"Intensely local:" The Intersection of Community, Science, and Policy in Alaska's Mariculture Industry

Abstract

In the United States, policymakers, researchers, and government agencies have recognized marine aquaculture as an important form of food production, with potential benefits ranging across economic, social, and environmental dimensions. In Alaska, the commercial production of shellfish and seaweed is widely envisioned as a way to diversify and bolster coastal and rural livelihoods, while benefiting from existing marine knowledge and fisheries infrastructure. However, areas of concern have been raised around aquaculture’s ability to reach its potential in a sustainable and equitable manner. This study explored perspectives of participants in the Alaska mariculture industry to better understand what gaps exist and to highlight policy solutions that better align aquaculture governance with community needs and wellbeing in coastal communities. Our research objectives were to: (1) Characterize the development of the mariculture industry in the Gulf of Alaska over the last 10–15 years, with a focus on kelp farming; and (2) Examine interactions among actors and governance systems in mariculture to a) highlight existing strengths and opportunities in the development of mariculture to meet community goals and b) identify areas of alignment or misalignment on the future vision of the industry amongst participants. We performed thematic analysis on digital content—including news media, gray literature, and government documents—and transcripts from semi-structured interviews with industry participants, including farmers, researchers, and state and federal agency staff. We identified five major themes across archival and interview data: (1) collaboration, coordination, and human capacity within the industry; (2) communication and policy gaps within institutions; (3) place-based needs and values of participants; (4) balancing community and commercial success as the industry looks ahead; and (5) the uncertain viability of mariculture as a livelihood diversification tool. Participants emphasized that mariculture can diversify livelihoods and stabilize communities, but that it currently carries significant risk and vulnerability for participants, especially kelp farmers. Participants also identified the importance of prioritizing both commercial and community success and cultivating an understanding of the differences between the two. Additionally, building social capital through alternative ownership structures and participatory governance may better align regulations and policies with community needs.