Estimates of exposure (number and percent of demographic group exposed)

By race and ethnicity

Table S2. Number and percent of US workers exposed to occupational agents in CANJEM by race and ethnicity, 2019. Employee counts are rounded to the nearest 1000. Except for the persons who identify as non-Hispanic White, persons of any race are of any ethnicity. Persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity are of any race are also counted in their preferred race category. BIPOC describes persons that identify as any race/ethnicity other than non-Hispanic White. AIAN = American Indian and Alaska Native, NHPI = Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, BIPOC = Black, Indigenous, and People of Color

By sex

Table S3. Number and percent of US workers exposed to occupational agents in CANJEM by sex, 2019. Employee counts are rounded to the nearest 1000.

By education status

Table S4. Number and percent of US workers exposed to occupational agents in CANJEM by education status, 2019. Employee counts are rounded to the nearest 1000. <High school = less than high school diploma or equivalent, High school = high school diploma or equivalent, some college/associate = some college or associate degree, ≥ Bachelor’s = bachelor’s or other advanced degree

By nativity and citizenship status

Table S5. Number and percent of US workers exposed to occupational agents in CANJEM by nativity and citizenship status, 2019. Employee counts are rounded to the nearest 1000.

Estimates of exposure disproportionality (number and percent of workers over or underrepresented)

By race and ethnicity

Table S6. Number and percent of US workers over or underrepresented in exposure to occupational agents in CANJEM by race and ethnicity, 2019. The number and percent of employees over or underrepresented represents the absolute and relative differences between the number of workers estimated to be exposed and the number of workers expected to be exposed in a counterfactual scenario in which workers of each sociodemographic group are evenly distributed across all occupations in the US based on their overall proportion of the total workforce. Employee counts are rounded to the nearest 1000. Except for the persons who identify as non-Hispanic White, persons of any race are of any ethnicity. Persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity are of any race are also counted in their preferred race category. BIPOC describes persons that identify as any race/ethnicity other than non-Hispanic White. AIAN = American Indian and Alaska Native, NHPI = Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, BIPOC = Black, Indigenous, and People of Color

By sex

Table S7. Number and percent of US workers over or underrepresented in exposure to occupational agents in CANJEM by sex, 2019. The number and percent of employees over or underrepresented represents the absolute and relative differences between the number of workers estimated to be exposed and the number of workers expected to be exposed in a counterfactual scenario in which workers of each sociodemographic group are evenly distributed across all occupations in the US based on their overall proportion of the total workforce. Employee counts are rounded to the nearest 1000.

By education status

Table S8. Number and percent of US workers over or underrepresented in exposure to occupational agents in CANJEM by education status, 2019. The number and percent of employees over or underrepresented represents the absolute and relative differences between the number of workers estimated to be exposed and the number of workers expected to be exposed in a counterfactual scenario in which workers of each sociodemographic group are evenly distributed across all occupations in the US based on their overall proportion of the total workforce. Employee counts are rounded to the nearest 1000. <High school = less than high school diploma or equivalent, High school = high school diploma or equivalent, some college/associate = some college or associate degree, ≥ Bachelor’s = bachelor’s or other advanced degree

By nativity and citizenship status

Table S9. Number and percent of US workers over or underrepresented in exposure to occupational agents in CANJEM by nativity and citizenship status, 2019. The number and percent of employees over or underrepresented represents the absolute and relative differences between the number of workers estimated to be exposed and the number of workers expected to be exposed in a counterfactual scenario in which workers of each sociodemographic group are evenly distributed across all occupations in the US based on their overall proportion of the total workforce. Employee counts are rounded to the nearest 1000.

Exposure Burden Index (EBI)

Overview
The EBI is reflective of the overall exposure burden of an occupation and is based on the average ranking for probability of exposure, frequency-weighted intensity (FWI) of exposure, and the estimated number of exposed workers.

Instructions
Filter the datatable by agent of interest to obtain occupations ranked by their overall exposure burden, as indicated by their exposure burden index (EBI). Results can be further filtered by wage and other measures of equity.

Table S10. Occupations by EBI rank for all occupational agents in CANJEM. The EBI rank is based on the average ranking for probability of exposure, FWI, and the estimated number of exposed workers for each occupation. Employee counts are rounded to the nearest 1000. Low-wage is defined a median hourly wage of less than $15/hour, which is the minimum salary of a full-time worker needed to achieve a modest but adequate standard of living for a single adult without children in all areas across the US (Economic Policy Institute, 2021). EBI = exposure burden index, FWI = frequency-weighted intensity of exposure

Sensitivity Analyses

Table S11. Sensitivity analysis results comparing the number of exposed workers in the primary analysis versus more stringent analysis. Employee counts are rounded to the nearest 1000.

Table S12. Sensitivity analysis results comparing the number of workers over or underrepresnted in exposure for all agents in the primary analysis versus more stringent analysis. Except for the persons who identify as non-Hispanic White, persons of any race are of any ethnicity. Persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity are of any race are also counted in their preferred race category. BIPOC describes persons that identify as any race/ethnicity other than non-Hispanic White. PA = primary analysis, SA = stringent analysis, AIAN = American Indian and Alaska Native, NHPI = Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, BIPOC = Black, Indigenous, and People of Color, <High school = less than high school diploma or equivalent, High school = high school diploma or equivalent, some college/associate = some college or associate degree, ≥ Bachelor’s = bachelor’s or other advanced degree

Additional Tables

US Worker Sociodemographics, 2019

Table S13. Average employment estimates in the United States in 2019. Employees that identify as any race, except those that identify as White, can be of any ethnicity. Employees that identify as any ethnicity can be of any race.
Category Sociodemographic group Employee Count Percent of Workforce
Race/Ethnicity American Indian and Alaska Native 1,617,000 1.0%
Asian 10,179,000 6.5%
Black or African American 19,381,000 12.3%
Multiracial 3,283,000 2.1%
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 638,000 0.4%
White, Non-Hispanic 97,729,000 62.0%
White, Hispanic 24,712,000 15.7%
Hispanic or Latino 27,805,000 17.6%
Not Hispanic or Latino 129,733,000 82.4%
BIPOC 59,809,000 38.0%
Sex Female 74,078,000 47.0%
Male 83,460,000 53.0%
Education Status Less than high school diploma 12,535,000 8.0%
High school diploma or equivalent 40,928,000 26.0%
Some college or associate degree 43,520,000 27.6%
Bachelor’s or other advanced degree 60,556,000 38.4%
Nativity and Citizenship Status US Native 130,059,000 82.6%
Foreign born, US citizen 13,798,000 8.8%
Foreign born, non-US citizen 13,681,000 8.7%
Total 157,538,000 100.0%

Occupations with No Exposure Information

Estimates of high exposure (number and percent of demographic group exposed)

By race and ethnicity

Table S15. Number and percent of US workers highly exposed to occupational agents in CANJEM by race and ethnicity, 2019. Employee counts are rounded to the nearest 1000. Except for the persons who identify as non-Hispanic White, persons of any race are of any ethnicity. Persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity are of any race are also counted in their preferred race category. BIPOC describes persons that identify as any race/ethnicity other than non-Hispanic White. AIAN = American Indian and Alaska Native, NHPI = Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, BIPOC = Black, Indigenous, and People of Color

By sex

Table S16. Number and percent of US workers highly exposed to occupational agents in CANJEM by sex, 2019. Employee counts are rounded to the nearest 1000.

By education status

Table S17. Number and percent of US workers highly exposed to occupational agents in CANJEM by education status, 2019. Employee counts are rounded to the nearest 1000.

By nativity and citizenship status

Table S18. Number and percent of US workers highly exposed to occupational agents in CANJEM by nativity and citizenship status, 2019. Employee counts are rounded to the nearest 1000.

Estimates of disproportionality at a high level of exposure (number and percent of workers over or underrepresented)

By race and ethnicity

Table S19. Number and percent of US workers over or underrepresented in exposure at a high level to occupational agents in CANJEM by race and ethnicity, 2019. The number and percent of employees over or underrepresented represents the absolute and relative differences between the number of workers estimated to be exposed and the number of workers expected to be exposed in a counterfactual scenario in which workers of each sociodemographic group are evenly distributed across all occupations in the US based on their overall proportion of the total workforce. Employee counts are rounded to the nearest 1000. Except for the persons who identify as non-Hispanic White, persons of any race are of any ethnicity. Persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity are of any race are also counted in their preferred race category. BIPOC describes persons that identify as any race/ethnicity other than non-Hispanic White. AIAN = American Indian and Alaska Native, NHPI = Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, BIPOC = Black, Indigenous, and People of Color

By sex

Table S20. Number and percent of US workers over or underrepresented in exposure at a high level to occupational agents in CANJEM by sex, 2019. The number and percent of employees over or underrepresented represents the absolute and relative differences between the number of workers estimated to be exposed and the number of workers expected to be exposed in a counterfactual scenario in which workers of each sociodemographic group are evenly distributed across all occupations in the US based on their overall proportion of the total workforce. Employee counts are rounded to the nearest 1000.

By education status

Table S21. Number and percent of US workers over or underrepresented in exposure at a high level to occupational agents in CANJEM by education status, 2019. The number and percent of employees over or underrepresented represents the absolute and relative differences between the number of workers estimated to be exposed and the number of workers expected to be exposed in a counterfactual scenario in which workers of each sociodemographic group are evenly distributed across all occupations in the US based on their overall proportion of the total workforce. Employee counts are rounded to the nearest 1000. <High school = less than high school diploma or equivalent, High school = high school diploma or equivalent, some college/associate = some college or associate degree, ≥ Bachelor’s = bachelor’s or other advanced degree

By nativity and citizenship status

Table S22. Number and percent of US workers over or underrepresented in exposure at a high level to occupational agents in CANJEM by nativity and citizenship status, 2019. The number and percent of employees over or underrepresented represents the absolute and relative differences between the number of workers estimated to be exposed and the number of workers expected to be exposed in a counterfactual scenario in which workers of each sociodemographic group are evenly distributed across all occupations in the US based on their overall proportion of the total workforce. Employee counts are rounded to the nearest 1000.