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Emissions from savanna fires in southern Africa
(2004)
Airborne measurements are presented of emissions from savanna fires in southern Africa during the dry season. Measurements were obtained aboard the University of Washington Convair-580 research aircraft during the SAFARI 2000 field project in August and September 2000. Savanna fires in southern Africa emit a wide range of ...
The effect of rain on microwave backscatter from the ocean: measurements and modeling
(2004)
Microwave backscatter is used to probe the atmosphere, ocean, and land surface. The SeaWinds scatterometer on QuikSCAT and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) are both microwave instruments that observe the state of the atmosphere. The Kwajalein Experiment (KWAJEX) was carried out in the ...
A physical model to estimate snowfall over land using microwave measurements
(2004)
Falling snow is an important component of global precipitation in extratropical regions. This study describes the methodology and results of physically based retrievals of snow falling over land surfaces. Because microwave emitted by snow-covered surfaces are highly variable, precipitating snow above such surfaces is difficult ...
Patterns of climate variability of the Northern Hemisphere wintertime circulation
(2004)
The principal patterns of variability of the extratropical Northern Hemisphere (NH) wintertime circulation are examined. The two-dimensional phase space defined by the two leading PCs of the monthly-mean sea-level pressure (SLP) field poleward of 20°N is used as a basis for surveying the structure of the geopotential height ...
Probabilistic mesoscale forecast error prediction using short-range ensembles
(2004)
One measure of the utility of ensemble prediction systems is the relationship between ensemble spread and forecast error. Unfortunately, this relationship is often characterized by an inadequate measure (the spread-error correlation) that makes two critical assumptions: (1) a linear dependency between ensemble spread and ...
Shallow convection in orographic precipitation
(2004)
An investigation into the dynamics of shallow orographic convection is performed through observations and numerical simulations using a cloud-resolving mesoscale model. Two-dimensional simulations reveal that embedded cellular convection in unstable orographic clouds is sensitive to several factors besides the moist stability, ...
Evolution of the cross-equatorial atmospheric boundary layer in the east Pacific: observations and models
(2004)
The NCAR C-130 research aircraft flew eight missions observing the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) along 95°W, 1°S--12°N. The positive air-sea temperature difference over the equatorial cold tongue results in a shallow stable layer with reduced surface winds. Stratocumulus clouds at the ABL top tend to clear over the cold ...
Radar observations of orographic precipitation
(2004)
Operational Doppler radar archives provide insight into the structure and airflow within precipitating systems in two different mountain climates: the Mediterranean side of the European Alps and the coastal terrain of Northern California. Time-averaged reflectivity measurements reveal that climatological precipitation in both ...