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Impacts of Re-colonizing Gray Wolves on Mule Deer and White-tailed Deer in North-Central Washington
Previous research on gray wolves (Canis lupus) in protected landscapes demonstrates these large carnivores can have consumptive and non-consumptive effects on prey species which lead to top-down trophic cascades. However, much remains to be known about impacts of gray wolves on prey in managed landscapes as well as how these ...