Family Impact of Burning Mouth Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study Using FROM-16 Questionnaire

Abstract

Background: Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is a chronic oral pain condition associated with psychological distress and reduced quality of life. Although the effects of BMS on patients are well documented, its impact on family members remains poorly understood. Objective: This study evaluated the impact of BMS on family members using the Family Reported Outcome Measure (FROM-16), explored factors associated with family burden, evaluated the relevance of FROM-16 domains to family experiences, and identified existing and unmet support needs. Methods: This is a Cross-sectional study that included 26 patient–family member dyads recruited from an oral medicine clinic. Family burden was assessed using the validated FROM-16 questionnaire. Open-ended responses were analyzed thematically to characterize family experiences and support needs. Associations between family burden and demographic or clinical variables were explored using nonparametric analyses. Results: Median total FROM-16 score was 5.5 (IQR, 3–10). Most family members experienced a small effect. Emotional burden exceeded personal/social burden, with worry, sadness, and frustration being the most reported impacts. Disruptions in family activities, eating habits, and family expenses were the most reported social concerns. Lower household income was associated with significantly higher family burden scores. Qualitative findings highlighted emotional strain, altered social behaviors, and financial stress. Knowledgeable healthcare providers were the primary source of support, although unmet healthcare, mental health, social, and treatment needs remained. Conclusions: BMS affects not only patients but also their families, predominantly through emotional distress and disruption of daily functioning. Family-centered and multidisciplinary approaches of oral medicine providers may improve support and care for individuals with BMS and their families.