Land Use Regulation Impacts on Urban Energy Solutions: A Review of the Port of Bellingham's Low-Carbon District Energy System

Abstract

Jurisdictions in Washington state are faced with concerns of aging infrastructure, increasing energy demand, and complying with state and local energy performance targets. Low-carbon district energy systems are local, neighborhood utilities that integrate renewable energy and waste heat to deliver heating and cooling services to multiple buildings in a defined service area. This system can provide higher levels of energy efficiency and lower long-term operating costs compared to standalone building approaches. Through reviewing the Port of Bellingham's low-carbon district energy system, this paper highlights the motivations for developing district energy systems and examines the role of urban planning tools and regulations in shaping their feasibility. This thesis utilizes semi-structured interviews and documentation analysis, evaluated through thematic analysis. Results indicated strong alignment of motivations between energy infrastructure operators and the Port and City of Bellingham, resulting in reduced regulatory or siting constraints for district energy. However, results also highlighted zoning, siting constraints, and coordination with various public agencies as key constraints in other district energy projects. This paper highlights how shared sustainable infrastructure can support energy performance and broader community goals. As well as how district energy systems can become catalysts for innovation and experimentation, as cities explore new ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and invest in resilient infrastructure.