Landscape architecture

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://digital.lib.washington.edu/handle/1773/4934

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 169

From Levees to Living Landscapes: How Mapping Influences Floodplain Planning on the Nooksack River
(2025-08-01) Forest, Camille Desiree Celeste; Balderas GuzmÃ¡n, Celina
This thesis explores how mapping can support more equitable, adaptive, and relational approaches to floodplain governance in the Nooksack River watershed. In the context of intensifying climate impacts and aging flood infrastructure, the project investigates how boundary-spanning practices—particularly the weaving of Western and Indigenous sciences into visual representations—can support shared understanding across jurisdictions, disciplines, and worldviews. Drawing on a community-engaged, mixed-methods research process with the Floodplain Integrated Planning (FLIP) team, this study integrates participant observation, interviews, applied historical ecology, and iterative mapping. It analyzes how visual tools mediate systems understanding, elevate underrepresented knowledges, and shape decision-making in transboundary flood risk planning. Findings suggest that maps can act not only as technical tools, but also as relational infrastructure—evoking memory, fostering dialogue, and enabling co-produced solutions across diverse knowledge holders. This research demonstrates how visualization practices can reframe risk, reintroduce kincentric perspectives, and challenge the infrastructural legacies of colonialism in floodplain management. Limitations include the time-intensive nature of iterative collaboration, the challenges of cross-border data integration, and ongoing power asymmetries in participatory planning processes. The implications for landscape architecture lie in positioning mapping as a practice of translation, care, and historical reckoning—central to building just and resilient futures in dynamic floodplain systems.
Interactive Visualization for Coastal Science Communication: A Case Study of Grayland Plains
(2025-08-01) Xiao, Peiyao; Balderas GuzmÃ¡n, Celina
Scientific data are indispensable for guiding climate-crisis decisions, yet the underlying information is often too complex for policymakers or the public to grasp without skilled mediation. Effective visualization can translate those complexities into persuasive, evidence-based narratives. Landscape architecture, with its foundation in aesthetic design, environmental science, and community engagement, can act as an intermediary at the science-policy interface. Coupled with emerging web technologies, it can deliver dynamic, spatial–temporal views of environmental change that resonate far beyond specialist circles.This thesis explores coastal-science communication through a landscape-architecture lens, employing an interactive, web-based medium. Drawing on visualization theory, it proposes a three-stage visualization framework: Define—Develop—Refine. This framework guides an iterative production process that includes defining the visualization audience and goal, obtaining data and exploring efficient tools, developing web-based interactive visualization and evaluating through interviewing audience representatives. The theoretical framework is applied to a case study on coastal research in the Grayland Plains on the Pacific coast of Washington state, demonstrating how visualization strategies can enhance the communication of complex coastal processes. The resulting prototype, an interactive 3D web visualization can be viewed at: https://little-x.github.io/visCRLC/. The thesis generates new insights for landscape architects to communicate coastal science with novel tools, fostering a deeper connection between scientific research and public understanding.
The Future in Ruins: Leveraging Principles of Preservation to Reclaim Vacant Buildings as Public Space in Downtown Seattle
(2025-08-01) Magee, Katherine; Stevenson, Dylan; Winterbottom, Daniel
Vacant buildings, deteriorating infrastructure, and shrinking public realms are symptoms of ongoing pandemic-era challenges and underfunded downtowns, contributing to broader crises of human disconnection and declining ecological networks. In Seattle, unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings embody this intersection of challenges, presenting seismic vulnerability and urban vacancy while offering unique opportunities for adaptive preservation and public space revitalization. This thesis reimagines preservation as a proactive, adaptive practice that moves beyond architectural integrity to embrace social, cultural, and ecological values. By integrating strategic deconstruction and on-site material reuse, preservation becomes a tool for regenerating urban “ruins” into community-rooted public spaces. Framed as a dynamic dialogue between past and future, this thesis proposes an approach that expands preservation practice beyond static artifact-guarding to an integrated, community-driven strategy that strengthens urban infrastructure across built, environmental, and social dimensions. Through this lens, former vacant sites are transformed into accessible public spaces that foster community cohesion, ecological health, and climate resilience. Applying this framework to a vacant URM building in Belltown, the thesis employs physical modeling and material analysis to develop design proposals that reimagine the site as a hybrid cultural-ecological ‘commons.’ This work offers a replicable model of adaptive preservation that leverages material continuity and spatial transformation to address urban challenges and promote more sustainable, equitable urban neighborhoods.
Grandparenting in China: Designing for Aging and Intergenerational Spatial Needs
(2024-09-09) Wu, Sinong; Hou, Jeff
To improve the living standards of its residents, China is currently implementing an urban renewal program for old communities. Community public space is a place for residents to carry out daily outdoor activities and is one of the focuses of community renewal. Since most middle-aged residents in the community go out to work during the day, the main users of community public spaces are retired elderly people. However, a large number of elderly people do not rest after retirement but take on new responsibilities. In recent years, the busy work schedules of parents and the high cost of babysitters in urban families have led to caring for grandchildren becoming a new responsibility for grandparents. As the elderly are considered vulnerable, the physical fragility and reduced mobility of older adults compared to middle-aged adults means that caregiving can place a significant burden on them. As a result, grandparents often face new demands when caring for their grandchildren. However, current standards for the design of public spaces in communities only consider the general population of society and do not meet the needs of older residents who take on intergenerational care matters. Therefore, exploring the behavioral characteristics and patterns of the elderly population in the process of intergenerational caregiving is a key topic in constructing a community public space design model. In this study, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China's Xiamaling neighborhood was selected as the research object. The Xiamaling neighborhood completed the state-promoted renovation from 2021 to 2022. Although the renewal and renovation solved some of the problems of universalization, the interviews with the elderly who need to take care of their children revealed that their needs were not considered. Therefore, this study combines the interview results with field research to obtain the behavioral patterns of older adults with grandchildren by studying the intergenerational caregiving process. By summarizing the patterns of grandparenting behaviors, the common and different needs of the different stages are explored. The gap between the current situation and the needs was then analyzed, and conflicts and problems were identified. Then, the problems are categorized and summarized into street problems and public activity space problems, which are mapped to the venue space. Based on the problems, corresponding strategies are proposed, and the main specific design measures are listed based on the feasibility of actual implementation. Ultimately, a design toolkit based on the needs of grandparenting was derived. This toolkit can be replicated in the future renewal process of older neighborhoods.
Place-based Arts Festivals in Hong Kong as extensions of civic space: A case study of the Sai Kung Hoi Arts Festival
(2024-09-09) Kwok, Kam Man Carmen; Hou, Jeff
This paper examines how the Sai Kung Hoi Arts Festival in Hong Kong extends civic space by fostering social interactions, community engagement, and cultural exchange. The study uses qualitative methods, including site visits and interviews with festival curators, local villagers, volunteers, and visitors, to explore relational dynamics within the festival. The research finds that the festival enhances community ties and a sense of belonging, forming a budding civic network, but suggests that more community capacity-building initiatives are needed to sustain relationships and engagement beyond the festival. This research highlights the relational nature of civic space, showing how people's social interactions and emotional connections redefine physical spaces beyond their conventional understanding of containers and forms.
Between Place: An Exploration into the Palimpsestic Spirit of Place
(2024-09-09) Daniels, Lily L; Manzo, Lynne
This project examines how we, as humans, interact with the world around us, zeroing in on the complex dance between the things we’ve created and the natural environment. At the center of this exploration stands the Ponte Rotto Bridge—an ancient relic that, despite its neglect, symbolizes how far we’ve drifted from both our own creations and nature itself. This gap highlights a trend in society to see both objects and nature simply as tools for our use and manipulation, often revealing a deep disconnection from the greater world. Using the Ponte Rotto Bridge as a starting point, this study explores the larger picture of what this disengagement means, how our growing distance from cultural and natural heritage leads to a fading sense of the value and the rich stories this heritage holds. By weaving together ideas from environmental philosophy, cultural history, and phenomenology, I aim to find ways to rebuild our relationship with our past and the natural environment. I do this by exploring the Ponte Rotto Bridge using a range of methodologies, from photography to charcoal drawing to digital collage to physical creations. This thesis not only brings attention to the overlooked stories of places like the Ponte Rotto but also suggests a new way to see our role in a future where humans live in harmony with our environment and respect our cultural legacy.
Set and Setting: Exploring the Application of Therapeutic Design Principles for Psychedelic Assisted Therapies
(2024-09-09) Freeman, Camille Joy; Yocom, Ken
University of Washingtonabstract Set and Setting: Exploring the Application of Therapeutic Design Principles for Psychedelic Assisted Therapies Camille Freeman Chair of Supervisor Committee:Ken Yocum Landscape Architecture Many people intuitively understand that connection to nature is beneficial and vital for physical and mental well-being. Sitting on a park bench, walking in the woods, tending soil in the garden, watching the sunset and hearing the ocean’s waves are ways to connect to the natural world. These experiences awaken our senses, encourage physical movement and exercise, facilitate social connection, reduce stress and depression, and elicit positive physiological and psychological responses (Cooper and Sachs, 2014). What is less known, and less socially accepted, is that similar positive outcomes can be achieved through intentional use of psychedelics. There is a current gap in research for how these two experiences can potentially relate to and enhance each other. My research seeks to explore and understand these potential connections in place. My work is informed by science-based research in these areas and builds on the work of others by evaluating a range of therapeutic design frameworks, notably the attention restoration framework. In this evaluation, I find these modalities would work well synchronistically, and have developed a modified framework for design applications for a health and wellness retreat in Northern California.
Contour: Walk the historic landscape of Seattle’s only river delta
(2024-02-12) Corn, Lauren; Manzo, Lynne; Chalana, Manish
Within my academic studies in Urban Design & Planning and Landscape Architecture, I am interested in human-created landscapes, with a specific emphasis on mobility infrastructure and its impact on multi-species residents. This thesis, titled the Contour Project, examines the transformation of the Duwamish River into the Duwamish Waterway through a selection of place-based stories that address how settler changes to the landscape have impacted human and more-than-human communities. These twenty-one publicly accessible stories link via a QR code to a website. Some relationships between the landscape and its inhabitants have become obscured beneath concrete and forgotten over time. While other stories explore deep-rooted connections with regional symbols such as the salmon, unveiling the interplay between landscape alterations, driven by infrastructural requirements, and their ramifications on the multi-species inhabitants of the area. The purpose of this thesis is to bring all these stories to the front and place them within the contemporary landscape. By critically examining the values that have shaped the infrastructure and topography of the Duwamish, this project underscores the imperative to acknowledge the diverse range of communities present in the historic Duwamish River Delta. Understanding the various impacts on these communities is crucial for contemporary residents to fully comprehend the consequences of past actions. If we wish to avoid the shortfalls of past landscape alterations and revert the loss of cultural and biological diversity, we must make known more nuanced narratives that integrate all living processes in our histories of place. Through a better understanding of the inhabitants of our shared home, we can make more equitable decisions about changes to our infrastructural landscapes.
Everyday Use of Emergency Spaces: A Park Design for Westport, Washington’s Proposed Vertical Evacuation Structure
(2023-09-27) Wellens, Katherine; Manzo, Lynne; Abramson, Dan
This thesis explores the integration of hazard mitigation, placemaking, andresilient design in the small coastal town of Westport, Washington, as it confronts the challenges of preparing for a catastrophic tsunami while simultaneously creating a vibrant public space. The study examines the design of an open space around a proposed evacuation tower and investigates how the design can be meaningful and functional for the community during non-emergency periods, as well as seamlessly integrate the tower into the everyday landscape. Through literature review, contextual analysis, and community engagement, the research emphasizes the importance of community involvement in decision-making processes to ensure contextually appropriate and community-driven solutions. The thesis presents a proposed design for the public space surrounding the proposed evacuation tower and highlights the opportunity for rural areas and small towns to serve as innovative models for climate adaptation and hazard mitigation strategies. The research contributes to the broader discourse on resilient planning and design and challenges the urban bias prevalent in the field.
Small-Scale Manufacturing & Production of Place
(2023-08-14) Olszewski, Matt; Johnson, Julie; Chalana, Manish
The premise of this thesis is that small-scale manufacturing plays a critical role in revitalizing our industrial communities back into productive urban districts. This thesis explores a new phase of urban manufacturing in which city form and industry interact through the promotion of diverse manufacturing uses that are community and industry driven. I examine how planners and policy makers address industrial areas for community revitalization purposes and provide reasoning for a better expanded landscape for small-scale manufacturing uses that promote a resilient urban industrial district in Seattle’s Georgetown neighborhood. This works draws lessons from case studies and design principles from current initiatives addressing Seattle’s industrial districts to develop a conceptual design vision of the Georgetown campus of South Seattle College.
Cultivating the Next Generation of Environmentally-conscious Citizens: Playful Public Education Design Framework
(2023-08-14) Zhu, Sihong; Johnson, Julie JJ
What kind of built environment can we create if we can equally love white storks and blue angel super hornets? How can we acknowledge and respect both the natural world and human aspirations, without compromising the two seemingly contrasting interests and priorities? How can I as a burgeoning landscape architect help local communities to cultivate the next generation of environmentally-conscious citizens to confront the unending extractive economy mode of standardized mass-production, and instead echo the world-wide Child-Friendly Cities initiatives? Ecological literacy begins in childhood. This thesis focuses on how a natural school, with emphasis on mycoremediation and playful edible landscape, can be layered onto Seattle’s post-industrial Georgetown neighborhood as a ready-made laboratory for innovation. I explore this potential using a tangram as a framework of interrelated themes: ecological literacy, effective altruism, emotional awareness, play, waste & reuse, mycofiltration & biodegradation and edible landscape. Chapter 1 provides an overview of my thesis scope, goals and concepts. Chapter 2 dives into the books that support the playful public education design framework. Chapter 3 presents an analysis of Georgetown, the chosen site, my active engagement experience with the community, and conveys my design proposal for this site and incorporating the tangram framework. In Chapter 4, I introduce graphic novels to engage and educate youth about the ecological systems and processes found in my site design. In Chapter 5, I conclude with reflections on the effectiveness of my tangram framework in creating my design and communication approaches, and its potentials for application in other contexts. I also identify future opportunities to bring my multimedia works to life, beyond this thesis.
Radical Cannabis Ecologies: A Regenerative Approach to Cannabis Farms in The Emerald Triangle
(2023-08-14) Myers, Zachary Melvin; Yocom, Ken
Over the past 150 years, the forest ecosystems of California’s Northwestern Coast have been dramatically altered, first through a century of intensive logging followed by 50 years of illicit cannabis cultivation. Combined, these extractive practices, a warming climate, and agricultural intensification brought by cannabis legalization have put immense pressure on the productive capacities of these landscapes. The emergence of cannabis cultivation as a legal enterprise offers opportunities to radically re-imagine how these sites are situated in the landscape and operate. This thesis proposal examines how cannabis farms can harness the energy flows and resources of their surrounding physical and biological systems while emphasizing regenerative design strategies within cultivation zones to improve production, mitigate waste, and bolster farm resilience. Using an existing commercial cannabis farm in Kneeland, California as a case study, I develop and investigate an actionable regenerative framework of design strategies that can be adapted to the thousands of similar farms that dot this rugged and remote landscape. In doing so, we can help mend these landscapes and ensure the long-term viability of this homegrown industry.
Recommoning Ground: Community Land Trusts and Urban Commons
(2023-08-14) Spenser, Timothy; De Almeida, Catherine
The most pressing problems facing cities are rooted in the relationship between people and commodified lands. Community Land Trusts (CLT) are models that have potential to not only address these issues, but also the urban housing affordability crisis by cultivating a more enriching and life-affirming urban fabric. CLTs decommodify land, removing it from private property regimes. In so doing, CLTs disrupt capitalist dynamics and present favorable opportunities for the emergence of urban commons. Urban commons promote the wellbeing and uplift of people and places through organization around shared resources (Kornberger and Borch, 2015; Stavrides, 2016). This thesis examines private property ownership and alternative land relations, recapitulates the history and theory of CLTs and urban commons, examines the housing affordability crisis, identifies urban typologies where a CLT-as-urban-commons model could be applied, and provides a design strategy for the cultivation of this model. It asks: can CLT models open up pathways toward more resilient urban futures? Can CLT models be a basis for urban commons? What happens when we shift our relationship with landscape from one based on exchange value to one based on the cultivation of community? I investigate these questions using methods of literature review, historical research, mapping, and speculative visioning. I draw together scholarship on alternative land tenure models, housing affordability and displacement, and the urban commons, and synthesize these theories with landscape architectural design practices. I conclude that (1) CLTs have great potential as sites of urban commons, (2) that landscape architecture has a critical role to play in the cultivation of CLTs-as-urban-commons, and (3) that urban commons have the power to transform community members’ relations with each other, with the urban environment, and with landscape itself.
STRIVING TOWARDS ZERO WASTE THROUGH LANDSCAPE DESIGNS AND PROGRAMS IN U DISTRICT
(2023-08-14) Jia, Mingrui; Manzo, Lynne
This thesis presents a research-based design for Seattle’s University District that aims to make the district cleaner, generate less waste, and reduce its ecological footprint. The key strategies proposed are based on an examination of the history and present conditions of the district, as well as future plans for Seattle’s solid waste management. The proposed design is also based on five case studies, and a literature review of zero waste cities and the factors that impact waste-related behaviors. The design proposes four types of interventions to make the U District localize its food lifecycle, reduce food waste generation, and divert food waste from landfills. Three sites were chosen as testing sites for these interventions to experiment with their feasibility and effectiveness. Lastly, the thesis suggests potential sites for future expansions of these interventions.
Refuse as Resource: Exploring a community benefiting and place-based approach to municipal solid waste management in Juneau, Alaska
(2023-08-14) Coffee, Rhys; De Almeida, Catherine; Parrett, Julie
The linear economy operates in a “take-make-dispose” model, which necessitates the continuous extraction, production, and disposal of goods to maximize profits. The end of the linear economy, the disposal phase, results in excessive amounts of discarded material in municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills across the country. Private corporations dominate the MSW management industry in the U.S. and are responsible for operating the country's landfills. Communities adjacent to landfills often have no control over the amount, type, and origin of materials landfilled near them. This results in the concentration of materials at harmful levels, negatively impacting residents’ environments and health. This thesis uses Juneau, Alaska, as a case study to explore this phenomenon. The Capitol Disposal Landfill in Juneau, Alaska, has been privately owned and operated since the 1960s, and is slated to close in 15-25 years. Due to its geographic isolation, the closure of the landfill will leave the City in a fiscal crisis. For decades the City of Juneau has lacked autonomy in controlling its waste and extending the landfill's life because of the conflicting priorities with private ownership. Taking inspiration from Kamikatsu, Japan, Copenhagen, Denmark, and more, this thesis asks: how can public space be leveraged by communities to shift from current linear disposal methods to circular, harm-reducing, and community-benefiting systems? This thesis builds on previous work by landscape architects and other designers that work to bring visibility to 'waste' and intervene in the waste management system before materials make their way into landfills. By applying design as a research method, this thesis demonstrates how public spaces can be reimagined as "mini material parks," place-based and community benefiting spaces that disrupt linear disposal methods by diverting materials away from landfills to recirculate back to communities.
Hydraulic Modeling to Quantify Benefits of Floodplain Restoration
(2023-08-14) McBride, Zachary Todd; GuzmÃ¡n, Celina B
In rural areas, flood management is often achieved with large civic projects such as dams and levees. In contrast, the restoration of floodplain processes is done as a remediation or seen as a separate end. Restoring floodplain processes into the flood management toolbox will be essential for the health and safety of people living in flood prone areas. The Chehalis watershed of Southwestern Washington is indicative of the changing philosophy behind water management. This case study examines how restoration is being studied as a viable alternative to continued levee and dam construction. Previous research has focused on small-scale interventions or broad watershed-wide statistical aggregation of sites. There exists a gap in research towards the mid-scale, reach-based, restoration. In this work, I quantify the reach-scale benefits of three floodplain restoration techniques: side channel creation, in-channel modifications, and floodable basins. I use HEC-RAS modeling software to simulate the flood attenuation benefits of these interventions compared to a control landscape that emulates the South Fork of the Chehalis River. The resulting simulations show that the floodplain restoration strategies increase floodplain area inundation by 38% and delay the passage of floodwater by 22-44%. These findings demonstrate that floodplain restoration techniques can be effective in floodplain management. They can not only hold water on the landscape but encourage processes such as groundwater recharge associated with inundated soils. When the tertiary benefits are considered, such as habitat creation and increased tourism, restorative floodplain management should be viewed as a viable alternative to traditional flood mitigation strategies.
Re-Entangling The Urban Habitat: Exploring Housing Through An Architecture of Biodiversity
(2023-08-14) Hyland, Jack Leo; Yocom, Ken; Mohler, Rick
The last century has seen a dramatic decline in species populations and diversity across the globe. Today's methods of constructing cities and inhabiting regional landscapes has overwhelmed the homeostasis of Earth's life support systems, fundamentally threatening the survival of Earth's vast biodiversity. In order to repair the degradation of landscapes both within cities and across their vital hinterlands, it is imperative that we continue evolving global attitudes of architecture toward a regenerative entanglement of our cities and the material geographies on which they depend. This thesis explores radical design theories that help to contextualize and advocate for regional opportunities for optimizing biodiversity at various scales. By re-entangling the urban habitat through the urgent mechanism of housing construction, we can prioritize essential landscape services of CO2 sequestration and habitat regeneration while creating equitable urban form in the coming decades.
In the Absence of Water: An Eco-Distopian Scenario in Mexico City
(2023-04-17) Noriega, Isabela Gregoria; Yocom, Ken; Hutchison, Rob
Mexico City’s water narratives are unique to its place, yet simultaneously speak to the ubiquity of climate challenges in the Anthropocene. This design research explores the reciprocal relationships between water and the future city. The work investigates the ways people, communities, and governance have influenced hydro morphological processes to shape the contemporary built environment. Consequently, it uncovers the ways in which altered flows shape the lived experiences of residents across discrete spatial scales. Building upon historical framings of indigenous and Western knowledge, its research reveals the origins of hegemonic water ontologies to resurface water as a central element across the multiple realities of time and location. It uses an eco- dystopian scenario as a cautionary tale and explores alternative ways of living with and extending community in a time of scarcity.
Minecraft as a Tool for Investing Adolescents in Climate Adaptation: A Case Study in Westport Washington
(2023-01-21) Lukins, Sarah Townsend; Abramson, Daniel B; Yocom, Ken P
Adolescents are often neglected or excluded from conversations about community environmental hazard adaptation in part because few community adaptation outreach strategies cater to their demographic. In the last decade, researchers and planners have identified the sandbox game Minecraft as an effective tool for gathering feedback from children and adolescents on community planning decisions and approaches. Minecraft has also been used by teachers across academic disciplines to engage students in immersive learning. This research included the design and implementation of a climate adaptation curriculum for Westport, Washington, a peninsula on the Pacific Ocean subject to multiple environmental hazards including sea level rise. Minecraft was used to quickly recruit and engage middle school students in adaptation conversations through a local park planning exercise. Students proposed park designs within a series of sea level rise scenarios and developed an understanding of their community's environmental precarity and possible design solutions. The pedagogy utilizes an iterative approach between design professionals and students to home in on planning solutions that respond to adolescent desires for their community in light of environmental hazard realities.
Coastal Forests as a Tsunami Mitigation Measure in Pacific Northwest Coastal Communities
(2022-07-14) Goodwin, Brook A; Yocom, Kenneth P; Abramson, Daniel B
The Pacific Northwest coast has tsunami risk in both non-local and local forms. Most significant is the tsunami risk that comes from the Cascadia subduction zone, and scientists predict that more major seismic events along this zone are due to occur in the future. These events may generate tsunami waves in excess of 30 feet for PNW coasts, leaving coastline areas with as little as 15 minutes advance warning to prepare and seek high ground shelter. Given this significant risk of non-local and local tsunamis, multiple tsunami mitigation measures and emergency preparedness strategies have been implemented in Washington’s coastal communities. It was learned from the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami that coastal forests were not negligible in mitigation of the tsunami. In this design research thesis, I explore the applications of coastal forests as a natural tsunami mitigation measure in PNW coastal communities. Specifically, there are two research questions I investigate: 1) What elements of a coastal forest contribute to effective tsunami mitigation? and 2) How can these elements be translated into a coastal forest design to function as a tsunami mitigation measure? Coastal forests have clear potential for tsunami mitigation. When designed with the five Performance Factors in mind (forest area, gap layering, tree crown height, tree distribution, landform), they can have direct effects on a tsunami’s wave energy, flow speed, inundation depth, and inundation extent. This mitigation potential can result in positive changes to tsunami risk by slowing wave inundation rates and increasing evacuation warning times. This site-specific design investigation in Westport, WA could influence future site developments to include coastal forests for tsunami mitigation purposes. Further research on the properties of coastal forests that can contribute to tsunami mitigation need to be carried out in the fields of soils and geoengineering, forest restoration, park and campground site design, and ecotourism and economic development.

Browse

Recent Submissions