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dc.contributor.advisorKunze, Kent L
dc.contributor.authorSeguin, Ryan Patrick
dc.date.accessioned2017-10-26T20:52:14Z
dc.date.submitted2017-06
dc.identifier.otherSeguin_washington_0250E_17344.pdf
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/1773/40646
dc.descriptionThesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2017-06
dc.description.abstractCytochrome P450 enzymes constitute a superfamily of isoforms which accelerate the removal of foreign compounds from the body through oxidative biotransformation to generate polar metabolites that are more readily excreted from the body. Hence, susceptibility to oxidation by cytochrome P450 may largely determine the in vivo half-life, plasma level, and tissue exposure of small molecule drugs. As the P450 isoforms involved in drug metabolism contain large, flexible, and promiscuous active sites which can bind and metabolize multiple drugs, it is common for one drug to interfere with the metabolism of another. Inhibition of a specific P450 isoform may lead to drug-drug interactions (DDIs) through impairment of metabolic clearance of a coadministered drug and the build-up of this drug or its metabolites to toxic levels in the body. The use of in vitro data to predict, rationalize and, ultimately, prevent DDIs is a top priority in drug development. Accordingly, emphasis in this field of study has been placed on understanding which drug structures inhibit P450 and the mechanism by which inhibition occurs. This dissertation explores the mechanism of inhibition of cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) by the fluoroquinolone antibacterial enoxacin. Enoxacin elicits clinically-significant DDIs with theophylline and caffeine due to potent CYP1A2 inhibition in vivo. However, enoxacin is characterized as a weak reversible inhibitor of CYP1A2 in vitro leading to severe underprediction of the DDIs with theophylline and caffeine. Herein, we have clarified the mechanism of inhibition as a time-dependent irreversible process where enoxacin is sequentially metabolized within the CYP1A2 active site to a mechanism-based inhibitor. Thus, CYP1A2 is inactivated by a metabolite of enoxacin through formation of a metabolic-intermediate (MI) complex. The mechanism of MI complex formation requires N-hydroxylation of the piperazine ring of enoxacin followed by -carbon hydroxylation and oxidative ring-opening to a nitroso metabolite that strongly ligates to the ferrous heme iron of CYP1A2. We elucidated the mechanism of CYP1A2 inactivation as sequential metabolism of the piperazine ring to an MI complex in recombinant CYP1A2 and confirmed that this mechanism is still viable in human liver microsomes. Circumstantial evidence was provided for MI complex formation with CYP1A2 in primary human hepatocytes. The DDIs with theophylline and caffeine were well-predicted by in vitro to in vivo predictions using apparent CYP1A2 inactivation parameters for the parent drug, enoxacin. Our results suggest that enoxacin is sequentially metabolized to an MI complex non-dissociatively within the CYP1A2 active site and that released metabolite intermediates do not significantly contribute to MI complex formation. The non-dissociative nature of the sequential metabolic inactivation process accounts for our success in predicting the DDIs with theophylline and caffeine using apparent inactivation parameters of the parent drug. Although enoxacin requires multiple CYP1A2-mediated oxidations to inactivate CYP1A2, enoxacin can be treated as a single-step inactivator (i.e. a true mechanism-based inhibitor) for DDI prediction purposes. In our view, non-dissociative sequential inactivation accounts not only for the success of our prediction, but also the potent inhibition of CYP1A2 in vivo. Our observation that N-hydroxy enoxacin, an intermediate hydroxylamine metabolite, is reduced back to enoxacin in human liver microsomes and human hepatocytes calls into question whether a dissociative sequential inactivation process would be viable in vivo. Futile cycling between enoxacin and the N-hydroxy enoxacin metabolite could theoretically prevent the sequential metabolic process from progressing beyond the hydroxylamine, thus highlighting the importance of non-dissociative sequential metabolism. In summary, we proposed enoxacin is a time-dependent inhibitor of CYP1A2 through non-dissociative sequential metabolism of the piperazine ring to an MI complex. This is the first report of sequential metabolism of a piperazine by a cytochrome P450 to an MI complex. It is suggested that MI complex formation may result from sequential metabolism of other alicyclic amine-containing substrates and that alicyclic amines may be a new structural alert for MI complex formation.
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdf
dc.language.isoen_US
dc.rightsnone
dc.subjectCytochrome P450
dc.subjectDrug-Drug Interactions
dc.subjectDrug Metabolism
dc.subjectEnoxacin
dc.subjectFluoroquinolone
dc.subjectMechanism-Based Inhibition
dc.subjectPharmaceutical sciences
dc.subject.otherMedicinal chemistry
dc.titleNon-Dissociative Sequential Metabolism of Enoxacin to a Metabolic Intermediate Complex with Cytochrome P450 1A2
dc.typeThesis
dc.embargo.termsRestrict to UW for 2 years -- then make Open Access
dc.embargo.lift2019-10-16T20:52:14Z


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