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Discovery and Assessment of Endogenous Biomarkers of CYP2D6 Activity for Application in Clinical Studies
The activity of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) is highly variable due to genetic and environmental influences. Assessing CYP2D6 activity may aid in initial dosing of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6, help maximize therapeutic efficacy or minimize adverse events. Traditionally, probe drugs, such as dextromethorphan (DM), metoprolol ...
The Australian monsoon and its mesoscale convective systems
(1992)
The 1987 Australian monsoon was observed with satellites, rawinsondes, radar and aircraft. These data are presented, with theory filling the gaps, in illustration of its dynamics.The engine of the monsoon is its embedded mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). Ten MCSs were explored with airborne Doppler radar. They all exhibited ...
Towards an improved understanding of deep convection patterns over the tropical oceans
(2007)
We quantitatively assess thermodynamic characteristics shared by deep convection over the tropical oceans, and develop a simple model to explain the observed precipitation distribution, as well as geographic variability in the vertical development of deep convection.Relationships between humidity, surface wind speed and ...
The dependence of clouds and their radiative impacts on the large-scale vertical velocity
(2007)
Middle-tropospheric vertical velocity(o500) is used to isolate the effect of large-scale dynamics on the observed radiation budget and cloud properties in the Tropics. The ratio of shortwave to longwave cloud forcing (N=-SWCF/LWCF) is approximately 1.2 and independent of the magnitude of w5oo when it is upward over the warmer ...
Solar radiation processes on the East Antarctic Plateau: interaction of clouds, snow, and atmospheric gases
(2007)
The bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of snow was measured from a 32-meter tower at Dome C, at latitude 75°S on the East Antarctic Plateau. These measurements were made at 96 solar zenith angles between 51° and 87°, and cover wavelengths 350--2400 nm, over the full range of viewing geometry.Parameterizations ...
Organized layer overturning in mesoscale convective systems over the western Pacific warm pool
(2003)
This study employs a high resolution numerical cloud model to investigate overturning of the tropical environment by mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) occurring over the westerly onset and strong westerly regions of the large scale Kelvin-Rossby wave pattern during the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean Atmosphere ...
Probabilistic mesoscale forecast error prediction using short-range ensembles
(2004)
One measure of the utility of ensemble prediction systems is the relationship between ensemble spread and forecast error. Unfortunately, this relationship is often characterized by an inadequate measure (the spread-error correlation) that makes two critical assumptions: (1) a linear dependency between ensemble spread and ...
Model studies of the middle atmosphere of Venus
(1991)
Zonal winds reach in excess of 100 m/s in the middle atmosphere of Venus; the cloud-level atmosphere takes little more than 4 days to complete one rotation, while the solid planet below has a 243-day rotation period. This phenomenon, known as superrotation, is the central problem of the Venus atmosphere. The question we address ...
Cross-tropopause tracer transport in midlatitude convection
(2003)
Simulations performed by a 3D cloud-resolving model are used to study the transport of tropospheric tracers into the lowermost stratosphere via midlatitude convection. Direct transport by convection is believed to be the most likely mechanism by which short-lived chemical species can be transported from the boundary layer to ...
Frontal wave development over the Southern Ocean
(2003)
The development of frontal waves over the Southern Ocean is described using SeaWinds-on-QuikSCAT scatterometer surface winds. A planetary boundary layer model is used to construct surface pressure fields and correct the wind errors due to rain contamination and the geometry of the scatterometer antenna. The divergence and ...