Prevalence of Salmonella and E. coli on Produce from Seattle Farmers Markets

Abstract

This study surveyed the extent of microbial contamination on lettuce and tomatoes purchased from farmers markets, an increasingly popular source of local produce. Foodborne outbreaks in the U.S. have implicated <italic>Salmonella</italic> and <italic>E. coli</italic> as etiologic agents associated with raw produce-related illness; lettuce and tomatoes in particular have been implicated as common vehicles for <italic>Salmonella</italic> and <italic>E. coli</italic>. 126 samples of lettuce and tomatoes were collected from 5 major farmers markets in the Seattle metropolitan area throughout the 2012 summer/fall harvest season. Samples were analyzed for surface contamination of <italic>Salmonella spp.</italic> and generic <italic>E. coli</italic> as an indicator for fecal contamination. Whole tomato and 50 g lettuce samples were enriched or eluted in sterile Whirl-Pak® bags. Surfaces of samples were manually rubbed in liquid media to aid in removal of surface attached particles. Samples were pre-enriched in Universal Pre-enrichment Broth for the detection of <italic>Salmonella spp.</italic>, followed by selective enrichment with Tetrathionate (TT) broth and plating onto XLD agar for isolation. Presumptive colonies were confirmed with API and qPCR targeting the <italic>Salmonella</italic> invA gene. Rapid Colilert® tests, paired with Quanti-Tray®/2000 (IDEXX), were adapted for qualitative and quantitative detection of generic <italic>E. coli</italic> on produce. Following elution with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), positive wells were enumerated after 24 hrs and <italic>E. coli</italic> levels expressed as MPN/100 mL per sample. No <italic>Salmonella</italic> was detected; presumptive <italic>Salmonella</italic> isolates were confirmed to be <italic>Citrobacter</italic>. <italic>Escherichia coli</italic>, indicating fecal contamination, was present on 62% of lettuce and 6.4% of tomatoes samples. No significant differences were found in <italic>E. coli</italic> contamination by sampling date or between organic and conventional production methods. There were significantly more lettuce samples contaminated with <italic>E. coli</italic> than tomatoes (<italic>p</italic> < .05). This was the first study investigating the extent of microbial contamination on farmers markets produce in the United States. Results from this study and other fresh produce surveys indicate a low baseline occurrence of <italic>Salmonella</italic> on farmers markets produce. However, good agricultural practices should be promoted to reduce levels of <italic>E. coli</italic> indicating fecal contamination on produce.