Developments in bone tissue bioceramics: Effects of preparation on properties

Abstract

Bone tissue is the second most transplanted tissue each year. A demand for synthesized bone substitutes has led the development of materials that are biocompatible, bioactive, and bioabsorbable while also mechanically similar to bone tissue. Hydroxyapatite and calcium phosphate-based bioceramics have been the gold standard for substitute bone tissue development. Techniques have been developed such as formulation manipulation, freeze-drying, and 3D-printing gels that show promise in changing particle size and porosity. Higher porosity has been found to increase bioactivity, but also reduces compressive strength. Simple statistical methods and novel 3D-printing techniques have been shown to improve ultimate compressive strength and optimize scaffold formulas.