. tuberosum 21.42 S. tuberosum 21.77 S. tuberosum 22.28 S. tuberosum 22.36 S. tuberosum 23.13 S. tuberosum 23.59 S. tuberosum 24.13 S. tuberosum 24.71 S. tuberosum 24.89 S. tuberosum 25.82 S. tuberosum 26.28 S. tuberosum 26.54 S. tuberosum 26.58 S. tuberosum 27.19 S. tuberosum 28.31 S. tuberosum 28.71 S. tuberosum 29.18 S. tuberosum 30.28 S. tuberosum 30.28 S. tuberosum 30.82 S. tuberosum 30.99 S. tuberosum 31.11 S. tuberosum 32.23 S. tuberosum 32.64 S. tuberosum 33.76 S. tuberosum 34.25 S. tuberosum 34.32 S. tuberosum 36.27 S. tuberosum 36.36 S. tuberosum 39.19 S. tuberosum 39.38 Page 27 of 30 Comparative Collection Measurements Species Length S. tuberosum 40 S. tuberosum 40.26 S. tuberosum 41.83 S. tuberosum 43.54 S. tuberosum 48.12 S. tuberosum 51.9 S. tuberosum 52.35 S. tuberosum 59.51 S. tuberosum 63.11 S. tuberosum 63.83 S. tuberosum 67.8 Z. mays 3.81 Z. mays 4.34 Z. mays 4.43 Z. mays 4.44 Z. mays 4.61 Z. mays 4.74 Z. mays 4.78 Z. mays 4.79 Z. mays 5.11 Z. mays 5.19 Z. mays 5.2 Z. mays 5.22 Z. mays 5.29 Z. mays 5.36 Z. mays 5.4 Z. mays 5.44 Z. mays 5.44 Z. mays 5.49 Z. mays 5.53 Z. mays 5.59 Z. mays 5.66 Z. mays 5.71 Z. mays 5.73 Z. mays 5.74 Z. mays 5.79 Z. mays 5.79 Z. mays 5.8 Z. mays 6 Z. mays 6.03 Z. mays 6.03 Z. mays 6.05 Z. mays 6.07 Z. mays 6.15 Z. mays 6.2 Z. mays 6.24 Page 28 of 30 Comparative Collection Measurements Species Length Z. mays 6.29 Z. mays 6.38 Z. mays 6.44 Z. mays 6.46 Z. mays 6.46 Z. mays 6.55 Z. mays 6.55 Z. mays 6.57 Z. mays 6.61 Z. mays 6.65 Z. mays 6.67 Z. mays 6.68 Z. mays 6.68 Z. mays 6.77 Z. mays 6.83 Z. mays 6.88 Z. mays 6.91 Z. mays 7 Z. mays 7.09 Z. mays 7.14 Z. mays 7.16 Z. mays 7.17 Z. mays 7.17 Z. mays 7.26 Z. mays 7.28 Z. mays 7.28 Z. mays 7.34 Z. mays 7.35 Z. mays 7.38 Z. mays 7.44 Z. mays 7.48 Z. mays 7.49 Z. mays 7.5 Z. mays 7.54 Z. mays 7.54 Z. mays 7.73 Z. mays 7.73 Z. mays 7.76 Z. mays 7.85 Z. mays 7.93 Z. mays 8 Z. mays 8.11 Z. mays 8.14 Z. mays 8.18 Z. mays 8.27 Z. mays 8.3 Page 29 of 30 Comparative Collection Measurements Species Length Z. mays 8.31 Z. mays 8.33 Z. mays 8.33 Z. mays 8.33 Z. mays 8.37 Z. mays 8.45 Z. mays 8.54 Z. mays 8.69 Z. mays 8.73 Z. mays 8.77 Z. mays 8.85 Z. mays 8.94 Z. mays 8.96 Z. mays 9.04 Z. mays 9.14 Z. mays 9.17 Z. mays 9.19 Z. mays 9.4 Z. mays 9.57 Z. mays 9.73 Z. mays 9.86 Z. mays 9.96 Z. mays 10.04 Z. mays 10.3 Z. mays 10.44 Z. mays 10.46 Z. mays 10.49 Z. mays 10.88 Z. mays 11.02 Z. mays 11.37 Z. mays 14.62 Page 30 of 30 Banda Islands Starch Grain Analysis Site Unit Level Sample # Slide # letter/ numbermicrons form hilum Nageli 1858 Typecomments 2 GW 1 0-10 cm 1 14 a 11.719 round centric Type 1 GW 1 0-10 cm 1 17 a 11.56 ovoid centric Type 2 GW 1 0-10 cm 1 32 a 15.587 subround centric Type 1 GW 1 10-20 cm 1 9 a 15.065 ovoid eccentric Type 6 GW 1 10-20 cm 1 9 b 11.538 round centric Type 1 GW 1 10-20 cm 1 13 a 18.495 round centric Type 1 GW 1 10-20 cm 1 19 a 20.904 subovoid centric Type 2 w/ fissure GW 1 10-20 cm 2 1 4a 6.68 compound centric Type 16 rice GW 1 10-20 cm 2 1 4b 6.67 compound centric Type 16 rice GW 1 10-20 cm 2 1 4c 6.5 compound centric Type 16 rice GW 1 10-20 cm 2 1 4d 9.12 compound centric Type 16 rice GW 1 10-20 cm 2 1 4e 5.97 compound centric Type 16 rice GW 1 10-20 cm 2 1 4f 9.97 compound centric Type 16 rice GW 1 10-20 cm 2 1 4g 6.25 compound centric Type 16 rice GW 1 10-20 cm 2 2 a 14.587 subround centric Type 2 GW 1 10-20 cm 2 4 a 21.306 subround centric Type 2 GW 1 10-20 cm 2 6 a 9.519 subround centric Type 2 GW 1 10-20 cm 2 10 a 10.311 subround xde Type 2 GW 1 10-20 cm 2 10 b 10.034 ovoid centric Type 2 exploded? GW 1 10-20 cm 2 10 c 14.902 subround centric Type 2 exploded? GW 1 10-20 cm 2 10 d 29.764 subround centric Type 2 exploded? GW 1 10-20 cm 2 13 a 10.397 compound centric Type 16 rice GW 1 10-20 cm 2 13 b 6.031 compound centric Type 16 rice GW 1 10-20 cm 2 13 c 23.316 round centric Type 1 with hole GW 1 10-20 cm 2 15 a 23.14 round centric Type 1 fissure GW 1 20-30 cm 1 6 a 16.293 round centric Type 1 GW 1 20-30 cm 1 14 a 16.461 round centric Type 1 GW 1 20-30 cm 1 15 a 13.998 subround centric Type 2 GW 1 20-30 cm 1 16 a 22.326 subround centric Type 2 fissure GW 1 20-30 cm 1 18 a 20.659 subround centric Type 2 GW 1 20-30 cm 1 19 a 15.122 subround centric Type 1 GW 1 20-30 cm 1 19 b 27.262 subround centric Type 2 GW 1 20-30 cm 1 19 c 13.703 round centric Type 1 GW 1 20-30 cm 1 20 a 12.348 round centric Type 1 GW 1 20-30 cm 1 24 a 23.226 subround centric Type 2 GW 1 30-40 cm 1 5 a 19.855 subround centric Type 2 GW 1 30-40 cm 1 23 a 16.973 subround centric Type 1 pitted GW 1 30-40 cm 1 23 b 17.374 subround centric Type 1 pitted GW 1 30-40 cm 1 24 a 21.861 round centric Type 1 GW 1 30-40 cm 1 26 a 13.885 subround centric Type 2 GW 1 30-40 cm 1 30 a 22.692 subround centric Type 2 w/ fissure GW 1 40-50 cm 1 7 a 17.834 subround centric Type 1 GW 1 40-50 cm 1 11 a 13.686 ovoid centric Type 2 GW 1 50-60 cm 2 2 Aussie 2 21.38 subovoid centric Type 2 pitted GW 1 50-60 cm 2 2 Aussie 3 18.28 subovoid centric Type 2 fissure GW 1 50-60 cm 2 2 Aussie 1a 12.46 subovoid centric Type 2 GW 1 50-60 cm 2 2 Aussie 1b 11.62 subovoid centric Type 2 GW 1 50-60 cm 1A 2 a 12.841 subround centric Type 1 GW 1 50-60 cm 1A 3 a 22.967 round centric Type 2 GW 1 50-60 cm 1A 3 b 39.716 subround centric Type 2 damaged. Pitted, exploded GW 1 50-60 cm 1A 4 a 16.817 subround centric Type 1 GW 1 50-60 cm 1A 6 a 9.71 subround centric Type 1 GW 1 50-60 cm 1A 6 b 30.19 round centric Type 1 GW 1 50-60 cm 1A 7 a 40.066 subovoid centric Type 3 GW 1 50-60 cm 1A 7 b 13.19 round centric Type 1 GW 1 50-60 cm 1A 11 a 16.801 subround centric Type 2 GW 1 50-60 cm 1B 11 a 10.408 subround centric Type 1 GW 1 50-60 cm 1B 13 a 15.444 subround centric Type 2 GW 1 50-60 cm 1B 13 b 27.428 ovoid centric Type 2 GW 2 0-10 cm 1 12 a 17.367 round centric Type 2 GW 2 0-10 cm 1 13 a 15.635 round centric Type 1 GW 2 0-10 cm 1 23 a 17.68 subround centric Type 2 GW 2 0-10 cm 1 25 a 18.917 subround centric Type 2 fissure GW 2 10-20 cm 1 7 a 21.07389 subround centric Type 1 GW 2 10-20 cm 1 9 a 13.00338 subround centric Type 2 GW 2 10-20 cm 1 22 a 20.8332 subround centric Type 2 GW 2 10-20 cm 1 26 a 31.12278 subround centric Type 2 GW 2 20-30 cm 1 1 1 21.35 subround centric Type 2 hole GW 2 20-30 cm 1 8 a 17.784 subround centric Type 2 GW 2 20-30 cm 1 8 b 16.28 subround centric Type 2 GW 2 20-30 cm 1 8 c 18.36 subround centric Type 2 GW 2 20-30 cm 1 11 a 17.353 subround centric Type 2 GW 2 20-30 cm 1 11 b 18.2 round centric Type 1 GW 2 20-30 cm 1 13 a 16.139 round centric Type 1 GW 2 20-30 cm 1 15 a 23.121 subround centric Type 1 GW 2 20-30 cm 1 24 a 49.355 subround centric Type 2 w/ fissure GW 2 20-30 cm 1 27 a 9.108 round centric Type 1 GW 2 20-30 cm 2 3 a 17.77153 subround centric Type 2 GW 2 20-30 cm 2 15 a 20.84794 ovoid centric Type 3 GW 2 20-30 cm 2 17 a 16.02877 subround centric Type 2 Page 1 of 10 Banda Islands Starch Grain Analysis Site Unit Level Sample # Slide # letter/ numbermicrons form hilum Nageli 1858 Typecomments 2 GW 2 20-30 cm 2 22 a 16.24768 subround centric Type 2 GW 2 20-30 cm 2 28 a 20.7007 round centric Type 1 GW 2 20-30 cm 2 29 a 19.59918 subround centric Type 2 GW 2 20-30 cm 2 31 a 19.3224 subround centric Type 2 GW 2 90-100 cm 1 3 a 24.4177 subround centric Type 2 GW 2 90-100 cm 1 7 a 27.55765 subround centric Type 2 GW 2 90-100 cm 1 10 a 21.1877 subround centric Type 2 GW 2 90-100 cm 1 11 a 16.97886 round centric Type 1 GW 2 90-100 cm 1 11 b 23.75987 subovoid centric Type 2 GW 2 90-100 cm 1 12 a 17.9457 round centric Type 1 GW 2 90-100 cm 1 12 b 18.09415 round centric Type 2 GW 3 0-10 cm 1 9 a 21.92 subovoid-lanceolatecentric Type 3 GW 3 0-10 cm 1 21 a 21.901 subovoid centric Type 2 GW 3 0-10 cm 1 21 b 11.549 round centric Type 1 GW 3 10-20 cm 1 1 1a 16.11 subround centric Type 2 GW 3 10-20 cm 1 2 a 17.319 round centric Type 1 GW 3 10-20 cm 1 2 b 19.954 subround centric Type 2 GW 3 10-20 cm 1 3 a 17.969 ovoid centric Type 2 sweet potato? GW 3 10-20 cm 1 6 a 17.732 round centric Type 1 GW 3 10-20 cm 1 15 a 14.69 round centric Type 2 GW 3 10-20 cm 1 15 b 17.988 subround centric Type 2 GW 3 10-20 cm 1 15 c 23.46 ovoid centric Type 2 sweet potato? GW 3 10-20 cm 1 18 a 25.628 subround centric Type 2 GW 3 10-20 cm 1 18 b 22.819 ovoid centric Type 2 GW 3 10-20 cm 1 18 c 12.99 round centric Type 2 GW 3 10-20 cm 1 18 d 20.52 round centric Type 1 GW 3 10-20 cm 1 20 a 5.792 round centric Type 1 GW 3 10-20 cm 1 22 a 20.573 round centric Type 2 GW 3 10-20 cm 1 23 a 35.077 subovoid centric Type 1 damaged, exploded GW 3 10-20 cm 1 23 b 17.816 subround centric Type 2 GW 3 10-20 cm 1 24 a 6.253 round centric Type 1 GW 3 10-20 cm 1 25 a 9.44 ovoid centric Type 2 GW 3 10-20 cm 1 26 a 20.004 subround centric Type 2 GW 3 10-20 cm 1 26 b 14.051 round centric Type 2 GW 3 10-20 cm 1 29 a 19.785 subround centric Type 2 GW 3 10-20 cm 1 31 a 22.531 subround centric Type 2 GW 3 10-20 cm 1 33 a 14.531 round centric Type 1 GW 3 30-40 cm 1 8 a 20.158 subround centric Type 2 GW 3 30-40 cm 1 10 a 19.821 subround centric Type 2 GW 3 30-40 cm 1 12 a 15.324 subround centric Type 1 GW 3 30-40 cm 1 12 b 14.272 subround centric Type 1 GW 3 30-40 cm 1 14 a 10.008 round centric Type 2 GW 3 30-40 cm 1 18 a 23.4379 subovoid centric Type 2 GW 3 30-40 cm 1 20 a 21.702 subovoid centric Type 2 GW 3 50-60 cm 1 5 a 17.143 subround centric Type 1 GW 3 90-100 cm 1 2 a 24.653 subovoid centric Type 2 GW 4 10-20 cm 1 4 a 21.26074 subround centric Type 2 GW 4 10-20 cm 1 6 a 20.38603 round centric Type 2 GW 4 10-20 cm 2 4 a 21.0435 subround centric Type 2 GW 4 10-20 cm 2 5 a 18.10193 subround centric Type 1 GW 4 10-20 cm 2 6 a 9.24221 subround centric Type 1 GW 4 10-20 cm 2 13 a 7.342588 subround centric Type 2 GW 4 10-20 cm 2 14 a 36.10509 ovoid-laneolate centric Type 3 GW 4 10-20 cm 2 18 a 9.472486 round centric Type 1 GW 4 10-20 cm 2 24 a 32.82224 round centric Type 1 damaged, broken GW 4 10-20 cm 2 26 a 18.82364 subround centric Type 2 GW 4 30-40 cm 1 2 a 20.99905 subround centric Type 2 GW 4 30-40 cm 1 2 b 17.38928 subround centric Type 1 GW 4 30-40 cm 2 9 a 16.19402 subround centric Type 2 GW 4 30-40 cm 2 9 b 21.60237 subround centric Type 2 GW 4 30-40 cm 2 10 a 11.60965 subround centric Type 2 GW 4 30-40 cm 2 10 b 16.57371 subround centric Type 2 GW 4 40-50 cm 1 5 a 20.3521 subround centric Type 2 GW 4 40-50 cm 2 4 a 16.29331 round centric Type 1 GW 4 90-100 cm 1 1 a 8.79 round centric Type 1 GW 4 90-100 cm 1 1 b 10.26 round centric Type 1 GW 4 90-100 cm 1 1 c 8.73 round centric Type 1 GW 4 90-100 cm 1 2 a 13.653 subround centric Type 2 GW 4 90-100 cm 1 3 a 17.487 subround centric Type 2 GW 4 90-100 cm 1 5 a 14.343 subround centric Type 2 GW 4 90-100 cm 1 26 a 14.058 round centric Type 1 GW 4 90-100 cm 1 30 a 22.319 subround centric Type 2 GW 4 90-100 cm 1 44 a 18.012 round centric Type 1 GW 4 90-100 cm 1 45 a 20.178 subround centric Type 2 GW 4 90-100 cm 1 49 a 17.057 round centric Type 1 KB 1 50-60 cm 1 10 a 19.69755 subround centric Type 2 small sago?? Subround with nubbin KB 1 50-60 cm 1 18 a 13.32351 subround centric Type 2 KB 1 50-60 cm 1 20 a 18.10335 round centric Type 2 hole, fissure KB 1 50-60 cm 1 22 a 17.9457 round centric Type 2 fissure KB 1 50-60 cm 1 22 b 17.1946 round centric Type 2 Page 2 of 10 Banda Islands Starch Grain Analysis Site Unit Level Sample # Slide # letter/ numbermicrons form hilum Nageli 1858 Typecomments 2 KB 2 0-10 cm 2 8 a 31.10961 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 0-10 cm 2 15 a 20.84672 subovoid centric Type 2 KB 2 0-10 cm 2 15 b 25.77788 subovoid centric Type 1 KB 2 0-10 cm 2 22 a 16.40839 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 0-10 cm 2 25 a 18.4007 subovoid centric Type 3 KB 2 0-10 cm P1 2 a 18.029 subround centric Type 1 KB 2 0-10 cm P1 4 a 13.842 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 0-10 cm P1 6 a 19.234 subovoid centric Type 2 KB 2 0-10 cm P1 6 b 15.525 subround centric Type 1 KB 2 0-10 cm P1 11 a 20.8 subround centric Type 1 KB 2 0-10 cm P2 4 a 11.501 round centric Type 1 KB 2 0-10 cm P2 4 b 19.869 subovoid centric Type 3 KB 2 0-10 cm P2 6 a 19.1001 subround centric Type 1 KB 2 0-10 cm P2 6 b 14.898 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 0-10 cm P2 6 c 18.204 subovoid centric Type 2 KB 2 0-10 cm P2 7 a 7.234 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 0-10 cm P2 7 b 4.584 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 0-10 cm P2 7 c 14.562 round centric Type 2 KB 2 0-10 cm P2 8 a 16.799 subround centric Type 1 KB 2 0-10 cm P2 8 b 8.551 round centric Type 1 KB 2 0-10 cm P2 10 a 28.908 subround centric Type 2 fissure KB 2 10-20 cm 1 28 a 19.044 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 10-20 cm 2 1 1 20.55 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 10-20 cm 2 2 a 24.984 subround centric Type 1 KB 2 10-20 cm P1 3 a 15.058 subround centric Type 1 KB 2 10-20 cm P1 4 a 18.948 subround centric Type 1 KB 2 10-20 cm P1 5 a 20.191 subround centric Type 2 fissure KB 2 10-20 cm P1 5 b 15.162 subround centric Type 1 KB 2 10-20 cm P1 12 a 22.23 ovoid centric Type 3 KB 2 20-30 cm 1 1 1 20.48 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 20-30 cm 1 2 a 22.977 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 20-30 cm 1 4 a 13.653 ovoid-lanceolate centric Type 3 KB 2 20-30 cm 1 8 a 16.591 subround centric Type 1 KB 2 20-30 cm 1 10 a 18.983 ovoid-lanceolate centric Type 3 KB 2 20-30 cm 1 10 b 9.601 round centric Type 1 KB 2 20-30 cm 1 10 c 13.231 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 20-30 cm 1 13 a 19.694 subround centric Type 1 KB 2 20-30 cm 1 17 a 15.785 subround centric Type 1 KB 2 20-30 cm P1 2 a 23.437 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 20-30 cm P1 2 b 19.481 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 20-30 cm P1 2 c 21.03 round centric Type 1 KB 2 20-30 cm P1 4 a 25.535 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 20-30 cm P1 4 b 21.86 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 20-30 cm P1 4 c 18.38 subround centric Type 1 KB 2 20-30 cm P1 10 a 20.12 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 20-30 cm P1 11 a 20.069 subround centric Type 1 KB 2 20-30 cm P1 11 b 23.274 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 20-30 cm P1 12 a 15.339 subround centric Type 1 KB 2 20-30 cm P2 2 a 20.143 subround centric Type 1 KB 2 20-30 cm P2 2 b 22.557 subovoid centric Type 2 KB 2 20-30 cm P2 2 c 18.862 subround centric Type 1 KB 2 20-30 cm P2 3 a 5.381 round centric Type 1 KB 2 20-30 cm P2 3 b 29.935 subovoid centric Type 1 KB 2 20-30 cm P2 3 c 22.286 subround centric Type 1 KB 2 20-30 cm P2 4 a 14.171 subround centric Type 1 KB 2 20-30 cm P2 4 b 13.846 subtriangular eccentric Type 6 KB 2 20-30 cm P2 4 c 12.137 subovoid centric Type 2 KB 2 20-30 cm P2 6 a 15.54 round centric Type 1 KB 2 20-30 cm P2 7 a 21.058 round centric Type 1 fissure KB 2 20-30 cm P2 11 a 18.354 polygonal centric Type 2 KB 2 20-30 cm P2 11 b 16.308 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 30-40 cm 1 2 a 32.537 subtriangular eccentric Type 6 KB 2 30-40 cm 1 3 a 17.969 subovoid centric Type 2 KB 2 30-40 cm 1 4 a 11.471 ovoid centric Type 1 KB 2 30-40 cm 1 4 b 23.503 round centric Type 2 KB 2 30-40 cm 1 4 c 16.28 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 30-40 cm 1 5 a 23.076 subround centric Type 2 pitted KB 2 30-40 cm 1 6 a 30.7 round centric Type 1 KB 2 30-40 cm 1 6 b 22.967 ovoid centric Type 2 fissure KB 2 30-40 cm 1 10 a 11.652 round centric Type 1 KB 2 30-40 cm 1 20 a 23.612 ovoid centric Type 2 KB 2 30-40 cm 1 27 a 14.906 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 30-40 cm P1 10 a 16.57 polygonal centric Type 1 KB 2 30-40 cm P1 11 a 15.531 subround centric Type 1 KB 2 30-40 cm P1 11 b 17.082 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 30-40 cm P1 23 a 13.918 subpolygonal centric Type 2 KB 2 30-40 cm P2 2 a 15.749 subovoid centric Type 2 KB 2 30-40 cm P2 4 a 20.558 subround eccentric Type 6 KB 2 30-40 cm P2 5 a 8.831 round centric Type 1 clumped together KB 2 30-40 cm P2 5 b 6.653 round centric Type 1 clumped together Page 3 of 10 Banda Islands Starch Grain Analysis Site Unit Level Sample # Slide # letter/ numbermicrons form hilum Nageli 1858 Typecomments 2 KB 2 30-40 cm P2 5 c 5.225 round centric Type 1 clumped together KB 2 30-40 cm P2 5 d 5.092 round centric Type 1 clumped together KB 2 30-40 cm P2 5 e 4.163 round centric Type 1 clumped together KB 2 30-40 cm P2 5 f 4.677 round centric Type 1 clumped together KB 2 30-40 cm P2 5 g 4.029 round centric Type 1 clumped together KB 2 30-40 cm P2 5 h 3.973 round centric Type 1 clumped together KB 2 30-40 cm P2 5 i 4.13 round centric Type 1 clumped together KB 2 30-40 cm P2 5 j 4.039 round centric Type 1 clumped together KB 2 30-40 cm P2 5 k 5.48 round centric Type 1 clumped together KB 2 30-40 cm P2 5 l 2.891 round centric Type 1 clumped together KB 2 30-40 cm P2 5 m 3.568 round centric Type 1 clumped together KB 2 30-40 cm P2 5 n 2.442 round centric Type 1 clumped together KB 2 30-40 cm P2 5 o 4.083 round centric Type 1 clumped together KB 2 30-40 cm P2 5 p 6.448 round centric Type 1 clumped together KB 2 30-40 cm P2 5 q 5.202 round centric Type 1 clumped together KB 2 30-40 cm P2 5 r 19.304 round centric Type 1 pitted KB 2 30-40 cm P2 6 a 20.493 subovoid centric Type 3 KB 2 30-40 cm P2 8 a 19.34 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 30-40 cm P2 8 b 28.911 subrectangular centric Type 3 KB 2 30-40 cm P2 8 c 21.168 subovoid centric Type 2 KB 2 30-40 cm P2 9 a 13.206 subround centric Type 1 KB 2 40-50 cm 1 2 a 17.24589 ovoid centric Type 2 KB 2 40-50 cm 1 2 b 19.3289 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 40-50 cm 1 3 a 13.58493 round centric Type 1 KB 2 40-50 cm 1 6 a 16.86767 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 40-50 cm 1 12 a 18.72615 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 40-50 cm 1 14 a 24.22825 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 40-50 cm 1 19 a 18.17603 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 40-50 cm 1 19 b 12.95308 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 40-50 cm 1 19 c 19.7553 subpolygonal centric Type 3 KB 2 40-50 cm 1 20 a 15.16206 round centric Type 1 KB 2 50-60 cm 1 7 a 21.193 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 50-60 cm 1 10 a 14.789 round centric Type 2 KB 2 50-60 cm 1 12 a 21.225 subovoid centric Type 2 KB 2 50-60 cm 1 14 a 11.525 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 60-70 cm 1 40 a 23.416 round centric Type 1 w/ fissure KB 2 70-80 cm 1 1 1 8.93 subround centric Type 2 fissure KB 2 70-80 cm 1 4 a 16.014 subround centric Type 2 w/ fissure KB 2 70-80 cm 1 12 a 17.229 subovoid centric Type 2 KB 2 70-80 cm 1 12 b 21.625 subovoid centric Type 2 KB 2 70-80 cm 1 27 a 17.909 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 70-80 cm 1 29 a 18.894 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 80-90 cm 1 4 a 18.469 subround centric Type 1 KB 2 80-90 cm 1 5 a 25.456 subovoid centric Type 3 KB 2 80-90 cm 1 8 a 16.3377 subovoid centric Type 2 KB 2 80-90 cm 1 8 b 12.923 round centric Type 1 KB 2 80-90 cm 1 8 c 13.339 round centric Type 2 KB 2 80-90 cm 1 15 a 16.714 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 80-90 cm P1 4 a 23.473 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 80-90 cm P1 9 a 26.66 subround centric Type 1 KB 2 80-90 cm P1 10 a 22.081 subovoid centric Type 1 pitted KB 2 80-90 cm P2 1 1 16.26 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 80-90 cm P2 3 a 17.506 ovoid centric Type 2 KB 2 80-90 cm P2 4 a 16.98 subovoid centric Type 3 KB 2 80-90 cm P2 8 a 17.569 round centric Type 2 KB 2 80-90 cm P2 9 a 18.07 subovoid centric Type 3 KB 2 80-90 cm P2 11 a 19.369 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 80-90 cm P2 12 a 21.113 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 90-100 cm 1 24 a 16.948 round centric Type 1 KB 2 90-100 cm 1 29 a 20.61 round centric Type 1 KB 2 90-100 cm 1 39 a 18.006 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 90-100 cm 2 2 a 18.749 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 90-100 cm 2 9 a 18.444 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 90-100 cm 2 10 a 16.666 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 90-100 cm 2 11 a 24.962 round centric Type 1 KB 2 90-100 cm 2 12 a 12.636 subround centric Type 2 KB 2 90-100 cm 2 12 b 7.879 subovoid centric Type 2 KB 2 90-100 cm 2 12 c 26.604 subround centric Type 2 fissure damaged, swollen? KB 2 90-100 cm 2 13 a 18.262 subovoid centric Type 2 OR 1 0-10 cm 1 2 a 21.85977 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 0-10 cm 1 6 a 19.34082 round centric Type 2 OR 1 0-10 cm 1 6 b 56.0377 ovoid eccentric Type 6 OR 1 0-10 cm 1 7 a 13.52991 ovoid-laneolate centric Type 3 OR 1 0-10 cm 1 7 b 7.785936 round centric Type 2 OR 1 0-10 cm 1 10 a 21.14968 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 0-10 cm 1 11 a 16.55749 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 0-10 cm 1 13 a 29.89047 subround eccentric Type 6 OR 1 0-10 cm 1 14 a 17.74197 subround eccentric Type 6 OR 1 0-10 cm 1 16 a 20.581 round centric Type 1 OR 1 0-10 cm 1 18 a 20.59592 subround centric Type 2 fissure Page 4 of 10 Banda Islands Starch Grain Analysis Site Unit Level Sample # Slide # letter/ numbermicrons form hilum Nageli 1858 Typecomments 2 OR 1 0-10 cm 2 13 a 16 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 0-10 cm 2 20 a 24.8953 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 0-10 cm 2 22 a 21.12969 round centric Type 1 fissure OR 1 0-10 cm 2 32 a 18.67345 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 10-20 cm 3 9 a 28.893 ovoid centric Type 2 OR 1 10-20 cm 3 17 a 23.128 round centric Type 2 OR 1 10-20 cm 3 20 a 16.323 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 10-20 cm 3 20 b 48.445 subovoid centric Type 2 damaged, rough edges OR 1 10-20 cm 3 21 a 7.733 compound centric Type 16 rice OR 1 10-20 cm 3 21 b 8.469 compound centric Type 16 rice OR 1 10-20 cm 3 21 c 6.951 compound centric Type 16 rice OR 1 10-20 cm 3 21 d 14.223 compound centric Type 16 rice OR 1 10-20 cm 3 21 e 17.117 subround eccentric Type 6 OR 1 10-20 cm 3 22 a 18.919 subround centric Type 2 pitted OR 1 10-20 cm 3 25 a 18.646 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 1 1 1 12.77 ovoid-laneolate centric Type 3 OR 1 20-30 cm 1 1 2 14.31 subovoid centric Type 3 OR 1 20-30 cm 1 1 3 31.01 subround centric Type 2 damaged, swollen OR 1 20-30 cm 1 12 a 19.09304 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 1 1 20.92 subround centric Type 1 not measured OR 1 20-30 cm 2 2 a 21.77999 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 2 2 b 15.09437 round centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 2 c 14.05816 round centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 2 d 16.24296 round centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 2 e 13.92827 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 3 f 19.89669 subround centric Type 1 pitted OR 1 20-30 cm 2 2 g 21.6893 subround centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 2 h 12.59435 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 3 a 22.45707 subround centric Type 2 damaged? OR 1 20-30 cm 2 3 b 10.57575 round centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 3 c 14.15344 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 3 d 18.08 round centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 3 e 14.37954 subovoid centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 3 f 12.16105 round centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 3 g 17.45247 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 3 h 24.25729 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 3 i 11.84973 round centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 3 j 17.12299 round centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 3 k 11.23423 subround centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 3 l 21.83985 subround centric Type 2 fissure damaged, swollen OR 1 20-30 cm 2 3 m 18.2386 subovoid centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 2 3 n 20.45811 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 2 3 o 21.60948 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 2 4 a 23.38683 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 2 4 aa 26.12707 round centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 4 b 19.83613 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 2 4 bb 17.96566 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 4 c1 14.24809 round centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 4 c2 20.19362 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 4 cc 14.24719 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 4 d 18.72068 round centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 4 dd 10.60596 round centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 4 e 17.10205 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 4 ee 10.44421 round centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 4 f 16.96679 ovoid-laneolate centric Type 3 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 2 4 ff 13.28096 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 2 4 g1 17.84341 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 4 g2 15.13248 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 4 h 19.04269 round centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 4 i 17.10205 round centric Type 1 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 2 4 j 15.01018 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 4 k 24.16159 ovoid-laneolate centric Type 3 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 2 4 l 13.13538 subovoid centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 4 m 21.65741 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 4 n 19.23464 subround centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 4 o 16.72976 round centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 4 p 15.21347 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 2 4 q 22.21347 ovoid-laneolate centric Type 3 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 4 r 11.74557 subround centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 4 s 8.493574 subround centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 4 t 17.82834 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 4 u 11.9444 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 4 v 14.40444 round centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 4 w 17.82403 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 4 x 18.33798 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 4 y 23.3452 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 4 z 15.17556 round centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 5 a 14.51157 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 5 b 18.51719 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 5 c 19.2353 subround centric Type 2 Page 5 of 10 Banda Islands Starch Grain Analysis Site Unit Level Sample # Slide # letter/ numbermicrons form hilum Nageli 1858 Typecomments 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 5 d 19.70795 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 5 e 16.99393 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 5 f1 20.96427 polygonal centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 5 f2 12.61567 polygonal centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 5 g 17.81253 subovoid centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 5 h 10.7629 subround centric Type 1 damaged edges OR 1 20-30 cm 2 5 i 23.21379 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 5 j 16.38341 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 5 k 14.26245 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 5 l 20.04794 subovoid centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 6 a1 19.86321 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 6 a2 13.15508 subround centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 6 b 13.74304 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 6 c1 17.60436 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 6 c2 13.62351 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 6 d 17.30665 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 6 e 13.9347 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 6 f 17.44857 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 6 g 17.29851 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 6 h1 14.7382 subround centric Type 2 damaged, swollen OR 1 20-30 cm 2 6 h2 13.25781 subround centric Type 2 damaged, swollen OR 1 20-30 cm 2 6 i 18.01688 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 6 j 18.72068 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 6 k 14.20039 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 2 6 l 18.93281 subovoid centric Type 3 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 6 m 19.75854 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 2 6 n 15.62767 round centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 6 o 17.08482 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 2 7 a 15.42154 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 7 b 19.07224 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 7 c 13.64604 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 7 d 22.61667 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 2 7 e1 21.43343 subovoid centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 2 7 e2 11.70627 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 7 f 11.56436 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 7 g 22.11128 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 7 h 19.96075 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 2 7 i 17.22733 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 2 7 j 20.17016 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 2 7 k 16.59687 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 7 l 15.50102 round centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 7 m 25.16277 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 2 7 n 16.85781 round centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 7 o 24.79742 round centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 7 p 19.59722 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 2 7 q 11.77169 subovoid centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 8 a 16.97056 round centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 8 b 18.73094 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 8 c 19.19066 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 2 8 d 17.9457 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 8 e 21.18596 subovoid centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 8 f 17.46054 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 2 8 g 15.61866 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 2 8 h 22.64155 ovoid-lanceolate centric Type 3 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 2 8 i 15.88761 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 8 j 27.29255 subround eccentric Type 6 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 2 8 k 12.41934 subovoid centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 8 l 24.09846 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 2 10 a 11.30918 subround centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 10 b1 14.88086 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 10 b2 7.499547 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 10 c 17.31848 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 10 d 16.29488 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 10 e 16.11241 subovoid centric Type 3 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 10 f 23.7631 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 10 g 16.5544 round centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 10 h 17.5738 subovoid centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 10 i 13.48659 round centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 10 j 14.09908 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 10 k 16.41229 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 10 l 16.33254 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 10 m 15.18736 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 10 n1 17.70225 subround centric Type 2 damaged, swollen OR 1 20-30 cm 2 10 n2 9.686279 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 10 o 18.17603 subovoid centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 10 p 22.23597 subround centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 10 q 16.55517 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 10 r 23.64809 subround centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 10 s 17.58909 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 10 t 18.68236 subround centric Type 2 fissure Page 6 of 10 Banda Islands Starch Grain Analysis Site Unit Level Sample # Slide # letter/ numbermicrons form hilum Nageli 1858 Typecomments 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 10 u 18.10547 subovoid centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 10 v 24.63221 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 10 w 19.43918 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 2 10 x 13.87671 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 11 a 16.81751 round centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 11 b 20.91843 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 2 11 c 14.54505 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 11 d 15.17556 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 11 e 18.32681 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 11 f 18.0183 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 11 g 17.35392 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 11 h 13.36359 round centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 11 i 23.045 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 2 11 j 15.5406 round centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 11 k 19.19267 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 11 l 20.89639 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 2 11 m 16.46835 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 11 n 11.29219 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 11 o 16.7397 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 11 p 15.61948 subovoid centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 11 q 12.92836 subovoid centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 11 r 26.9874 subovoid centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 2 11 s 12.4605 round centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 2 a 17.42899 subround centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 2 b 13.81663 subround centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 3 a 14.46032 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 4 a 26.61825 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 4 b 15.73216 subround centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 4 c 15.06806 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 5 a 19.6904 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 5 b 24.85156 subround centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 6 a 18.42503 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 6 b 18.48398 round centric Type 1 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 3 7 a 19.60702 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 3 7 b 17.21023 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 7 c 22.86377 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 3 8 a 14.01896 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 8 b 16.06467 round centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 8 c 21.44537 ovoid-laneolate centric Type 3 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 8 d 16.34821 subround centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 10 a 22.53092 subround eccentric Type 6 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 10 b 15.87955 subovoid centric Type 3 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 3 11 a 14.408 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 12 a 16.64692 subround centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 12 b 16.54279 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 12 c 24.04316 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 3 12 d 20.01599 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 13 a 21.89137 ovoid-laneolate centric Type 3 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 13 b 18.47775 subround centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 13 c 24.32474 subround centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 15 a 15.46795 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 15 b 18.35821 ovoid-laneolate centric Type 3 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 16 a 17.53953 subround centric Type 1 fissure OR 1 20-30 cm 3 16 b 23.42184 ovoid-laneolate centric Type 3 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 16 c 16.64692 ovoid centric Type 3 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 16 d 17.1946 polygonal centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 18 a 33.31844 round centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 18 b 17.02478 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 18 c 15.73623 subround centric Type 1 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 19 a 18.55448 subovoid-lanceolatecentric Type 3 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 19 b 20.59219 subovoid-lanceolatecentric Type 3 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 20 a 20.36216 subovoid centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 20 b 23.48024 subovoid-lanceolatecentric Type 3 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 20 c 15.67837 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 20 d 22.24921 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 20 e 16.51956 polygonal centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 21 a 26.0584 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 21 b 19.87223 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 20-30 cm 3 21 c 16.97584 subround centric Type 1 OR 1 30-40 cm 2 6 a 19.6142 ovoid centric Type 3 OR 1 30-40 cm 2 9 a 14.63716 round centric Type 1 OR 1 30-40 cm 2 9 b 14.38399 ovoid centric Type 3 OR 1 30-40 cm 2 9 c 20.13967 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 30-40 cm 2 9 d 10.18234 polygonal centric Type 2 OR 1 30-40 cm 2 11 a 19.07224 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 30-40 cm 2 2 Aussie 1 41.15 subovoid centric Type 3 OR 1 40-50 cm 1 1 3 3.6 ovoid centric Type 2 OR 1 40-50 cm 1 1 4 22.24 subovoid centric Type 3 damaged, swollen OR 1 40-50 cm 1 2 Aussie 1 16.66 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 40-50 cm 1 2 Aussie 2 14.86 subovoid centric Type 2 Page 7 of 10 Banda Islands Starch Grain Analysis Site Unit Level Sample # Slide # letter/ numbermicrons form hilum Nageli 1858 Typecomments 2 OR 1 40-50 cm 1 2 Aussie 3 19.33 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 50-60 cm 1 1 1 31.13 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 50-60 cm 1 1 2 5.31 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 50-60 cm 1 1 3 29.66 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 50-60 cm 1 2 Aussie 1 19.04 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 50-60 cm 1 2 Aussie 2 16.97 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 50-60 cm 1 2 Aussie 3 20.12 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 50-60 cm 1 2 Aussie 4 12.87 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 50-60 cm 2 1 1 29.72 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 50-60 cm 2 2 Aussie 1 24.19 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 50-60 cm 2 3 Aussie 1 17.57 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 50-60 cm 2 3 Aussie 2 13.09 round centric Type 1 OR 1 50-60 cm 2 3 Aussie 3 17.28 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 50-60 cm 2 3 Aussie 4 16.35 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 50-60 cm 2 3 Aussie 5 17.64 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 50-60 cm 2 3 Aussie 6 14.13 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 50-60 cm 2 3 Aussie 7 16.41 subovoid centric Type 2 OR 1 50-60 cm 2 3 Aussie 8 5 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 50-60 cm 2 3 Aussie 9 21.41 polygonal centric Type 2 OR 1 50-60 cm 3 4 a 6.449806 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 60-70 cm 1 1 5,6 7.11 subovoid eccentric Type 6 OR 1 60-70 cm 1 1 a 19.28 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 60-70 cm 1 1 b 8.17 round centric Type 1 OR 1 60-70 cm 1 2 Aussie 1 21.52 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 60-70 cm 1 2 Aussie 2 11.53 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 60-70 cm 1 2 Aussie 3 14.43 round centric Type 1 OR 1 60-70 cm 1 2 Aussie 4 17.34 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 60-70 cm 1 2 Aussie 5 20.18 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 60-70 cm 1 2 Aussie 6 16.99 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 60-70 cm 1 2 Aussie 7 13.85 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 60-70 cm 1 2 Aussie 8 14.92 subovoid centric Type 3 OR 1 60-70 cm 2 2 Aussie 2 2.95 round centric Type 1 OR 1 70-80 cm 1 3 a 15.09437 round centric Type 2 OR 1 70-80 cm 1 4 a 13.89331 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 70-80 cm 1 4 b 15.14263 round centric Type 1 OR 1 70-80 cm 1 5 a 21.6952 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 80-90 cm 1 2 a 14.59425 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 80-90 cm 1 2 b 20.938 subovoid centric Type 3 OR 1 80-90 cm 1 2 c 15.68082 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 80-90 cm 1 4 a 13.66853 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 80-90 cm 2 1 1a 19.22 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 80-90 cm 2 1 1b 7.63 round centric Type 2 OR 1 80-90 cm 2 1 1c 13.26 round centric Type 2 OR 1 80-90 cm 2 3 a 12.797 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 90-100 cm 1 3 a 14.55297 subovoid centric Type 3 OR 1 90-100 cm 1 4 a 16.35213 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 90-100 cm 1 6 a 20.21136 subovoid eccentric Type 6 OR 1 90-100 cm 1 6 b 20.0275 polygonal centric Type 2 fissure OR 1 90-100 cm 1 6 c 11.43189 round centric Type 1 OR 1 90-100 cm 2 3 a 15.52742 subovoid-lanceolatecentric Type 3 OR 1 90-100 cm 2 6 a 18.53377 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 90-100 cm 2 7 a 5.775623 subround centric Type 2 OR 1 90-100 cm 2 7 b 8.840344 ovoid centric Type 2 OR 2 0-10 cm p1 1 a 6.4 round centric Type 1 OR 2 0-10 cm p1 1 b 6.98 round centric Type 1 OR 2 0-10 cm p1 1 c 2.15 round centric Type 1 OR 2 0-10 cm p1 1 d 2.22 round centric Type 1 OR 2 0-10 cm p1 1 e 3.77 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 0-10 cm p1 1 f 4 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 0-10 cm p1 1 g 3.78 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 0-10 cm p1 1 i-1 5.16 compound centric Type 16 rice OR 2 0-10 cm p1 1 i-2 5.9 compound centric Type 16 rice OR 2 0-10 cm p1 1 i-3 6.56 compound centric Type 16 rice OR 2 0-10 cm p1 1 i-4 6.71 compound centric Type 16 rice OR 2 0-10 cm p1 2 Aussie a 17.93 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 0-10 cm p1 3 Aussie a 17.15 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 0-10 cm p1 3 Aussie b 17.26 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 0-10 cm p1 3 Aussie c 25.81 subovoid centric Type 3 OR 2 0-10 cm p2 1 1,2 5.97 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 0-10 cm P2 2 a 13.81 round centric Type 2 OR 2 0-10 cm P2 7 a 67.214 subround eccentric Type 6 potato? OR 2 10-20 cm 1 18 a 29.354 subround eccentric Type 2 OR 2 10-20 cm 1 20 a 12.37 subround eccentric Type 2 OR 2 10-20 cm 1 26 a 22.9 subround eccentric Type 2 fissure OR 2 10-20 cm p1 2 Aussie a 23.72 polygonal centric Type 2 damaged, swollen OR 2 10-20 cm p1 2 Aussie b 28.68 ovoid centric Type 3 OR 2 10-20 cm p1 2 Aussie c 14.05 ovoid centric Type 2 OR 2 10-20 cm p1 3 Aussie a 19.4 polygonal centric Type 2 OR 2 10-20 cm p1 3 Aussie b 16.69 subovoid centric Type 3 OR 2 10-20 cm p2 1 a 9.26 ovoid centric Type 3 Page 8 of 10 Banda Islands Starch Grain Analysis Site Unit Level Sample # Slide # letter/ numbermicrons form hilum Nageli 1858 Typecomments 2 OR 2 10-20 cm p2 1 b 6.99 compound centric Type 16 rice OR 2 10-20 cm p2 1 c 6.35 compound centric Type 16 rice OR 2 10-20 cm p2 1 d 5.16 compound centric Type 16 rice OR 2 10-20 cm p2 1 e 7.74 compound centric Type 16 rice OR 2 10-20 cm p2 2 Aussie a 12.52 round centric Type 2 OR 2 10-20 cm p2 2 Aussie b 11.88 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 10-20 cm p2 4 Aussie a 18.62 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 10-20 cm p2 4 Aussie b 6.93 polygonal centric Type 2 OR 2 10-20 cm p2 4 Aussie c 32.12 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 10-20 cm p2 5 Aussie a 23.58 subovoid centric Type 2 OR 2 20-30 cm 1 2 a 7.879 round centric Type 1 OR 2 20-30 cm 1 5 a 10.133 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 20-30 cm 1 5 b 10.448 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 20-30 cm 1 5 c 11.363 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 20-30 cm 1 22 a 22.176 subround centric Type 1 OR 2 20-30 cm 1 28 a 19.12 subovoid centric Type 2 OR 2 20-30 cm 1 32 a 31.336 round centric Type 2 with hole, damaged? OR 2 20-30 cm 1 39 a 13.268 round centric Type 1 fissure OR 2 30-40 cm 1 7 a 22.927 subovoid centric Type 2 OR 2 30-40 cm 1 16 a 15.923 subovoid centric Type 3 OR 2 30-40 cm 1 19 a 18.007 subround centric Type 1 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 1 1 22.71 subround centric Type 1 fissure OR 2 40-50 cm 1 3 a 20.514 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 4 a 14.814 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 4 b 17.65 round centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 5 a 19.61 round centric Type 1 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 5 b 34.811 subovoid-lanceolateeccentric Type 6 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 5 c 34.969 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 5 d 23.31 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 6 a 17.492 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 6 b 16.122 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 6 c 16.96 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 6 d 15.5 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 7 a 20.161 round centric Type 1 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 7 b 21.159 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 7 c 25.997 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 8 a 16.954 round centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 8 b 14.545 round centric Type 1 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 8 c 14.315 round centric Type 1 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 8 d 14.928 round centric Type 1 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 8 e 12.203 subround centric Type 1 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 8 f 18.763 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 8 g 17.316 subovoid centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 9 a 22.097 subround centric Type 1 damaged, swollen OR 2 40-50 cm 1 9 b 19.799 ovoid centric Type 3 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 9 c 16.496 polygonal centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 9 d 16.444 round centric Type 1 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 9 e 16.944 subround centric Type 2 damaged, swollen OR 2 40-50 cm 1 9 f 18.529 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 9 g 17.079 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 9 h 18.822 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 10 a 16.148 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 11 a 19.291 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 11 b 15.331 round centric Type 1 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 11 c 12.098 subround centric Type 1 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 11 d 5.868 round centric Type 1 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 12 a 20.376 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 13 a 22.481 subround centric Type 1 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 13 b 20.132 subround centric Type 1 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 14 a 17.52 round centric Type 1 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 14 b 14.545 round centric Type 1 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 15 a 18.676 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 15 b 13.925 round centric Type 1 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 16 a 20.352 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 16 b 16.489 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 17 a 16.557 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 17 b 18.244 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 17 c 18.965 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 17 d 20.881 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 17 e 14.771 polygonal centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 17 f 16.4 round centric Type 1 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 17 g 19.021 subround centric Type 1 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 18 a 21.546 polygonal centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 18 b 13.91 round centric Type 1 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 18 c 20.192 subovoid centric Type 2 damaged, swollen OR 2 40-50 cm 1 18 d 16.849 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 18 e 21.57 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 18 f 16.857 round centric Type 1 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 18 g 21.719 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 18 h 14.765 polygonal centric Type 2 Page 9 of 10 Banda Islands Starch Grain Analysis Site Unit Level Sample # Slide # letter/ numbermicrons form hilum Nageli 1858 Typecomments 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 18 i 16.349 ovoid centric Type 3 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 18 j 16.37 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 18 k 11.017 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 18 l 20.027 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 19 a 24.967 polygonal centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 19 b 15.807 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 19 c 18.051 round centric Type 1 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 19 d 20.68 round centric Type 1 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 19 e 20.486 round centric Type 1 pit OR 2 40-50 cm 1 20 a 22.361 polygonal centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 21 a 19.756 polygonal centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 21 b 26.209 polygonal centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 21 c 19.682 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 40-50 cm 1 21 d 15.922 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 50-60 cm 2 3 a 18.11324 subround centric Type 1 OR 2 50-60 cm 2 5 a 20.14349 round centric Type 1 OR 2 50-60 cm 2 6 a 13.62351 subovoid centric Type 2 OR 2 50-60 cm 2 8 a 10.19239 round centric Type 1 OR 2 50-60 cm 2 8 b 8.823242 round centric Type 1 OR 2 50-60 cm 2 8 c 12.4605 subovoid centric Type 2 OR 2 50-60 cm 2 18 a 20.58535 round centric Type 2 OR 2 50-60 cm 2 19 a 24.55153 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 60-70 cm 1 2 a 30.395 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 2 60-70 cm 1 3 a 2.8 round centric Type 1 OR 2 60-70 cm 1 20 a 19.366 ovoid centric Type 2 OR 2 60-70 cm 1 27 a 37.583 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 2 60-70 cm 1 33 a 19.506 ovoid centric Type 2 OR 2 60-70 cm 1 35 a 18.571 subround centric Type 2 OR 2 60-70 cm 1 41 a 64.726 subovoid centric Type 2 damaged, swollen OR 3 0-10 cm 1 3 a 15.18736 polygonal centric Type 2 OR 3 0-10 cm 1 3 b 12.64 subround centric Type 2 OR 3 0-10 cm 1 4 a 23.11211 subround centric Type 2 OR 3 0-10 cm 1 4 b 26.4252 round centric Type 2 OR 3 0-10 cm 1 5 a 27.65085 subround centric Type 2 OR 3 0-10 cm 1 5 b 15.75817 polygonal centric Type 2 OR 3 0-10 cm 1 6 a 21.38681 round centric Type 2 OR 3 0-10 cm 1 8 a 14.2409 subround centric Type 2 OR 3 0-10 cm 1 8 b 13.7274 subround centric Type 2 OR 3 10-20 cm 1 6 a 17.44073 subovoid eccentric Type 6 OR 3 10-20 cm 1 6 b 15.69306 subround centric Type 2 OR 3 10-20 cm 1 7 a 16.51956 subround centric Type 2 OR 3 10-20 cm 1 7 b 14.23281 subround centric Type 2 OR 3 10-20 cm 1 12 a 11.82052 subround centric Type 2 OR 3 10-20 cm 2 2 a 22.75209 subround centric Type 2 fissure OR 3 10-20 cm 2 3 a 17.82618 round centric Type 1 OR 3 10-20 cm 2 5 a 16.67765 subround centric Type 2 OR 3 10-20 cm 2 6 a 21.76059 subround centric Type 2 OR 3 10-20 cm 2 6 b 22.10839 subround centric Type 1 OR 3 10-20 cm 2 6 c 13.6259 subround centric Type 2 OR 3 10-20 cm 2 9 a 12.54547 subround centric Type 2 OR 3 10-20 cm 2 11 a 19.10443 subround centric Type 1 OR 3 10-20 cm 2 12 a 19.17665 subround centric Type 2 damaged, swollen OR 3 10-20 cm p3 5 a 21.47817 round centric Type 1 OR 3 10-20 cm p3 5 b 15.34082 round centric Type 1 Page 10 of 10 Ordatang Unit 1 Ordatang Unit 2 Ordatang Unit 3 Groot Waling Unit 1 Groot Waling Unit 2 Groot Waling Unit 3 Groot Waling Unit 4 Komber Unit 1 Komber Unit 2